近海海洋生态系统服务功能及其价值评价研究进展

文章在分析近年来国内外有关近海海洋生态系统服务功能及其价值评价研究文献的基础上,概述了近海海洋生态系统服务功能的概念、海洋生态系统服务功能分类及其价值分类,以及海洋生态系统服务功能价值的计算方法等科学问题的研究进展。     

海洋生态系统服务功能与价值评估研究进展

海洋生态系统的服务功能及其生态价值是地球生命支持系统的重要组成部分,也是社会与环境可持续发展的基本要素,海洋生态资源的研究在解决人类福利,海洋管理,可持续发展以及维护国家权益等方面非常重要,虽然人类在海洋生态系统价值与GDP的关系,海洋生态系统可持续发展的原则,海洋生态系统价值的区域性研究等方面已经积累了一些研究成果,但对海洋生态系统服务功能与价值评估的研究与其他生态系统相比存在很大差距,认为创建海洋生态价值评估理论体系是首要问题,近海生态系统服务功能是未来重要发展方向之一,海洋生态价值的改变应该纳入全球绿色GDP的核算体系。     

我国近海大型海藻生态修复策略与典型案例

随着人类对海洋过度开发,我国近海环境问题日益突出,多处海域出现重度富营养化现象。目前,国内外不仅对海水富营养化现象日益关注,而且积极寻求有效的生态修复方案,其中应用大型海藻进行海洋生态环境修复得到普遍认可。大型海藻修复不仅有助于实现生态环境良性循环,构建稳定的海洋生态系统,还可使得经济发展与生态环境保护相协调。本研究基于我国近海生态环境问题以及相应的大型海藻修复策略展开综述,对现有的大型海藻生态修复特点及近海封闭海域、半封闭海域和开放海域生态修复工程案例进行总结,以期对我国近海富营养化海域生态修复起到一定的指导作用。     

海洋酸化及其对海洋生态系统的影响

海洋酸化是21世纪人类面临的重大环境问题,酸化将对钙化生物造成非常严重的损害,给海洋生态系统带来目前还无法准确评估的影响。海洋酸化是人类强烈干预地球系统背景下的自然过程,是与全球变暖相关的重大全球性环境问题,对人类赖以生存的海洋生态系统的维系和持续利用有着及其深刻的影响。美国、欧盟以及英国等发达国家均在近期加强了对海洋酸化问题的研究,启动多项相关计划。扼要综述了最近10年来海洋酸化对海洋生态系统影响的若干进展。     

海洋大气化学及其观测工程技术展望

海洋大气化学是一门海洋化学与大气化学交叉的新兴学科,是研究海洋大气中化学物种(Chemical Species)含量、迁移变化、来源辨别及海气交换通量,以及预估人为和自然影响对全球气候变化和区域海洋生态系统影响的科学。海洋大气化学的进步也得益于海-气系统观测体系建设及其工程技术的创新,其中包括对微量要素的测量、复杂形态的辨别和原位探测等技术的突破。我国的海洋大气化学研究起步于20世纪80年代,通过中国沿海观察站、近海和大洋走航线和断面站以及南北极建立考察站等的立体观测平台,针对海洋大气化学关键过程即大气-海洋生物地球化学循环,开展碳、氮、硫、磷、铁等的迁移变化及其海气通量的观测。在碳、氮的海-气循环及海洋酸化机制,硫的海-气交换的气粒转化及气候效应等研究领域,取得了一批新的认知和引起国际学界关注的成果,促进了学科进步,建成了一个从近岸、大洋到极区的立体观测体系。     

海洋生态系统服务价值化研究

归纳了海洋生态系统及其服务功能的概念内涵,针对近海生态系统提供的功能进行了讨论。总结了关于海洋生态系统服务的价值评价方法并对其进行分类汇总,按照千年生态系统评估报告的分类标准,将生态系统功能分成四大类,分别为:供给功能、调节功能、文化功能和支持功能,在此基础上得出海洋生态系统综合评价的指标并将各类生态系统价值化,为以后的海洋生态价值评估工作提供科学依据和数据支持。     

中国海洋生态系统累积影响的空间量化评估

海洋生态系统累积影响评估是科学认知该系统对外界扰动响应与反馈规律的生态学方法。为了探索和揭示其中的内在规律,本文以我国部分近陆海域为研究范围,选取海洋渔业、海洋航运、陆源及近海、气候变化4种类型下的16个生态压力因子,通过空间量化和标准化,在1 km×1 km空间格栅尺度下,针对研究范围内9种海洋生境类型,进行了累积暴露度和累积影响度评估。结果显示:研究海域累积暴露度总体呈现近岸高于远海,并向外海一侧逐步递减;陆源污染、渔业捕捞对近岸海域生态系统影响度较大,总体来看气候变化影响度最大;我国近海分别有22.8%和7.6%的海域受影响程度较高和极高,其中长三角海域受人类活动影响度最高。     

我国海洋生态补偿的法律体系和制度框架

为完善我国海洋生态保护制度,进一步提高基于生态系统的海洋综合管理水平,文章以海洋生态补偿为研究对象,系统梳理相关法律体系,并设计制度框架,具有创新性。研究结果表明:我国宪法、法律法规和政策规划确立海洋生态补偿的理论基础和实践方向;海洋生态补偿的制度框架包括动态监测、建模分析、圆桌会议和跟踪落实4个部分,分别承担建立海洋生态系统服务数据库,评估海洋生态系统服务价值,确定海洋生态补偿的主体、对象和标准以及评估海洋生态补偿效果4项任务;科学、全面和量化的海洋生态系统服务价值评估是关键,根据"服务-投入-福祉"模型,核算参考状态和现实状态的海洋生态系统服务价值、海洋生态福祉和投入资本的变化量,通过利益相关者的协商和博弈,确定海洋生态补偿标准;我国应加快海洋生态补偿的立法,加强对海洋生态系统的监测、评估和研究,推进海域之间、海洋与流域之间以及海洋保护区的横向补偿。     

现代海洋环境监测体系和海洋管理背景下的浮游生物监测

浮游生物在海洋生态系统中处于基础性地位,为促进我国浮游生物监测工作的发展,文章在现代海洋环境监测体系和海洋管理的背景下,从海洋生态系统保护、全球变化研究和现代海洋管理3个方面,系统梳理和分析浮游生物监测的意义和价值,并对我国相关领域的工作提出启示和展望。研究结果表明:浮游生物的恶性暴发和入侵对海洋生态系统造成严重影响,各类国际公约和政府间协议都将浮游生物监测作为保护海洋生物多样性的重要内容;浮游生物的分类信息以及其分布区和物候学特征对气候变化和海水温度的指示信息,可作为全球变化研究的重要指标;浮游生物监测已被广泛应用于国内外现代海洋管理中,主要包括海洋生态系统服务评价、海洋环境影响评价和海洋生物资源评价3个方面;我国浮游生物监测工作在浮游生物分类和鉴定以及大数据应用方面存在不足,未来应加强相关能力考核、标准化计量认证、数据整合共享和新技术手段运用。     

生物海洋学的研究状况

本文阐述了生物海洋学的内容及其研究状况。根据我国沿海特点,建议我国今后对生物海洋学研究的重点是:1.对不同水域初级生产力的研究。2.对沿海小型底栖生物在海洋生态系统能流和物质循环中的作用研究。3.河口,有代表性海域可溶性有机物(DOM)、颗粒有机物(POM)的来源、数量分布、化学组成,以及在海洋食物链的作用和鱼虾产卵场变动关系的研究。4.沿海养殖环境生原要素循环、环境容量及病害发生的环境研究。5.海洋生物对重要有机污染物和海藻毒素的吸收、富集、代谢、在食物链传递,以及生态影响和生态监测研究。6.沿海植物性碎屑向近海输运,及其在食物链中的作用研究。7.浮游生物的群集、支配群集因素,以及和渔业关系的研究。8.选择代表性海域开展物质通量的研究。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

On the Relationship between the Characteristics of the Annual Variations of the Virtual Height of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer with the Seasonal Rearrangements of the Stratomesospheric Circulation

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1...