南黄海海域风暴潮精细化数值模式研究

基于目前国际上应用广泛的ADCIRC水动力模型在南黄海海域建立了重点岸段网格分辨率达到100 m的精细化风暴潮数值预报模型,该模型采用非结构三角网格及并行计算技术,能够准确地刻画出南黄海海域复杂的岸线分布和地形情况。通过对历史典型台风风暴潮和温带风暴潮的模拟、预报检验发现:台风风暴潮的后报平均相对误差为14%,温带风暴潮24 h预报平均相对误差为12.9%。     

台风风暴潮异模式集合数值预报技术研究及应用

台风风暴潮数值预报的准确性在很大程度上取决于台风路径预报和强度预报的精度以及风暴潮预报模型的计算精度。目前,国际上24/48 h台风路径预报平均误差分别约为120/210 km左右[1],对于走向异常的台风误差更大;更有,根据单一的台风路径和单族的风暴潮数值预报模式并不能保证获得可靠的风暴潮预报结果。考虑多重网格法原理具有在疏密不同的网格层上进行迭代以达到平滑不同频率的误差分量,使得计算快速收敛,精度提高的特性。在前期研究基础上基于业务化高分辨率(结构网格/有限差分算法)和精细化(非结构网格/有限元算法)台风风暴潮集合数值预报模型构建多模型台风风暴潮集合数值预报系统。采用"非同族"模型进行集合预报很大程度上降低了误差相似遗传的可能性。应用该方法对典型台风风暴潮过程进行了试应用,试报结果表明:该方法对风暴潮增、减水预报效果高于单一集合预报,具有一定的应用前景。     

覆盖中国沿海地区的精细化台风风暴潮模型的研究及适用

精细化风暴潮预报是目前风暴潮预报重点发展方向之一,本文首次建立起了一个覆盖整个中国沿海地区的精细化台风风暴潮数值模型,克服了以往分区域数值模型的不足,该模型在中国沿海地区的分辨率达到300m左右。模型采用了并行计算,并对2012年和2013年灾害性台风风暴潮过程进行了数值检验,计算精度和计算所用时间都能够满足业务化运行的要求。本文同时还根据中国气象局、美国国家气象局等5家主要台风预报机构给出的24h台风预报,对2013年度灾害性台风风暴潮过程进行了24h数值预报检验,检验结果表明:根据中国气象局台风登陆前24h预报可以得到更准确的风暴潮预报结果,其预报结果优于其他各家预报结果。该结论可以为今后的台风风暴潮预报中台风路径的选取提供重要的参考。     

北部湾海区风暴潮数值模型和数值模拟

北部湾是一个半封闭的超浅海。本文在数值试验的基础上，提出了一个研究该海域台风风暴潮的数值模型。数值模式为二维深度平均流模型，采用嵌套细网格技术，细网格分辨率为沿经纬方向０．１°，细网格边界值由粗网格提供。台风风场计算采用Ｊｅｌｅｓｎｉａｎｓｋｉ模型风场．模式方程组的数值解由交替方向隐式（ＡＤＩ）方法积分得到。本文对该海域最常见的两种台风移行所引起的风暴潮进行了数值模拟。与几个潮汐观测站的增水记录比较，计算结果基本上反映了台风引起的水位变化，对研究和模拟该海域台风风暴潮是适用的，可用于该海域风暴潮数值预报试验。     

Delft3D在天文潮与风暴潮耦合数值模拟中的应用

本文应用Delft-3D水动力学计算软件,以长江口地区为例建立的台风风暴潮、天文潮耦合数值预报模型,对台风风暴潮、天文潮两潮耦合预报模式进行探研和分析。该模式不同于以往的单纯台风增水模型与天文潮叠加的风暴潮模式,而是在计算中直接对天文潮和台风风暴潮进行两潮耦合,有效地消除了近岸地区潮波与增水之间叠加的非线性影响。通过模拟台风8114和7708过境对长江口的影响,并与实测数据比较,预报结果和实测水位过程的对比说明,台风风暴潮耦合数值预报模式对增水和高潮的过程预报是准确的,两者在高水位时同步且相差甚微。     

长江口及其邻近海区无结构网格风暴潮预报系统的研制与分析

利用基于有限元方法的ADCIRC模式,并耦合SWAN波浪模式,建立了一个适用于长江口及其邻近海区风暴潮的数值预报模式。该模式采用对岸线有较好拟合能力的无结构网格,综合考虑了波浪、天文潮、风暴潮、径流相互作用。利用该模型对长江口及其邻近海区一系列台风风暴潮进行后报检验,计算结果与实测资料有较好的一致性。最后,利用建立的模式,针对影响长江口地区的两类典型路径台风——近转向型台风和登陆型台风,讨论了气压、风应力、台风路径等因素对增水的贡献;并对台风移动路径与外高桥实测增水强度进行统计分析,给出了台风移动路径、气压梯度和增水强度的定量关系。     

福建沿海精细化台风风暴潮集合数值预报技术研究及应用

该文首先基于高级环流模型(ADCIRC)建立了一个适合台湾海峡及福建沿海区域的精细化台风风暴潮数值预报模式。利用所建立的精细化数值预报模式对影响台湾海峡及福建沿海的8次台风风暴潮个例进行了模拟,对模拟的24个站次的风暴潮增水峰值与实测值进行了对比,平均绝对误差小于15 cm;其次,为了尽可能减小由于台风路径预报误差而造成的风暴潮增减水误差,本文采用了集合数值预报技术,试报证明此方法可以在一定程度上减小风暴潮增减水误差。     

人工神经网络在台风风暴潮模拟中的解释应用

将BP人工神经网络引入到风暴潮数值预报的解释应用中,并以惠州站为例,根据台风参数与增水的关系建立3套神经网络模型,对风暴潮的数值预报结果进行订正,计算结果显示:BP人工神经网络可以改进风暴潮数值模式的预报精度,可以作为惠州站数值预报结果解释应用的一种方法,同时也为台风风暴潮数值预测的解释应用提供了新思路。     

宁波市风暴潮漫堤预警辅助决策系统

在准直角坐标下建立了粗细矩形网格嵌套的宁波市台风暴潮数值模式,模式细网格空间分辨率为2',对影响宁波市1949~2007年间的41次台风过程的风暴潮增水进行了后报模拟,将模拟的94个站次的风暴潮增水峰值前后2 d的数据与实测值进行了对比和误差统计,平均绝对误差为23.6 cm,平均相对误差27.6%,说明模式是成功的.进而,引入福建省风暴潮漫堤预警辅助决策模式"一种基于台风路径预报概率圆的风暴潮集合预报模式和基于假想台风增水数据库的风暴潮增水快速预报算法",并集成地理信息系统,建立了宁波市风暴潮漫堤预警辅助决策系统,系统可对宁波市的海塘在台风期间进行风暴潮漫堤预警报.系统于2012年在宁波市水文气象站投入试运行,1209号台风"苏拉"和1211号台风"海葵"的预报结果表明,集合预报结果比单一路径预报结果有不同程度的改善,该集合预报技术可以有效的解决由于台风路径预报偏差引起的风暴潮预报漏报和误报问题,证明模式在宁波市的应用是成功的,为其在更多区域的推广应用提供参考.     

葫芦岛核电站可能最大风暴潮(PMSS)数值模拟研究

核电厂厂址的可能最大风暴潮(Possible Maximum Storm Surege,PMSS)是滨海核电厂厂址重要的设计基准之一。基于ADCIRC风暴潮模式计算葫芦岛地区的风暴潮,同时对网格进行精细化处理,网格分辨率精度较高。首先为检验数值模式的准确性,分别模拟了辽东湾地区发生的6005号、7203号和7303号典型台风风暴潮过程,计算葫芦岛站风暴潮最大增水值并与实测资料进行对比,计算表明本文模拟结果与实测结果吻合良好,验证了本文数值计算模型的准确性,为可能最大风暴潮(PMSS)的计算提供了依据。以渤海典型台风7303号台风为基础,建立多条影响核电站厂址的台风路径,计算得到201条派生路径下核电站厂址的最大风暴增水情况,为核电站厂址选址提供了重要依据。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,