The algorithms of chlorophyll-a concentration for CMODIS

The algorithms of extracting chlorophyll-a(Chl-a) concentration have been established for Chinese moderate resolution imaging spectrometer(CMODIS) mounted on Shenzhou-3 spaceship launched on 25 March 2002.The CMODIS is an ocean color sensor with 30 visible channels and 4 infrared channels,much different from other ocean color satellites and needs new algorithms to process data.Three models of Chl-a concentration were established based on Chl-a data retrieved from sea-viewing wide field-of-view sensor(SeaWiFS),with the average relative errors of 26.6%,24%.0% and 33.5%,respectively.This practical and economic approach can be used for developing the algorithms of Chinese ocean color and temperature sensor(COCTS) on the satellite Haiyang-1 to derive the Chl-a concentration concentration distribution.The applicability of the algorithms was analyzed using some in situ measurements.Suspended sediment is the main factor influencing the accuracy of the spectral ratio algorithms of Chl-a concentration.The algorithms are suitable to using in the regions where suspended sediment concentrations(SSC) are less than 5 g/m3 under the condition of relative error of Chl-a concentration retrieval within 35%.High concentration of suspended sediment leads to the overestimate remote sensing retrieval of concentration of Chl-a,while low-middle SSCs lead to the low Chl-a concentration values using the spectral ratio algorithms.Since the accuracy of Chl-a concentration by the spectral ratio algorithms is limited to waters of Case 2,it is necessary to develop semi-analytical models to improve the performance of satellite ocean color remote sensing in turbid coastal waters.     

Atmospheric correction of SeaWiFS imagery for turbid coastal and inland waters

A practical algorithm of atmospheric correction for turbid coastal and inland waters is provided. The present algorithm uses the property that the water-leaving radiance at 412 nm increases very tittle with the increasing of water turbidity. Thus, in very turbid coastal and inland waters, the radiance at 412 nm can be used to estimate the aerosol scattering radiance at 865 nm. The performance of the new algorithm is validated with simulation for several cases. It is found that the retrieved remotely sensed reflectance is usually with error less than 10% for the first six bands of SeaWiFS. This new algorithm is also tested under various atmospheric conditions in the Changjiang River Estuary and the Hangzhou Bay where the sediment concentration is very high and the standard SeaWiFS atmospheric correction algorithm creates a mask due to atmospheric correction failure. The result proves the efficiency of this simple algorithm in reducing the errors of the water-leaving radiance retrieving using SeaWiFS satellite data.     

基于GOCI影像的半月潮周期内渤海悬浮泥沙浓度变化研究

悬浮泥沙浓度(SSC)的变化对渤海海域的生态等有着重要的影响。本文基于已有表层水体SSC遥感反演算法进行了优化,利用较高时空分辨率的GOCI影像,基于优化后的模型对渤海表层水体的SSC浓度在半月潮周期中的时空分布与变化特征进行了研究。结果表明:(1)渤海各海湾表层水体SSC在半月潮周期内的变化规律存在差异。从小潮到大潮,辽东湾和渤海湾表层水体SSC先减小后增加,而莱州湾及黄河口附近海域的SSC则呈现出逐步降低的趋势。(2)渤海表层水体SSC存在明显的日内变化,且半月潮潮情对渤海SSC的变化作用显著。在一个连续潮周期中,除莱州湾和辽东湾外,渤海海域SSC的变化幅度总体上呈现出大潮时较大、平常潮次之、小潮时较小的特征。(3)渤海海域沿岸浅水区的SSC高于中部深水区,同时渤海海峡西北部脊沟区水体的SSC变化系数表现出与局部地形相似的辐射状的空间分布特征且与水深存在显著的负相关性,说明海底地形对SSC的空间变化具有不可忽略的影响。     

ADCP measurements of suspended sediment flux at the entrance to Jiaozhou Bay, western Yellow Sea

The purpose of the present contribution is to explore the technique to use Acoustic Doppler Current Pro- filers （ADCPs） for suspended sediment flux measurements, which may be applied to coastal embayment environments such as estuaries and tidal inlets for sediment exchange and budget studies. Based on tidal cycle measurements from the entrance of ]iaozhou Bay, Shandong Peninsula, eastern China, statistical rela- tionships between the suspended sediment concentration （SSC） and ADCP echo intensity output are estab- lished. Echo intensity data obtained during an ADCP survey along two cross-sections during a spring tidal phase were transformed into SSC data. The ADCP current velocity and SSC data were then used to calculate the flux of fine-grained sediment. The results show that net sediment transport at the entrance is directed towards the open sea, with an order of magnitude of 103 t per spring tidal cycle; hence, although Jiaozhou Bay is a low SSC environment, the tidally induced suspended sediment transport can be intense.     

长江河口悬浮泥沙向浙闽沿岸输运近期变化的遥感分析

利用2000~2015年Terra-MODIS(terra-moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer,中等分辨率成像光谱仪)数据和2014年洪枯季现场数据建立泥沙反演模型,分析入长江河口泥沙大幅减少后河口表层悬沙向浙闽沿岸输运的时空变化和扩散形态。结果表明:(1)利用MODIS数据的二次型模型能够揭示长江口及邻近海域悬沙分布及输运特征,入海输运的长江口悬浮泥沙是浙闽沿岸连续悬浮泥沙带存在的物源;(2)受季风和沿岸流动力驱动,长江口悬沙向浙闽沿岸输运具有明显的季节性:春季,悬浮泥沙从长江口向浙闽沿岸呈条带状输运,春夏之交,南下的悬沙至温岭近岸海域出现中断现象;夏季,长江口大量悬沙滞留在长江口杭州湾近岸,仅有少量悬沙向南输运,泥沙带中断;秋季,10月下旬—11月中旬逐渐形成连续的近岸泥沙带;历冬至春,循环复始;(3)受近年来长江流域进入河口的泥沙减少影响,浙闽沿岸秋冬季连续的输沙带在春季提前断开,在秋季有推迟恢复的现象。本研究对于探究浙闽沿岸泥沙减少新格局,分析近海生态环境新变化具有重要意义。     

潮流作用下洋山港水域悬沙和底沙的交换

通过对泥沙起动流速、淤积流速和不淤流速的计算,划定了悬沙和底沙交换的各个时段,提出了冲刷悬沙浓度、淤积悬沙浓度和不淤悬沙浓度的概念及其计算方法;继而导出了潮流作用下悬沙和底沙在交换层面上单位面积的日交换量计算式,并用于洋山港水域的冲淤计算。结果表明:自然状况下洋山港水域北部年淤积量为37.5 kg/m2,淤高了1.77 cm/a,属微淤;中部年冲刷量为10.0 kg/m2左右,刷深不超过0.52 cm/a,可认为冲淤平衡;南部年冲刷量为55.5 kg/m2,刷深了2.60 cm/a,属微冲。这一结果与该水域海床的自然冲淤状况相吻合。     

Atmospheric correction for China''s coastal water color remote sensing

INTRODUcrIONMeasurements from satellite have demonstrated that space sensor can be applied to measurethe sPectra of water-leaving radiance and proven that ocean color remote sensing is a powerfultcol for understanding oceanic, biological and physical processes. One sPecial ocean color satel-lite heaStar was successfully launched in August l997. It has brought to oceanOgraphers a wel-comed and improvd renewal of the ocean color of CZCS, VHRSR and arS. ffeaWiFS con-tributes much bette…     

Sediment transport in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea

Eight survey cruises in different seasons have been conducted in the Yellow Sea (YS) and East China Sea (ECS) during the period from 2000 to 2008. Suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and hydrological data were collected during each cruise. Data analysis showed that total suspended sediment mass was approximately 0.18 × 10⁹ tons in the surveyed area during spring and autumn seasons. Highly turbid waters were found in the shallow waters between the Subei coast, the Changjiang estuary and the Zhejiang coast with seasonal variations.     

Delineating suspended sediment concentration patterns in surface waters of the Changjiang Estuary by remote sensing analysis

Three Landsat TM imageries (taken on 18 May 1987, 4 August 1998 and 28 July 2007) were used as the data source to identify the spatial and temporal variations of the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in surface waters of the Changjiang Estuary. Atmospheric correction was carried out to determine the water-leaving reflectance using the FLAASH module. A regression equation between surveyed SSC and suspended sediment index was chosen to retrieve the SSC from the Landsat TM images. In addition, tidal harmonic analysis was performed to calculate tidal conditions corresponding to the acquisition time of satellite images. The results show that the SSC spatial patterns are similar to the in situ observation results, which show the highest SSC in the region of turbidity maximum zone in the Changjiang Estuary. For the period of 1987 to 2007, the SSC pattern is controlled mainly by tidal dynamic conditions and wind speeds, rather than sediment discharges from the river.     

Comparative Analysis of Chlorophyll-a Distribution from SeaWiFS,MODIS-Aqua,MODIS-Terra and MERIS in the Arabian Sea

The variability of Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) distribution derived from MODIS (on Aqua and Terra platforms) and MERIS sensors have been compared with SeaWiFS data in the Arabian Sea. MODIS Aqua has overestimated the SeaWiFS Chl-a within 25–32% in the coastal turbid (eutrophic) waters and underestimated in open ocean waters with error within 20%. However, there is no significant bias (?0.1 on log-scale) observed as the slope is well within 0.97-1.1 (log transformed). MODIS-Terra has underestimated the Chl-a concentration in open ocean waters by about 29–31%, which is higher than MODIS-Aqua. MODIS-Terra is observed to be more accurate than MODIS-Aqua in the coastal waters. MERIS is overestimating the SeaWiFS Chl-a with log RMS error of ～0.15 and log bias of ～0.13–0.2. The differences in the Chl-a estimates between each sensor are possibly due to differences in the sensor design, bio-optical algorithms and also due to the time differences between the satellites over passes. We have examined that the MERIS is performing similar to SeaWiFS and the MODIS-Aqua (Terra) data are reliable in open ocean (coastal) waters. However, Chl-a retrieval algorithms need to be improved especially for coastal turbid waters to continue with SeaWiFS data for long-term studies.     

风暴过程中潮滩悬沙浓度和悬沙输运的变化及其动力机制——以长江三角洲南汇潮滩为例

悬沙浓度是淤泥质海岸重要的环境指标。为探讨潮滩悬沙浓度和悬沙输运对风暴事件的响应过程及其动力机制,于2014年9月"凤凰"台风过境前、中、后在长江三角洲南汇潮滩进行了现场观测,获得同步高分辨率的水深、波高、近底流速和浊度剖面时间序列(9个潮周期)。结果表明,风暴中平均和最大波高、波-流联合底床剪切应力、悬沙浓度和悬沙输运率可比平静天气高数倍;风暴期间高潮位低流速阶段悬沙沉降导致近底发育数十厘米厚的浮泥层(悬沙浓度大于10 g/L)。研究认为风暴事件中淤泥质海岸悬沙浓度和悬沙输运的剧烈变化其根本动力机制是风暴把巨大能量传递给近岸水体,进而显著增大波-流联合底床剪切应力,导致细颗粒泥沙再悬浮。     

杭州湾口南汇咀近岸水域水沙特征与通量

南汇咀近岸水域是长江口与杭州湾交汇以及近岸水沙交换的重要地带。根据杭州湾口北部南汇咀-崎岖列岛断面上6个测站1999年1～2月大、中、小潮海流与悬沙含量的现场同步观测资料,阐述了该断面上潮流和悬沙浓度的分布变化特征,并通过断面进出潮通量和悬沙通量的计算,得出该断面以出水出沙为主要特征,与余流方向一致。分析表明,长江口与杭州湾的水沙交换是复杂的,而间接交换是其主要的方式。     

利用混合光谱分解估测珠江口悬浮泥沙浓度

利用遥感技术估测水体中的悬浮泥沙的浓度已经成为一门成熟的技术，但将其应用于河口地区悬浮泥沙的监测仍然存在一些限制。限制之一是遥感数据（例如MODIS）的空间分辨率太低，不适合应用于河口等狭小水域的监测。相比较而言，Hyperion高光谱遥感数据有196个波段，覆盖400-2500nm的光谱范围，光谱分辨率为10nm,空间分辨率为30m，其高光谱分辨率及高空间分辨率，显示了其在河口水体悬浮泥沙遥感中的巨大潜力。利用2006年12月4号的Hyperion数据、同步实测的高光谱数据及悬浮泥沙浓度数据，对珠江口海域悬浮泥沙浓度进行了研究。利用混合光谱分解模型计算了珠江口悬浮泥沙浓度的分布。分析结果表明，混合光谱分解模型可以作为遥感监测水体悬浮泥沙浓度的定量模型。     

遥感技术在河口颗粒态总磷分布及扩散研究中的应用初探

以美国SeaStar卫星装载的SeaWiFS海洋水色遥感传感器作为遥感数据源,实测了光谱、海表温度、悬浮物含量、透明度、叶绿素浓度、颗粒态总磷含量等,建立了传感器悬浮物含量和颗粒态总磷含量的遥感信息提取模式,结果表明:(1)利用遥感技术估算的海水悬浮物的平均相对偏差为18.1%;(2)悬浮物在遥感图象上的分布和扩散趋势与实际吻合,并且在一定程度上反映了区域内海流运移路径;(3)颗粒态总磷含量在长江河口和杭州湾附近海域较高,由近岸向远岸迅速降低,与实际分布相符;(4)模型主要适用于河口等悬浮物含量高的Ⅱ类水休,对于以浮游植物为主的Ⅰ类水体应另外建立模式.     

SeaWiFS retrievals of chlorophyll in Chesapeake Bay and the mid-Atlantic bight

This paper presents three years (1998–2000) of chlorophyll a (chl a) data from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) for Case 2 waters of Chesapeake Bay and the middle Atlantic bight (MAB) to describe phytoplankton dynamics on seasonal to interannual time scales. We used extensive data on inherent and apparent optical properties in conjunction with satellite retrievals to: (1) characterize the bio-optical properties of the study area relevant to processing and interpreting SeaWiFS data; (2) test the applicability of the SeaWiFS bio-optical algorithm (OC4v.4) for the estuarine and coastal waters; (3) evaluate the accuracy of the SeaWiFS remote sensing reflectance (R_RS) and chl a products on regional and seasonal bases using in situ observations. The characteristically strong absorption by chromophoric dissolved organic matter (a_cdom) and non-pigmented particulate matter (a_d) in estuarine and coastal waters contributed to overestimates of chl a using OC4v.4 applied to in situ radiances for the Bay (mean ratio 1.42±1.20) and the MAB (2.60±1.36). Values of R_RS from SeaWiFS in the blue region of the spectrum were low compared to in situ R_RS, suggesting that uncertainties remain in atmospheric correction. Direct comparisons of SeaWiFS retrievals of chl a with in situ chl a for the Bay showed larger biases and uncertainties (mean ratio 1.97±1.85) than for chl a estimated from OC4v.4 applied to in situ R_RS. The larger biases were attributed to errors in SeaWiFS radiances and the larger uncertainties to time-space “aliasing” of satellite observations and in situ measurements. To reduce the time differences between SeaWiFS and in situ data, we compared chl a obtained from continuous underway fluorometric measurements on selected ship tracks to SeaWiFS chl a and showed that SeaWiFS captured phytoplankton dynamics in much of the Bay. The agreement of SeaWiFS chl a with in situ chl a was strongest in the mid- (regions 3, 4) to lower Bay (regions 1, 2), and deteriorated toward the upper Bay (regions 5, 6), in part due to a reduction of sensitivity and an increase of noise for SeaWiFS products in the highly absorbing, low R_RS waters of the upper Bay. A three-year time-series of SeaWiFS and in situ data showed that SeaWiFS accurately and reliably captured seasonal and interannual variability of chl a associated with variations of freshwater flow. Significant short-term variability of chl a in summer that was unresolved with shipboard data was detected in the SeaWiFS time-series and the implications are discussed. The overall performance of SeaWiFS in the mid- to lower Bay and the MAB, combined with high spatial (∼1 km²) and temporal (∼100 clear scenes per year) resolution, indicate current SeaWiFS products are valuable for quantifying seasonal to interannual variability of chl a in estuarine and coastal waters.     

Estimation of chlorophyll-a concentration in the Zhujiang Estuary from SeaWiFS data

The chlorophyll-a concentration is generally overestimated for the southern China coastalwaters if the default algorithm of the SeaDAS is employed. An algorithm is developed for retrieval of chlorophyll-a concentration in the Zhujiang Estuary, Guangdong Province, China, by using simulated reflectance data. The simulated reflectance is calculated corresponding to the SeaWiFS wavelength bands, via a general model by inputting measured water components, i.e. , the suspended sediment, chlorophyll-a, and yellow substance (DOC) concentration data of 130 samples. Empirical relationships of the chlorophyll-a concentration to 240 different band combinations are investigated based on the simulated reflectance data, and the band combination, R_5R_6/R_3R_4, is found to be the optimum one for the development of an algorithm valid for the Zhujiang Estuary. This algorithm is then employed to determine the chlorophyll-a concentration from SeaWiFS data. The estimated concentrations have a better accuracy than those obtai     

波浪、潮流和风暴潮耦合模式及悬沙输移规律的研究

近年来，由于河口、海岸地区的泥沙运动与港口、航道以及海岸的冲淤有着直接的关系，对一些海岸建筑物比如防波堤、护岸工程等造成一定的威胁，甚至于使其完全丧失使用价值，造成巨大的损失。为此人们越来越重视对这一问题的研究。本文为估计岸滩的冲淤变化和了解岸滩的演变规律，对影响泥沙运动的海洋动力要素进行了研究。 为研究悬沙的输移规律，建立了一个由两部分组成的二维悬沙模型系统：①水动力模式。建立了一个综合多因素的二维波浪、潮汐和风暴潮耦合模式，以此来研究波、潮、风暴潮间的相互作用，并为泥沙计算提供流速场。②二维悬沙模式。运用得出的流场来研究悬沙的输移扩散规律。其中所采用的波浪模式是将流对波浪场的影响同时加以考虑的耦合数学模型，将流速加入波能方程，并考虑由于水面的升降而产生的不定常水深对波浪场的影响，再将波浪场对流场的影响通过辐射应力、考虑波浪影响的底应力以及依赖波龄的表面风应力耦合到流场中，从而建立了一个综合多种因素的波浪、潮汐、风暴潮联合作用下的二维悬沙模型系统。并在此模型系统的基础上，对黄河口泥沙的输移问题作了探讨，为今后的防堤、护岸工程提供依据。     

HY-1C Coastal Zone Imager observations of the suspended sediment content distribution details in the sea area near Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge in China

The impacts of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge (HKZMB) on suspended sediment content (SSC) were analysed in the Zhujiang River Estuary based on data from HY-1C, which was launched in September 2018 in China, carrying Coastal Zone Imager (CZI) and Chinese Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner on it. A new SSC inversion model was established based on the relationship between in-situ SSC and the remote sensing reflectance in red and near-infrared bands of CZI image. HY-1C satellite data obtained from October to December 2019 were applied to retrieve SSC in the Zhujiang River Estuary. The results show that SSC around the HKZMB is ranging from 20 mg/L to 95 mg/L. SSC change obviously on two sides of the bridge. During flooding and ebbing period, SSC increases obviously downstream of the bridge. SSC difference between upstream and downstream is ranging from 5 mg/L to 20 mg/L. Currents flowing across the HKZMB, the change trend of SSC in most places upstream and downstream is almost the same that SSC downstream of the bridge is higher than SSC upstream. The tidal currents interact with bridge piers, inducing vortexes downstream, leading the sediment to re-suspend downstream of the bridge piers. Other factors, including seafloor topography and wind, can also contribute to the distribution of SSC in the Zhujiang River Estuary.     

基于浊度计和ADCP的悬沙浓度估计与分析

作者采用浊度计和声学多普勒流速剖面仪(ADCP)在近海区域连续、定点观测的应用中,利用浊度与悬沙浓度之间良好的线性关系,对潮汐半月周期内的浊度和ADCP后向散射声强数据进行相关性分析,讨论了小、中、大潮期间利用ADCP后向散射声强反演悬沙浓度的可靠性,反演过程中综合考虑了声学近场非球面扩散和本底噪声的影响。结果表明,在实验海域中,小潮情况下,各水层内悬浮泥沙成分较为稳定,ADCP后向散射声强与浊度变化相关性较高,达到0.91;而在大潮情况下,ADCP后向散射声强与浊度变化的相关性降低,悬沙浓度及成分容易在海流的影响下发生变化。     

基于遥感反演的莱州湾悬沙分布及其沉积动力分析

选用1986-2004年不同时期的LandsatTM/ETM+影像,利用2004年黄河口附近实测数据推导的表层悬浮泥沙浓度反演模型,结合水文气象资料、多年水深数据和极端天气数模结果,研究了莱州湾西南近岸海域表层悬浮泥沙分布特征,结果表明,受黄河丰枯水期的影响,莱州湾西南部海域悬浮泥沙高浓度区主要分布于黄河口附近海域和西南沿岸,其枯水期的覆盖范围一般大于丰水期的。受潮流高流速场控制,黄河口外悬沙浓度高值区与海底泥沙堆积区对应较好,泥沙主要来源于陆源输沙和泥沙再悬浮;在西南近岸浅海区悬沙浓度高值区主要形成于泥沙的再悬浮,在近岸出现轻微冲刷。风等其他海洋动力因素,一般情况下对悬浮泥沙扩散的程度和范围具有一定的影响作用,但悬沙受潮流场影响而形成的总体扩散趋势未发生改变;极端条件下,风暴潮流使莱州湾西南部近岸浅海区的悬浮泥沙浓度显著增加。