山东荣成湾月湖口门落潮干道的推移质输运

改进了Gao等 ( 1 994)方法 ,并用以计算潮汐汊道口门落潮干道的垂线平均流速。利用月湖潮汐汊道系统冬、夏季各一个月的潮位资料 ,计算落潮干道的潮流流速和推移质输运率。结果表明 ,流速的计算值和实测值呈良好的相关性 ,落潮干道内落潮流的输沙能力高于涨潮流输沙能力     

用一维水力学方程求取泻湖水位及潮汐汊道断面流速——以海南陵水新村港为例

本文通过一维水力学运动方程及连续性方程,得出一个反映泻湖水位变化的二阶非线性有阻尼的强迫振动方程,采用龙格-库特四步格式进行求解,并以海南陵水新村港为例,计算了泻湖水位及潮汐汊道的断面流速.研究结果表明:(1)一维水力学方程可容易地求得泻湖-潮汐汊道体系中泻湖内的水位及汊道的断面流速,计算简单快捷.(2)一维水力学方程可分析潮汐汊道体系中的一些基本现象.如潮汐汊道对潮波的"过滤器"特征;由于泻湖-潮汐汊道体系的阻尼系数较大所导致的潮波自外向泻湖传播时衰减剧烈;径流对泻湖水位及汊道流速产生有利于落潮优势的影响;风可使泻湖水位抬升或下降等.(3)无论是否考虑泻湖与潮汐汊道面积随水位的变化,一维水力学方程都具有相当大的缺陷.由于其不能反映泻湖内地形的空间变化,也不能解决漫滩与归槽等过程,在外海潮波无次生波的情况下,它本身不能产生次生潮波,因而不能正确地反映潮汐汊道体系的涨落潮历时与流速不对称,从而不能分析泥沙的净输运及潮汐汊道的稳定性问题.(4)新村港泻湖-潮汐汊道体系中潮汐汊道的断面面积大小对整个体系的稳定性及演变趋势起着控制作用.     

灌河口潮汐不对称数值模拟研究

建立灌河口平面二维潮流数字模型,并在灌河口口门至陈家港河段沿程布置5个采样点和3个横向断面,通过对各采样点一个月数值模拟结果进行调和分析,得出灌河口M2分潮及其主要倍潮的基本特征,然后利用潮位-流速关系图及通过对动量方程中各项的统计计算,研究了灌河口潮波运动的基本动力平衡、M2的主要倍潮的产生机制及其对潮汐不对称现象的影响。研究认为:灌河口潮汐潮流均属正规半日潮型。M4、M6分潮对于灌河口潮波变形有着重要的影响,M8分潮除在浅滩处外对潮汐不对称的影响很小。在深槽处M4分潮导致最大落(涨)潮流速减小(增大),最大涨(落)潮流速与最高(低)潮位之间的相位差增大。M6分潮的影响与M4基本一致,但其作用明显小于M4分潮。在浅滩处M4分潮导致最大涨落潮流速均大于M2分潮的值,M6和M8分潮使最大涨落潮流速均出现在高潮位附近,但M6、M8使最大涨潮流速减小,而使最大落潮流速增大。外海边界处倍潮波的传入对于口门附近的潮汐不对称有一定影响。M4和M6分潮导致灌河口的潮汐不对称表现为涨潮主导型,潮波运动主要受到压强梯度力、非线性对流和底摩擦力,三者与局地惯性力构成灌河口的基本动力平衡,摩擦力并不是最重要的作用力。     

长江河口涨落潮不对称性动力成因分析

长江河口存在着涨落潮流速和历时的不对称现象.本应用长江河口三维数值模式,数值试验定量给出了不同径流量、潮汐和水深下南北支、南北港和南北槽涨潮落潮平均流速和历时,通过横断面涨潮落潮通量必须满足质量守恒观点从动力机制上给出了涨潮落潮流速和历时不对称的成因.     

曹妃甸老龙沟动力地貌体系及演化

老龙沟为典型沙坝-泻湖型潮汐汊道,潮汐汊道地貌结构完整.老龙沟口门处潮流动力最强,发育-20m的深槽.口门内涨潮流三角洲上发育完整的多级水道体系.口门外落潮三角洲止于-11 m水深处.以突起的末端坝为地形标志,落潮主水道偏于落潮三角洲东侧发育,落潮三角洲西侧发育宽缓冲流平台.落潮主水道以落潮流为优势,冲流平台上潮流动力...     

舟山本岛南部附近海域潮汐潮流特征分析

文章基于沈家门长期潮位站、长峙岛临时潮位站的观测资料和对舟山本岛南部海域多个站位实测的潮流基础数据,采用调和分析法对潮汐潮流进行特征分析。舟山本岛南部附近海域潮汐类型属于规则半日潮,潮差变化和日不等现象明显,有一定的潮汐浅海作用。潮流类型属于以往复流为主的规则半日浅海潮流,实测潮流中涨落潮流速不等、历时不等现象显著,最大流速、平均流速均是大潮大于小潮,涨潮流历时长于落潮流历时,潮流变化主要受协振波所控制,流向在涨落潮方向波动。     

纽约长岛一个小型潮汐汊道的水力学与地貌动力之间的短期相互作…

为了研究潮汐通道水力学与地形变化的机制及汊道对邻近海滩的影响，我们详细观测了一个小型潮汐汊道水力学与地貌的演变过程。由于波浪输沙大于潮流冲刷，汊道的水文与地貌发生了剧烈的变化，最后在观测的第八天就座淤闭了。波浪输沙形成汊道内的浅滩，汊道口门断面面积，引起了摩擦效应加大，使汊道水流经历了由落潮为主向涨潮为主的转化过程。     

黄渤海沿岸海湾—溺谷型潮汐汊道的地貌结构

本文以丁字湾等基岩海湾为例，论述了黄渤海沿岸海湾－溺谷型潮汐汊道的地貌结构，尤其着重于口门段深槽及涨、落潮三角洲。认为涨、落潮三角洲的发育状况与入湾河流的供沙量、纳潮水域容量、波浪作用、潮差以及口外海域的开阔程度有关；泻湖型潮汐汊道的落潮三角洲的典型模式可以应用于海湾－溺谷型潮汐汊道，但涨潮三角洲因受基岩海湾的复杂岸线的限制而不能充分发育。本文还讨论了海湾型潮汐汊道与半开敞海湾在动力和形态中的差异     

华南海岸沙坝瀉湖型潮汐汊道口门地貌演变

华南海岸沙坝湖型潮汐汊道主要分布在小潮差岬湾海岸段。汊道口门基本地貌单元有口门深槽、落潮三角洲、涨潮三角洲、内弯沙嘴等，其形态特征与海岸动力及泥沙条件有关。汊道口门迁移、落潮主水道迁移、冲流坝和水道边缘坝向岸迁移和并岸，是汊道口门地貌演变的主要模式并具周期性特点。　湖港湾大规模围垦堵海或注入港湾的河流改道直接入海，这些人类活动可能导致汊道口门急剧变化和航行条件恶化而必须进行整治。     

华南海岸沙坝瀉湖型潮汐汊道口门地貌演变

华南海岸沙坝Ｘｉ湖型潮汐汊道主要分布在小潮差岬湾海岸段。汊道口门基本地貌单元有口门深槽、落潮三角洲、涨潮三角洲、内湾沙嘴等。其形态特征与海岸动力及泥沙条件有关。汊道口门迁移、落潮主水道迁移、冲流坝和水道边缘坝向岸迁移和并岸，是汊道口门地貌演变的主要模式并具周期性特点。Ｘｉ湖港湾大规模围垦堵海或注入港湾的河流改道直接入海，这些人类活动可能导致汊道口门急剧变化和航行条件恶化而必须进行整治。     

A study of non-linear tidal propagation in shallow inlet/estuarine systems Part II: Theory

The generation of tidal asymmetries is clarified via numerical integration of the one-dimensional equations for channel geometries characteristic of shallow estuaries. Channels without tidal flats develop a time asymmetry characterized by a longer falling than rising tide. This behavior is enhanced by strong friction and large channel cross-sectional area variability over a tidal cycle. Resulting tidal currents have a shorter, intense flood and a longer, weak ebb (flood-dominant). Addition of tidal flats to the channels can produce a longer rising tide and stronger ebb currents (ebb-dominant), if the area of tidal flats is large enough to overcome the effects of time-variable channel geometry. Weaker friction with flats can also produce this asymmetry.Despite the physical complexity of these systems, essential features of estuarine tidal response can be recovered from one-dimensional models. Shallow estuaries are shown to have a system response leading to stable, uniform senses of tidal asymmetry (either flood- or ebb-dominated, due to phase-locking of forced tidal constituents), with down-channel development in magnitude of asymmetry. These concepts are illustrated by modeling idealized representations of tidal channels at Nauset Inlet, MA, and Wachapreague Inlet, VA, which have flood- and ebb-dominance, respectively.     

三门湾悬移质输运特征

三门湾为一典型半封闭强潮海湾,平均潮差4.25m,湾内外水沙交换剧烈。根据2003年在三门湾水文泥沙测验、分析结果,湾口附近N1、N2、N3站所构成的断面上:(1)从大潮到小潮,流速递减;从N1站向N3站流速增加;春季,大多数情况下涨潮流速大于落潮流速。而秋季,大多数情况下涨潮流速小于落潮流速。(2)春、秋季,大小潮期间N1、N2、N3三个站上平均悬移质浓度都是涨潮大于落潮;中潮期间这三个站上平均悬移质浓度都是涨潮小于落潮。     

2018年6月上海近海海域潮流特征分析

采用短期资料的潮流准调和分析方法,对2018年6月上海近海海域9个站位的同步潮流资料进行分析。分析结果表明:该海域潮流涨落潮不等现象显著,大部分站位的落潮流历时长于涨潮流历时,长江口内(C1~C3)落潮流最大流速远大于涨潮;该海域基本以半日潮为主,同时存在规则半日潮和不规则半日潮,考虑到该海域浅海分潮流具有较大的比重,潮流性质应为不规则半日潮浅海潮流的类型;大部分站位各层的运动形式以往复流为主;大部分站位的余流流速表现为表层>中层>底层,大致呈现自西向东流。     

乐清湾内外潮波变形及不对称性分析

海湾内外的潮波变形及其不对称性影响海湾内外动力输送和水体交换。利用乐清湾内外共9个测站连续潮位进行调和分析,得到该海湾内外各分潮变化规律,利用潮不对称性偏度计算方法确定湾内外潮汐不对称性时空变化特征,比较了主要分潮组合对潮汐不对称性的贡献度,通过数值研究探讨了湾内偏度比湾外偏度值更小的主要成因,分析了湾内外围垦工程对潮不对称偏度的影响。研究发现:乐清湾内潮汐不对称偏度值为负,表现为落潮占优,同期湾外洞头站偏度值为正,与邻近瓯江、飞云江河口的潮不对称偏度变大、表现涨潮占优的变化规律相反;湾外沿岸各站偏度由东北向西南逐渐增大,由落潮占优向涨潮占优变化;潮汐不对称性偏度呈周期性变化,分析确定M2-M4、M2-S2-MS4分潮组合对潮不对称贡献大,该海域潮汐不对称的强度主要由浅水分潮振幅控制,而相对相位则决定潮汐不对称的方向;数值研究探讨表明,湾内大范围的浅滩地形是其潮汐不对称落潮占优的主要原因,围垦将削弱湾内的落潮占优。     

天津港主航道连续观测点潮流和余流特征分析

基于天津港主航道连续观测点31 d的实测海流资料,利用调和分析对主航道潮流和余流特征进行研究,同时结合同步风速资料研究风对表层余流的影响。结果表明:(1)航道附近属于弱流海区,表层平均流速为31.4 cm/s,流速总体上由表至底逐渐减小,流速方向大致集中在NW—SE向。(2)观测海域潮流以正规半日往复潮占主导,优势分潮为M₂,浅水分潮较为显著,涨潮流流速大于落潮流流速。(3)观测期间表层平均余流流速为2.8~13.8 cm/s,随着深度增加余流流速逐渐减小,方向大多为NW向。该站表层余流受风的影响显著,东南风将使余流方向偏向西北。     

Variations in turbulent energy dissipation and water column stratification at the entrance of a tidally energetic strait

We observed tidal currents, turbulent energy dissipation and water column stratification at the entrance of a narrow strait (Neko Seto) in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan, using a free-falling turbulent microstructure profiler (TurboMAP) and acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). The variation in turbulent energy dissipation at the entrance of the strait was not at quarter-diurnal frequency but at semi-diurnal frequency; turbulent energy dissipation was enhanced during the ebb tide, although it was moderate during the flood tide. This result is consistent with the results of Takasugi (1993), which showed the asymmetry of tidal energy loss during a semidiurnal tidal cycle using control volume analysis. It is suggested that significant turbulent energy dissipation is generated in the strait, which influences the properties of water outside the strait when tidal currents flow out from the strait.     

A study of non-linear tidal propagation in shallow inlet/estuarine systems Part I: Observations

The offshore tide becomes strongly distorted as it propagates into shallow estuarine systems. Observations of sea surface elevation and horizontal currents over periods ranging from three days to one year, at nine stations within Nauset inlet/estuary, document the non-linear interaction of the off-shore equilibrium tidal constituents. Despite strong frictional attenuation within the estuary, the overtides and compound tides of M₂, S₂ and N₂, in particular, reach significant amplitude, resulting in strong tidal distortion. High frequency forced constituents in sea surface are phase-locked, consistently leading the forcing tides by 60–70°, resulting in a persistent distortion where falling tide is longer than rising tide. Forced constituents in currents are more nearly in phase with equilibrium constituents, producing flood currents which are shorter but more intense than ebb currents. A compound fortnightly tide, MS_f, modulates the mean water level such that lowest tides occur during neap phase instead of spring phase. This fortnightly tide can be contaminated by storm surge, changing the phase characteristics of this constituent. Implications of the overtides, compound tides, and lower frequency tides on near-bed, suspended and dissolved material transport are profound.     

潮汐和风对马六甲海峡海流的影响

基于非结构有限体积法海洋模型FVCOM(Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model), 建立了马六甲海峡及其毗邻海域高分辨率水动力数值模型, 研究了风和潮流作用下的余环流结构以及水体输运特征。结果表明, 马六甲海峡航道中央潮流运动以往复流为主, 边缘存在旋转流; 主要研究区域内落潮流速略大于涨潮流速, 东南窄道处流速最大; 因峡道束窄变浅, 在涨落潮过程中潮流发生汇聚与分离; 主要研究区域东南段存在3个显著的潮致余环流; 东北季风驱动时模型响应为海峡海流整体向西北方向流动, 西南季风时反之; 季风期间潮致表层余环流结构被破坏, 但底层余流仍存在水平环流结构, 且随着风速增加, 底层余环流的数目、大小、形状、位置均会产生变化; 季风过渡期余环流结构也会发生部分改变, 尤其是小潮期间风场影响效果显著。     

Turbulent mixing in a stratified estuarine tidal channel: Hikapu Reach,Pelorus Sound,New Zealand

Channel constrictions within an estuary can influence overall estuary-sea exchange of salt or suspended/dissolved material. The exchange is modulated by turbulent mixing through its effect on density stratification. Here we quantify turbulent mixing in Hikapu Reach, an estuarine channel in the Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand. The focus is on a period of relatively low freshwater input but where density stratification still persists throughout the tidal cycle, although the strength of stratification and its vertical structure vary substantially. The density stratification increases through the ebb tide, and decreases through the flood tide. During the spring tides observed here, ebb tidal flow speeds reached 0.7?m?s^?1 and the buoyancy frequency squared was in the range 10^?5 to 10^?3?s^?2. Turbulence parameters were estimated using both shear microstructure and velocimeter-derived inertial dissipation which compared favourably. The rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy reached 1?×?10^?6?m²?s^?3 late in the ebb tide, and estimates of the gradient Richardson number (the ratio of stability to shear) fell as low as 0.1 (i.e. unstable) although the results show that bottom-boundary driven turbulence can dominate for periods. The implication, based on scaling, is that the mixing within the channel does not homogenise the water column within a tidal cycle. Scaling, developed to characterise the tidal advection relative to the channel length, shows how riverine-driven buoyancy fluxes can pass through the tidal channel section and the stratification can remain partially intact.