南海中尺度涡的季节和年际变化特征分析

以11a(1993—2003年)TOPEX/Poseidon、Jason和ERS1/2高度计的融合资料为基础,统计了南海中尺度涡的时空分布,分析了南海中尺度涡的季节和年际变化,并结合QuikSCAT、ERS1/2风场资料初步探讨了南海中尺度涡形成的可能机制。研究结果表明,南海中尺度涡存在明显的季节和年际变化,而季风强迫是这种变化的主要驱动因素。冬季冷涡(气旋涡)主要分布在吕宋岛西北和越南东南海域,而暖涡(反气旋涡)主要在18°N以北出现。春季暖涡在南海中部开始出现并得到充分发展。夏季暖涡明显多于冷涡,暖涡主要分布在越南东南和吕宋岛西北海域,而冷涡分布于越南以东和南海东北部。秋季冷涡主要分布在越南沿岸,暖涡则分布在南海东北部;11a海面高度异常均方根的时空分布变化也显示了南海中尺度涡存在较强的年际变化。     

南海东北部海域中尺度涡的季节和年际变化

采用7a的T/P高度计资料对南海东北部海域海面高度异常及其季节变化和年际变化进行研究。研究表明该海域是中尺度涡的高能量区,尤其经常生成强的反气旋涡;海面高度异常的均方根高值区(即中尺度涡的高能量区)主要分布在台湾西南部(21.3°N,119.0°E)和吕宋岛西北(19.5°N,119.5°E)附近的深水海域;海面高度异常的均方根值随季节有明显的变化,春季是中尺度涡最弱的季节,均方根值最小,夏季次之,秋、冬是中尺度涡最强的季节,均方根值最大;海面高度异常的均方根值也表现出显著的年际变化,特别在ElNi no事件期间(1997年)其年均方根值最小。     

南海海面高度年际变化的S-EOF分析

应用依赖于季节的经验正交甬数(S-EOF)分析,探讨了最近15a南海海面高度随季节演变的年际变化.S-EOF分析得出南海海面高度异常各模态不同季节的空间结构以及时间演变过程,证实了季风强盛期冬季和夏季基本模态的结构,还分离出了季风转换期(春季和秋季)海面高度的分布格局.结果表明,南海海面高度随季节演变的年际变化与厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件密切相关.S-EOF1的结果表明,南海海面高度的变化具有明显而稳定的季节振荡,但在ENSO年海面高度的季节振荡相对减弱;S-EOF2模态显示了1998-2001年间冬季吕宋岛西侧存在一个较强的正异常,且能一直持续到春季;S-EOF3模态主要体现了南海西部一系列中尺度涡状结构的年际差异,包含1997/1998年厄尔尼诺对南海环流的影响.     

基于潜标资料的中南半岛外海水文特征分析

基于2012年9月—2013年12月中南半岛外海累计16个月的长时间序列潜标观测数据,结合AVISO海表面高度异常(sea level anomaly,SLA)数据,首次详细分析了中南半岛外海典型中尺度涡的运动规律和垂向特征及其对环境水文特征的影响,揭示了该海域深层海流的时间变化特征。在观测期间共捕捉到3次中尺度涡过程,中尺度涡对站位所在海域主温跃层深度变化的最大影响振幅可达50 m。研究发现:1)观测站位所在海域各深度的温度异常时间变化与站位SLA时间变化的相关性随深度增加逐渐减弱。2)上层和中层的海水流动受中尺度涡影响显著。1 500 m和2 000 m的深层环流主要表现为季节变化;在强中尺度涡暖涡经过期间,中尺度涡能影响到1 500 m的环流场,同时出现30 d周期震荡。2 000 m流场则不受中尺度涡影响。3)中南半岛以东南海1 500 m处深层海流月平均流速夏季大于冬季,月平均可达3.5 cm·s~(-1);2 000 m处深层海流最大流速出现在冬季,月平均可达2.6 cm·s~(-1)。深层海流受潮汐影响显著,潮汐作用主要影响深层海流东西向流速的变化。     

南海及西北太平洋卫星高度计资料分析:海洋中尺度涡统计特征

采用AVISO提供的卫星高度计融合数据,对南海及西北太平洋(5°～35°N,105°～150°E)1993～2009年17a间的中尺度涡活动进行统计分析.结果表明南海中尺度涡活动具有明显的年际变化,每年观测到产生的中尺度涡个数平均为21～22个,标准差约为4个,占年平均值的20%;而西北太平洋中尺度涡个数的年际差异不大,平均每年观测到150～151个中尺度涡产生,标准差约为14个,仅占年平均值的9%.中尺度涡的逐月统计结果表明南海和西北太平洋的中尺度涡活动均有明显季节变化,1993～2009年间的各月南海和西北太平洋分别观测到30～31个和213～214个中尺度涡产生,标准差分别约为6个和41个,均占各自月平均值的19%.中尺度涡主要集中分布在南海东北部、越南东部和黑潮流轴附近海域.涡动能、海面高度距平均方根以及涡度均方根的空间分布大致与涡旋个数分布一致,但在西北太平洋的低纬海区和黑潮延伸体区域则不甚吻合.在相同的涡旋判别标准下,西北太平洋低纬海区(5°～15°N)观测到的中尺度涡个数比中高纬海区要少得多.     

AVISO卫星高度计新版产品改进对南海海洋学研究的影响

以南海为例,从海面高度异常的气候态、海面高度异常的年际变化和地转流算法等3个方面,探讨了AVISO新版高度计资料的几点重要改进对南海海洋动力学研究的影响。研究表明:新版资料对于南海重要海洋现象和海面高度异常的年际变化的刻画效果要优于旧版资料。分析结果对于构建南海海平面变化的预测模型和分析南海中尺度涡的时空变化规律都具有一定的参考价值。     

基于自动探测方法的南海北部涡致海表温度锋面的特征研究

南海北部具有丰富的温度锋面和中尺度涡，它们调节着局地的热量和能量平衡。本文利用卫星海洋高度异常和海表温度数据，并基于自动探测方法，探究了2007年至2017年南海北部中尺度涡边缘的海表温度锋面（涡致锋面）特征。反气旋/气旋边缘出现锋面的概率可达20%。气旋涡在各个方向上出现锋面的概率比较均匀，反气旋涡的东北部和西南部出现锋面的概率大于西北部和东南部。中尺度涡致锋面的数量有明显的季节变化，而涡动能未表现出明显的季节变化。中尺度涡致锋区的总涡动能是中尺度涡内动能的3倍，并且反气旋涡致锋面的总涡动能明显强于气旋涡致锋面的总涡动能。中尺度涡致锋面的数量和涡动能的年际变化与厄尔尼诺南方涛动指数没有明显的相关性。本研究也讨论了中尺度涡致锋面的可能机制，但是中尺度涡对海表温度锋的贡献需要进一步定量研究。     

基于OceanDataView的中尺度涡分析研究

以西太平洋海域 2 个中尺度涡为例,利用 AVISO 卫星高度计观测的海平面高度异常(Sea Level Anomaly,SLA)数据、HYCOM 模式的温度、盐度数据及水下滑翔机实测数据,分析了 Ocean Data View 软件(ODV)在实现该区域中尺度涡运动特征规律研究的实用性,探讨了中尺度涡分析处理的关键技术和方法。 结果表明：利用 ODV 软件能够快速绘制海平面高度异常值和海表面流速的平面图,进而准确判别中尺度涡类型、追踪中尺度涡在海表面的水平空间尺度及演化特征;也可绘制任意航迹温、盐深断面图用于分析中尺度涡的垂直结构和判别涡结构类型;同时 ODV 软件也提供了垂直涡结构实测数据与模式数据对比分析模式,为中尺度涡研究提供强有力的分析工具和技术支撑方法。     

南海中尺度涡年际变化特征及动力机制分析

基于Okubo-Weiss函数方法对20年高度计资料进行涡旋识别,分析了南海中尺度涡的时空分布,初步研究了中尺度涡旋活动的年际变化特征及其可能的动力机制。结果显示,南海中尺度涡旋活动具有较为显著的年际变化特征,通过对涡旋个数、涡区面积、涡动能计算分析表明涡旋活动与ENSO现象遥相关:南海中尺度涡活动在ElNio年较弱,在LaNia年较强。可用风场异常解释南海中尺度涡的年际变化与ENSO现象的负相关关系。ElNio期间南海年平均意义下的东北风场减弱,风应力旋度绝对值减小,从而导致了较弱的涡旋活动,相反LaNia期间强劲的风场导致了涡旋活动增强。     

南海东部中尺度涡生成机制

利用高度计海面高度异常数据和非线性1½层约化重力模式研究了南海东部中尺度涡的生成机制。模式结果表明，南海内区风场是南海东部中尺度涡生成的主要驱动力，且南海内区高频风场能解释约54%的南海东部中尺度涡。从西太平洋传来的信号同样有十分重要的作用，由西太区域高频风场大致能解释南海东部40%的中尺度涡。风驱动的赤道附近的海面异常信号能经过锡布图通道和民都洛海峡传播到吕宋岛西海岸，其中有部分能量会以罗斯贝波的形式往西传播。这种信号在西传的过程中会发生不稳定，可能形成孤立的涡旋。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,