夏季东中国海环流三维数值实验

东中国海由渤、黄、东海三部分组成，为典型的陆架边缘海。对这一海域环流的认识，过去多依赖于温盐资料分析和有限的测流数据。近年来随着计算机技术的迅猛发展，数值模拟已成为研究环流的结构、起源和动力机制的重要手段。国内、外学者在这一领域进行了大量的工作，袁耀初等(1982)使用单层模型对东中国海风生-热盐环流进行诊断计算；王卫等(1987)使用一个正压模式计算了黄、东海黑潮流系和涡旋现象；袁耀初等(1987a，b，1989)采用诊断数值计算方法求解涡度方程，得出其所测海区的三维夏、冬季海流流场；袁耀初等(1990)采用一种预报模式研究东中国海的冬季环流；Chao(1991)用三维有限差分模式探讨了黑潮、季风及长江流量等因子对东中国海环流的影响；袁耀初(1993)针对东海东部的流动建立了一个三维预报模式；朱耀华等(1994)建立了一个三维正压模式研究了渤、黄、东海冬、夏季的环流情况；梁湘三等( Liang et al.，1994)用二层模式模拟了黑潮在台湾东北入侵陆架的现象；王凯于1998年在冯士筰提出的浅海Lagrange余流理论上建立了一种三维斜压陆架环流模式，对渤、黄、东海冬、夏季环流进行了诊断数值模拟；王辉(1996)基于一种三维斜压浅海Lagrange余流的弱非线性理论，模拟计算了南黄海和东海夏季三维Lagrange余流；朱建荣等(1998)建立了一个σ坐标系下三维非线性斜压陆架模式，对东中国海冬、夏季环流进行模拟计算，并数值实验了长江径流量、台湾暖流、黄海冷水团、风场等因素对长江冲淡水扩展的作用。以上这些工作对了解东中国海环流的结构、起源和动力机制都具有重要意义。但是这些工作由于当时计算机速度和容量的限制，其数值模式不够完普，有的使用了二维(单层)或诊断模式，有的网格较粗，多数未考虑实际的海岸线和海面热交换对温度场的影响等，从计算结果来看，没有一个模式能全面地模拟出发生在东中国海的环流现象。 本文作者试图采用Blumberg等(1983,1987)建立的σ坐标系下三维斜压预报模式，考虑了东海主要水道间的流量交换、长江径流、海面风应力、海面热通量等诸多因素的影响，对东中国海夏季的环流进行了数值模拟，结果较全面地模拟了东中国海的环流现象，为今后进一步开展此项工作提供科学依据。     

大洋细结构混合参数化方法在世界大洋环流模式中的应用

在大洋环流模式中,铅直混合的参数化方法起着关键性的作用。将大洋细结构混合参数化方法首次应用于世界大洋环流模式中。使用中科院大气所(LASG)发展的20层世界大洋环流模式(OGCM)ML20,月平均风场作为强迫场,利用ML20模式在稳定初始状态下运行300a后的计算结果作为本实验进行数值模拟的初始场。该参数化方法对世界大洋环流模式的影响主要表现为：永久性温度跃层的厚度明显变薄;对深层水和底层水的模拟有改进;对南极中层水的模拟比较成功;但是对赤道海区的模拟结果欠佳。     

海洋环流模式NEMO的代码现代化

海洋数值模式是精准海洋环境预报的核心手段。随着计算分辨率的不断提高,海洋数值模式对计算性能的要求也越来越高。为了提高模式计算性能,充分发挥现代计算机的特点,选取海洋环流模式NEMO开展了代码现代化优化方案在海洋环流模式中的应用研究。首先使用Intel性能分析工具对模式的计算性能进行了分析;随后,针对热点函数,开展了编译选项优化、标量串行代码优化、SIMD优化、内存带宽优化以及多进程扩展。结果显示:经过以上优化步骤,在不增加任何硬件成本的前提下,模式整体性能可提升31%,且在多进程下表现出了较好的负载均衡性。这表明,本研究采用的优化策略是一种切实可行的方法。在此基础上,进一步对代码现代化过程中出现的显著影响计算效率的问题,如大量指针的使用阻止矢量化、循环嵌套过多、内存带宽占用过高等,开展了分析和讨论,为未来模式的设计和改进提供了参考和建议。     

2001年春季东中国海三维环流的数值模拟

本文基于2001年4月东中国海区域实测水文资料,应用三维有限元模式FEOM(Finite Element Ocean Model)对东中国海三维环流系统进行了数值计算分析。模式水平网格系统采用单节点线性三角形网格,垂向使用z坐标,观测温、盐度场通过客观分析法插值得到初始条件,分别进行了诊断计算和强诊断计算,计算结果表明:(1)改进逆方法可以很好地反演研究区域流函数和流量分布,为数值模拟提供优质可靠的开边界条件。(2)有限元模式在网格自由度方面和对研究区域的完整覆盖方面优势明显,高分辨率的垂向z坐标也可以较好地拟合海底地形,从而得到较高分辨率的三维数值模拟结果。(3)通过诊断计算,模拟再现了东中国海春季环流的多涡结构,分辨出了台湾暖流、黄海沿岸流、黄海暖流等流系。(4)比较诊断与强诊断两个计算结果,它们在定性上较为一致,在定量上有些差别,总体分布强诊断计算结果更为合理。     

夏季东中国海环流三维数值实验

东中国海由渤、黄、东海三部分组成 ,为典型的陆架边缘海。对这一海域环流的认识 ,过去多依赖于温盐资料分析和有限的测流数据。近年来随着计算机技术的迅猛发展 ,数值模拟已成为研究环流的结构、起源和动力机制的重要手段。国内、外学者在这一领域进行了大量的工作 ,袁耀初等 (1 982 )使用单层模型对东中国海风生 -热盐环流进行诊断计算 ;王卫等 (1 987)使用一个正压模式计算了黄、东海黑潮流系和涡旋现象 ;袁耀初等 (1 987a ,b ,1 989)采用诊断数值计算方法求解涡度方程 ,得出其所测海区的三维夏、冬季海流流场 ;袁耀初等 (1 990 )采用一…     

基于MPI+OpenMP的三维声波方程正演模拟

针对三维声波方程数值模拟的大计算量和大内存消耗问题,研究并实现了基于MPI+OpenMP的三维声波方程数值模拟并行算法,在PC-Cluster的计算节点间采用基于MPI的按炮分任务的多进程并行模式,在计算节点内采用基于OpenMP的按空间分任务的多线程并行模式,以有效地利用计算和存储资源。3D-Overthrust模型的实验结果显示,基于MPI+OpenMP的三维声波方程数值模拟并行算法的计算效率与基于MPI的按炮分任务并行计算模式相当,但其内存消耗远远低于后者,其更适合于基于大模型或实际模型的三维模拟。     

POM海洋模式的并行算法

POM模式目前尚无正式发布的并行版本。通过对POM串行程序的数据流向分析,讨论了POM模式并行化所涉及的关键算法和主要技术问题;并基于消息传递接口(MPI),研发了POM模式的并行版本。测试结果表明,POM并行软件效率较高,达到了业务化要求,业已应用于国家海洋信息中心的再分析业务化系统中。     

基于GPU加速的Boussinesq类波浪传播变形数值模型

Boussinesq波浪模型是一类相位解析模型,在时域内求解需要较高的空间和时间分辨率以保证计算精度。为提高计算效率,有必要针对该类模型开展并行算法的研究。与传统的中央处理器(CPU)相比,图形处理器(GPU)有大量的运算器,可显著提高计算效率。基于统一计算设备架构CUDA C语言和图形处理器,实现了Boussinesq模型的并行运算。将本模型的计算结果同CPU数值模拟结果和解析解相比较,发现得到的结果基本一致。同时也比较了CPU端与GPU端的计算效率,结果表明,GPU数值模型的计算效率有明显提升,并且伴随数值网格的增多,提升效果更为明显。     

辽东湾氮、磷和COD环境容量的数值计算

一个原始方程海洋环流模式(POM)被用来模拟辽东湾环境动力场,同时用有限容积方法对描述氮、磷、COD等污染物输运过程的对流扩散方程进行离散,提高了计算精度和效率。通过对仙人岛海域四个采样点的实测浓度和相应点上的计算浓度的比较分析,并结合试验数据确立了适合辽东湾污染物浓度研究的降解系数;在此基础上进一步对各种污染物进行为期一年投放的数值实验,初步估算了各种污染物在辽东湾的保有容量、经过开边界的交换率以及非保守过程(磷、COD)的削减率。     

湍致次生环流的数值研究

本文给出了一个数值模式,用于描述具有横向粗糙度变化的平面上方的湍流场内的次生环流。在此模式中,雷诺平均运动方程组的闭合,采用了代数化的雷诺应力输运方程和k-ε二方程湍流模式。计算结果和实验结果相吻合。本文还讨论了利用数值模式进行参数实验的一些结果。     

Features of the horizontal variability of the sea surface temperature in the Western Black Sea from high resolution modeling

A parallel version of the NEMO complex ocean circulation model has been implemented for the Black Sea basin; the results of circulation numerical modeling with a high spatial resolution are presented. Analysis of the spatial variability is performed for the reconstructed hydrophysical fields in 2005–2008. The resulting simulated spatial variability characteristics of the sea surface temperature are compared with available satellite observational data.     

Turbulence modeling in ocean circulation problems

A physical formulation of the problem is considered. A mathematical model and a numerical algorithm of the turbulence model as part of the ocean circulation model for simulations for decades are formulated. The model is based on the evolution equations for turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and the frequency of its viscous dissipation. A numerical solution algorithm for both the circulation model and the turbulence model is based on implicit schemes of splitting with respect to physical processes and geometric coordinates. For the turbulence model, this provided analytical solutions at a splitting step related to TKE generation and dissipation. Numerical experiments have been performed with a model of the joint circulation of the North Atlantic, the Arctic Ocean, and the Bering Sea to reproduce the annual cycle and synoptic disturbances of ocean characteristics. The model has a resolution of 0.25° in latitude and longitude and 40 levels in the vertical, which are compressed toward the surface to reproduce the process of developed turbulence better. The results are compared with observations and with the results of simulations using traditional parameterizations of the upper ocean mixing. It is shown that the model reproduces ocean characteristics correctly, only slightly increasing the computation time in comparison with simple parameterizations. Spatial and temporal characteristics of turbulence are analyzed.     

A diagnostic stabilized finite-element ocean circulation model

A stabilized finite-element (FE) algorithm for the solution of oceanic large scale circulation equations and optimization of the solutions is presented. Pseudo-residual-free bubble function (RFBF) stabilization technique is utilized to enforce robustness of the numerics and override limitations imposed by the Babuška–Brezzi condition on the choice of functional spaces. The numerical scheme is formulated on an unstructured tetrahedral 3d grid in velocity–pressure variables defined as piecewise linear continuous functions. The model is equipped with a standard variational data assimilation scheme, capable to perform optimization of the solutions with respect to open lateral boundary conditions and external forcing imposed at the ocean surface. We demonstrate the model performance in applications to idealized and realistic basin-scale flows. Using the adjoint method, the code is tested against a synthetic climatological data set for the South Atlantic ocean which includes hydrology, fluxes at the ocean surface and satellite altimetry. The optimized solution proves to be consistent with all these data sets, fitting them within the error bars.The presented diagnostic tool retains the advantages of existing FE ocean circulation models and in addition (1) improves resolution of the bottom boundary layer due to employment of the 3d tetrahedral elements; (2) enforces numerical robustness through utilization of the RFBF stabilization, and (3) provides an opportunity to optimize the solutions by means of 3d variational data assimilation. Numerical efficiency of the code makes this a desirable tool for dynamically constrained analyses of large datasets.     

A comparison of two global ocean-ice coupled models with different horizontal resolutions

A global eddy-permitting ocean-ice coupled model with a horizontal resolution of 0.25 by 0.25 is established on the basis of Modular Ocean Model version 4 (MOM4) and Sea Ice Simulator (SIS). Simulation results are compared with those of an intermediate resolution ocean-ice coupled model with a horizontal resolution of about 1 by 1 . The results show that the simulated ocean temperature, ocean current and sea ice concentration from the eddy-permitting model are better than those from the intermediate resolution model. However, both the two models have the common problem of ocean general circulation models (OGCMs) that the majority of the simulated summer sea surface temperature (SST) is too warm while the majority of the simulated subsurface summer temperature is too cold. Further numerical experiments show that this problem can be alleviated by incorporating the non-breaking surface wave-induced vertical mixing into the vertical mixing scheme for both eddy-permitting and intermediate resolution models.     

海洋模式中潮致混合调和分析参数化方案的建立

潮致混合对海洋环流的调整起着重要作用。陆架环流的数值模拟中如果不考虑潮汐作用，往往不能得到与观测相符的垂向温盐结构。本文基于调和分析方法，建立了一套潮致混合参数化方案。该方案通过对垂向混合系数进行调和分析，从而得到随时间变化的潮致混合系数。将该方案用于黄海冷水团数值模拟的结果显示，其能够得到与在数值模式开边界直接加入潮汐强迫相当的冷水团温盐结构。和直接引入潮汐强迫相比，这一潮致混合参数化方案的优势在于，它能够大大节省数值模拟计算机时，因此有望显著提高大规模高分辨率的海洋环流及气候模式的模拟能力和计算效率。     

State Estimation of the North Pacific Ocean by a Four-Dimensional Variational Data Assimilation Experiment

A four-dimensional variational data assimilation system has been applied to an experiment to describe the dynamic state of the North Pacific Ocean. A synthesis of available observational records and a sophisticated ocean general circulation model produces a dynamically consistent dataset, which, in contrast to the nudging approach, provides realistic features of the seasonally-varying ocean circulation with no artificial sources/sinks for temperature and salinity fields. This new dataset enables us to estimate heat and water mass transports in addition to the qualification of water mass formation and movement processes. A sensitivity experiment on our assimilation system reveals that the origin of the North Pacific Intermediate Water can be traced back to the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea in the subarctic region and to the subtropical Kuroshio region further south. These results demonstrate that our data assimilation system is a very powerful tool for the identification and characterization of ocean variabilities and for our understanding of the dynamic state of ocean circulation. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Numerical modeling of the Arctic Ocean ice system response to variations in the atmospheric circulation from 1948 to 2007

The results of model calculations aimed at reproducing climate changes in the Arctic Ocean due to variations in the atmospheric circulation are presented. The combined ocean-ice numerical model is based on NCAR/NCEP reanalysis data and its modified version of CIAF on the state of the lower atmosphere, radiative fluxes, and precipitation from 1948 to the present. The numerical experiments reveal the effect of the ice cover, water circulation, and thermohaline structure of the Arctic Ocean on variations in the state of the atmosphere. We found the heating and cooling periods in the Atlantic water layer, as well as the freshwater accumulation regimes in the Canadian Basin and freshwater flow through the Fram Strait and Canadian Archipelago straits. The numerical model reproduces a reconfiguration of the water circulation of the surface and intermediate layers of the ocean, a shift in the boundary between Atlantic and Pacific waters, and a significant reduction of the ice area.     

一个两时间层分裂显格式海洋环流模式(MASNUM)及其检验

A two-time-level, three-dimensional numerical ocean circulation model（named MASNUM） was established with a two-level, single-step Eulerian forward-backward time-differencing scheme. A mathematical model of large-scale oceanic motions was based on the terrain-following coordinated, Boussinesq, Reynolds-averaged primitive equations of ocean dynamics. A simple but very practical Eulerian forward-backward method was adopted to replace the most preferred leapfrog scheme as the time-differencing method for both barotropic and baroclinic modes. The forward-backward method is of second-order of accuracy, computationally efficient by requiring only one function evaluation per time step, and free of the computational mode inherent in the three-level schemes. This method is superior to the leapfrog scheme in that the maximum time step of stability is twice as large as that of the leapfrog scheme in staggered meshes thus the computational efficiency could be doubled. A spatial smoothing method was introduced to control the nonlinear instability in the numerical integration. An ideal numerical experiment simulating the propagation of the equatorial Rossby soliton was performed to test the amplitude and phase error of this new model. The performance of this circulation model was further verified with a regional（northwest Pacific） and a quasi-global（global ocean simulation with the Arctic Ocean excluded） simulation experiments. These two numerical experiments show fairly good agreement with the observations. The maximum time step of stability in these two experiments were also investigated and compared between this model and that model which adopts the leapfrog scheme.     

Assessment of mixed layer models embedded in an ocean general circulation model

The atmospheric mixed layer obtained using the Mellor–Yamada model grows slower and becomes shallower than observed, which motivated Nakanishi and Niino (J Meteorol Soc Jpn 87:895–912, 2009) to present a modified version of the Mellor–Yamada model. In this study, incorporating each of the Mellor–Yamada and the Nakanishi–Niino models into an ocean general circulation model, we evaluate its performance in the ocean. Comparing the numerical results with the observed ones in the western North Pacific, the Nakanishi–Niino model is shown to exhibit a better performance than the Mellor–Yamada model under strong wind forcing and sea surface cooling during winter and after passage of typhoons during summer.