一次MCC红外云图演变特征及成因分析

利用FY-2E红外云图及TBB资料,结合环境形势及物理量,对2011年8月15日夜间发生在河北南部和山东北部的强降水过程进行了分析。结果表明,冷锋触发的云团与地面中尺度辐合线触发的云团合并形成MCC:冷锋触发对流云团,云团脱离冷锋东移、发展、加强,形成MβCCS;MβCCS前侧有对流云团沿地面中尺度辐合线生成、发展、少动,与冷锋触发形成的MβCCS合并发展,形成MCC。MCC系统维持阶段,其西侧有新的对流云团生成,合并到MCC主体,使其向低压中心一侧发展。小时强降水并不是产生在MCC云团的冷中心,而是基本产生在TBB冷中心的西侧,实测小时强降水发生在MCC形成前2个小时以及发展成熟阶段的前4个小时之内,MCC减弱阶段的降水量明显减小。MCC成熟阶段,TBB基本维持在-73℃以下,最低达-78℃。华北南部上空明显的上升运动及低层强的正涡度区为强降水的产生提供了动力条件。低空东北气流及低空西南气流在华北南部形成辐合,超低空东北急流和超低空西南急流的形成与维持使得辐合进一步加强,维持强的辐合上升运动导致了强降水形成。     

一次秋季大暴雨过程动力机制的数值分析

利用中尺度大气非静力模式MM5对2003年10月9～12日发生在冀东南和鲁西北的大暴雨过程进行了数值模拟。基于合理的模拟效果,着重分析了产生此次暴雨的动力、热力机制及中尺度天气系统之间的相互作用。结果表明：蒙古高压前部与西南低压外围在华北平原西部形成东北一西南走向的锋面,冷暖空气相遇,在锋前形成大范围静力不稳定区;生成于河南西南部的中-α涡旋向东北方向移动过程中引起地转平衡局地破坏,质量场向风场的调整过程中激发出惯性重力波,而惯性重力波的频散加强了西南风低空急流中急流核的移动,将水汽和能量向锋前输送;位于锋前的冀东南和鲁西北地区的大气层结不稳定度最大,重力波传播到此迅速发展,触发了该地不稳定能量释放,造成了此次局地大暴雨。     

一次MCC过程雷达回波特征分析

2011年8月15—16日,在河北南部和山东北部地区的中尺度对流复合体(MCC)产生了区域性的暴雨,局部地区出现了大暴雨和特大暴雨。利用多普勒雷达、卫星云图、区域自动站等资料,对这次MCC过程进行了分析,结果表明:MCC中的中-β尺度结构显著,系统有多个中-β尺度对流云团发展而成;不同触发机制的对流回波的合并发展是MCC发展成熟的重要标志;辐合线右侧对流单体的生成、发展,且并入到对流云团主体,是MCC长时间维持的重要因素;径向速度场上表现为中尺度辐合线、局部逆风区和中-γ尺度气旋性涡旋等特征,为强降水提供了动力条件,是出现短时强降水的重要特征;雷达径向速度场直观反映MCC的内部气流结构状况,为判断MCC的演变和强降水落区提供了重要信息。     

一次由气旋发展与边界层东北气流触发的强对流天气分析

利用多种探测资料及NCEP/NCAR FNL 1°×1°再分析资料,对2019年4月24日发生在山西的大范围强对流天气进行了分析。结果表明:1)此次过程是在弱天气尺度强迫背景下,地面锋面气旋发展和低层偏东北气流伸入河套地区,触发了1个持续拉长状对流系统(persistent elongated convective systems,PECS)和1个β中尺度持续拉长状对流系统(meso-β-scale PECS,MβECS)发生发展造成的。2)与MβECS对应,雷达回波上表现为涡旋状的回波中镶嵌着多个对流单体,PECS则表现为4个线状回波和1个强降水单体风暴。雷达产品能更精细刻画较小尺度系统特征,但分类强对流的某些典型特征并不明显。3)物理量诊断揭示,低层锋生作用不仅使暖锋加强触发MβECS发展造成北部强对流,且使得冷锋加强和气旋发展,此背景下形成的边界层急流和地面中尺度系统导致中南部对流单体合并、加强并高度组织化。强对流范围和强度与涡旋或辐合线尺度及风场辐合强度密切相关,气旋内温压风湿场的扰动特征能更好地解释较小尺度系统形成发展的物理机制,且这些特征较强对流提前1～3 h出现,对强对流临近预报具有很好的指示意义。4)低层东北气流是干冷与暖湿空气的一个倾斜交界面,该面上各种要素并不均匀,围绕该支气流形成一个气旋式次级环流圈,是中尺度对流系统的重要触发机制;气流两侧存在较大纬向风垂直切变,是造成对流风暴传播、持续时间长的重要原因之一。     

青岛一次局地大暴雨的中尺度环流特征分析

利用多普勒雷达、地面自动站、垂直风廓线及GPS 水汽分布等多种新型探测资料,对2008 年8 月14 日下午,奥帆赛期间发生在青岛地区的局地大暴雨天气的影响系统和中尺度强降雨形成的动力机理进行了综合分析,并通过0.5 km WRF模式的数值模拟给出了有地形阻挡情况下海风环流模型.研究结果表明:副高减弱东撤和弱冷空气南下在中低空形成闭合低涡是造成这次过程的主要天气尺度影响系统.海风中尺度辐合带上有风向切变辐合、大暴雨中心有明显的雷暴高压等中尺度天气系统.海风锋区辐合扰动向上传播,引发边界层扰动,是青岛局地大暴雨形成的主要抬升因素,而来自东南海洋上的暖湿平流为大暴雨的产生提供了充沛的水汽和能量.海风锋区辐合带上触发的强对流是大暴雨形成的直接原因;来自于海上的低空急流带来的大量水汽对强降雨的发生具有重要作用.海风在深入陆地后所发生的辐合和上升运动,对造成海风所触发的局地大暴雨有着极其重要的作用.     

冬季南海北部中尺度涡旋的数值研究

南海环流的一个主要特征是上层海洋环流具有多涡结构,海洋中尺度涡旋的演变(时间上的生消和空间上的迁移)是南海环流季节调整的可能方式。文中依据卫星遥感海面高度资料和实际海洋观测所揭示的南海北部存在中尺度涡旋体系的基本事实,采用一个改进了涡分辨(eddy-resolving)普林斯顿海洋模式(POM),对冬季处于强盛的东北季风强迫以及黑潮在巴士海峡入侵的共同作用下的南海北部环流的中尺度涡旋体系进行了数值研究,初步再现了冬季南海北部中尺度涡的生命史。计算结果表明,在实际的气候冬季风应力驱动下,具有的实际侧边界地形的南海北部呈现有强烈的中尺度涡旋。文中探讨了中尺度涡的垂直结构、温盐场的配置以及大尺度水平辐合辐散、海洋垂直运动与之相关的时空结构。由此可以得知,在冬季南海北部中尺度涡旋生命史的不同阶段,上述动力学因子的重要性是相对的。不同的敏感性试验表明,斜压调整是形成冬季南海中尺度涡旋体系的决定性因子;边界的入流和风应力驱动是影响中尺度涡旋运动的主要因素。     

青岛-石岛近海反气旋中尺度涡旋存在证据及数值模拟

系统整理的历史实测海流和温盐资料显示出青岛-石岛近海水域全年都存在着中尺度反气旋式涡旋运动.利用二维数值模式,首次模拟出该涡旋的存在,并对这一涡旋的形成机制进行了探讨,数值模拟结果和实测吻合良好.数值计算表明:在冬季盛行风的作用下,山东半岛南岸出现减水,迫使北上的黄海暖流中的一部分向西北方向延伸,在到达山东半岛近海后向右转向,形成东北向沿岸流,这样,与绕过山东半岛大约沿40～50m等深线南下的黄海沿岸流作用,在青岛-石岛近海形成一个中尺度反气旋涡旋.夏季由于偏南风的作用,致使山东半岛南部近海浅水区域海水都向东北方向流动,与沿黄海冷水团锋面南下的黄海沿岸流相作用,由于流速切变也形成了上述涡旋.     

青岛─石岛近海反气旋中尺度涡旋存在证据及数值模拟

系统整理的历史实测海流和温盐资料显示出青岛─石岛近海水域全年都存在着中尺度反气旋式涡旋运动．利用二维数值模式,首次模拟出该涡旋的存在,并对这一涡旋的形成机制进行了探讨,数值模拟结果和实测吻合良好．数值计算表明：在冬季盛行风的作用下,山东半岛南岸出现减水,迫使北上的黄海暖流中的一部分向西北方向延伸,在到达山东半岛近海后向右转向,形成东北向沿岸流,这样,与绕过山东半岛大约沿40～50m等深线南下的黄海沿岸流作用,在青岛─石岛近海形成一个中尺度反气旋涡旋．夏季由于偏南风的作用,致使山东半岛南部近海浅水区域海水都向东北方向流动,与沿黄海冷水团锋面南下的黄海沿岸流相作用,由于流速切变也形成了上述涡旋．     

再谈海冰边缘区域中尺度涡旋形成机制——非线性平流

利用三维海洋模式与二维海冰模式耦合,研究海冰边缘区域中尺度涡旋形成最重要的机制之一——非线性平流机制。二维海洋模型模拟结果表明,非线性平流机制在水深比较浅的时候更加重要。不同于把海洋考虑成一个正压流体的二维模型,三维海洋模型中海冰通过海-冰相互作用直接影响海洋表层。我们发现在三维海洋模型实验中,中尺度涡旋和海洋表面抬升都对水深变化敏感。海流速度的垂直结构表面,当海水变浅,各层海流都变得更快。相同风应力作用相同时间之后,表面抬升与海水深度成反比关系。同时我们还发现由于垂直运动,在三维海洋模型实验结果中,海面抬升非常小,只有二维海洋模型实验结果的1%。垂直运动是三维海洋模型和二维海洋模型实验结果不同的根本原因。     

一次天气尺度扰动过程对东海北部大气边界层垂直结构的影响

利用2013年6月船载GPS探空、云高仪资料,结合ERA-Interim再分析资料、卫星资料,分析一次天气尺度扰动(锋面过境)过程对东海北部海洋大气边界层(MABL)垂直结构的影响。结果表明:受梅雨锋影响,航测区域上空在整个过程中都有低云覆盖,MABL没有呈现日变化特征;当MABL为稳定边界层时,锋面与站位距离越近,站位上空增强的上升运动导致MABL高度越高。梅雨锋过境前后云层之上都覆盖有较为稳定的逆温层,受锋面抬升作用,云底高度和云顶逆温层高度在锋面过境后高度变高;锋面过境导致航测区域上空700hPa以下大气的上升运动增强,水汽上升到更高位置,云底从MBAL中脱离。锋面过境后,3 000m以下整层大气相对湿度较大,大气层结退耦的产生导致云分层形成高度不同的多层云。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,