潮汐淹水时间对秋茄幼苗生长的影响

模拟正规半日潮淹水的条件下,不同淹水时间对秋茄[Kandelia candel(L.)Druce]幼苗生长的影响.应用沙和土两种培养基质,制备盐度为15的人工海水栽培幼苗培养时间为70 d.不淹水(0 h)和长时间淹水(>8 h)对秋茄幼苗的生长有一定的抑制作用,而短时间淹水(淹水2~4 h)对幼苗生长有所促进.较长时间的淹水可促进贮气根的数量增加和长度的增长.在当前培养条件下,秋茄幼苗生长的最佳淹水时间是每个潮水循环淹水2~4 h.2 h处理的沙培秋茄幼苗总生物量和成熟叶面积最大,胚轴失重最小,土培幼苗也有相应的变化趋势.秋茄幼苗生长的临界淹水时间是每个潮水循环淹水8 h.秋茄幼苗有较强的抗淹水能力,适当的淹水对其生长有利.     

Influence of water logging time on the growth of candel seedlings

Influence ofwaterlogging time on the growth ofKandeliacandel(L.) Druce seedlings grown for 70 d in the artificial-tidal tanks' simulated semidiumal tide under greenhouse is studied. Sand and soil act as the substrate and artificial sea-water with salinity of 15 is used in cultivation. Shorter waterlogging time (inundated for about 2 ～ 4 h) promotes thegrowth of K. candel seedlings, while longer time(inundated more than 8 h) or no waterlogging(0 h) inhibits theirgrowth. The number and length of aerating roots increase with the increase ofwaterlogging time. Under existing condi-tions, the optimalwaterlogging time for the growth of K. canoel seedlings is about 2 ～ 4 h in every tide cycle. Com-pared with other treatments, the 2 h sanded treatments obtain the highest biomass of seedlings, have the lowest massloss ofhypocotyl and broaden the photosynthetic area by increasing the area per leaf after 70-d cultivation. And the soiltreatments have the similar tendeney. However, waterlogging for 8 h in every tide cycle is critieal for normal develop-ment of seedlings. K. candel seedlings are highly tolerant to waterlogging and a proper waterlogging is beneficial to thegrowth ofK. candel seedlings.     

红海榄幼苗根系呼吸代谢对水淹胁迫的响应

本研究利用人工潮汐系统(每天淹水0、6、12和18h), 研究了红海榄幼苗根系呼吸代谢对水淹胁迫的响应。结果表明, 每天淹水6h对红海榄幼苗的生长影响不大, 但随着水淹时间的延长, 红海榄幼苗的生长显著受到抑制。水淹时间的延长同样明显抑制了红海榄幼苗根系的产能效率, 且根系三羧酸循环的有氧呼吸速率、三磷酸腺苷含量以及琥珀酸脱氢酶和苹果酸脱氢酶活性最小值均出现在每天水淹18h处理组中。相反, 水淹胁迫下红海榄幼苗根系乙醇脱氢酶、乳酸脱氢酶活性以及乙醇和乳酸含量都呈上升的趋势。综上, 尽管无氧呼吸可一定程度上缓解三羧酸循环受阻所导致的产能匮乏, 但是过度的水淹胁迫仍会扰乱红海榄幼苗正常的生长和代谢, 导致三磷酸腺苷产能效率的降低以及无氧发酵代谢产物的积累。     

Flounders follow the tides to feed: Evidence from ultrasonic tracking in an estuary

Ultrasonically tagged flounders were tracked in the estuary of the River Bann, Northern Ireland, for periods of between 2 and 12 h (11 fish for a total of 92 h and 2·5 km), during their summer residence. Positions were determined by triangulation with two receivers.All fish remained within 400 m of the release point; on average flounders moved about 270 m during one tidal cycle, equivalent to 830 body lengths, or just over 1 body length per minute. Movements were most likely at dusk, but other parameters were not contingent upon time of day, although no data were gathered at dawn. Frequency, direction, distance, speed and duration of movement and turn rate were all significantly contingent upon state of the tide. The movement data are interpreted in terms of feeding behaviour, supported by results from other parts of the study. At high tide flounders made active but meandering searches for food on the inundated mudflats. Similar but faster searches heading downstream on falling tides reflected (a) completion of feeding while littoral invertebrates were still available and (b) avoidance of stranding. Flounders made infrequent but long and linear passages downstream at low tide, when they tended to bury themselves at the edge of the main channel where there was little food. Subsequently, the fish followed the rising tide upstream so that the cycle of movements kept most fish in the same area of the estuary in the short term. It is suggested that tolerance of changing salinities enables flounders, more than other flatfish species, to exploit dense populations of estuarine intertidal invertebrates as food.     

中国沿海赤潮灾害时间序列特征的模拟与预测

对赤潮灾害时间序列的特征分析是进行赤潮灾害防灾减灾工作的基础,对未来赤潮灾害的预测具有重要意义。通过观察发现中国沿海赤潮灾害年发生频次和分布面积的时间序列(2004—2019年)均呈现出趋势项和周期项并存的特征,因此利用灰色-周期外延组合预测模型对两个序列中的趋势项和周期项进行提取,模型的拟合度分别达到95.20%和95.24%,优于灰色模型、Fourier级数扩展模型和Holt-Winter指数平滑模型等。最后将该模型结果应用到对未来中国赤潮灾害的预测中,得到结论:2020和2021年赤潮灾害发生频次分别为39次和42次,与2019年相比略有上升,2020年赤潮灾害分布面积达到3 168 km2,与2019年相比增加了约59%,而2021年赤潮灾害分布面积出现回落,为1 901 km2。     

Vegetation of Mangroves： Spatial and Temporal Pattern of itsDominant Populations in Futian National Nature Reserve

The community characteristics of mangroves in the Futian Nature Reserve,Shenzhen, China are given based on surveying of 33 quadrats in 4 transects which stretch from the higher tidal zone to the lower tidal zone. The results show that there are 6 community types in this area: Kandelia candel association, Avicennia marina association, A egiceras corniculatum association, Kandelia candel Aegiceras corniculatum association,degiceras corniculatum Kandelia candel association and Acanthus ilicifolius association.Kandelia candel, degiceras corniculatum and dvicennia marina dominate the typicalquadrats. Kandelia candel can be seen at almost all quadrats, Aegiceras corniculatumdistributes mostly toward the estuary and the higher tidal zone, Avicennia marina distributesmostly toward the bay and the lower tidal zone, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza occasionally occurs toward the Estuary with one or several individuals, Acanthus ilicifolius was common towardthe higher tidal zone, as an accompanying species, Derris trifoliata was common in manymature ouadrats. Totallv. 6 snecies of man~rove plants and 3 soecies of semi-mangrove plants appear in this research area. From the higher tidal zone to the lower tidal zone, the average diameter and basal area of mangrove trees increase gradually. According to the results, the dvicennia marina dominates in average diameter and basal area, and the degicerascorniculatum trees are on the contrary. From the transect ! to the transect 4, the importance value ot dvicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Kandelia candel decreases, and degiceras corniculatum increases. In this area, the Kandelia candel population and Ae giceras corniculatum population are developing populations with many seedlings and saplings, but the Avicennia marina population is in a mature stage with few seedlings and not so many total individuals. According to this research, we suppose that Aegiceras corniculatum should be developed toward the estuary and the dvicennia marina association should be protected.     

不同鲜重秋茄胚轴形态及其对幼苗生长的影响

为了探讨不同鲜重秋茄胚轴的表型性状和营养成分含量差异, 及其对幼苗生长的影响, 确定浙江省秋茄胚轴质量标准, 提高造林质量, 本研究采集4.0~5.0g、5.0~6.0g、6.0~7.0g、7.0~8.0g、8.0~9.0g、9.0~10.0g共6组不同鲜重的秋茄胚轴, 测定其表型性状、营养成分含量和幼苗生长性状。结果表明, 胚轴长度、横径、顶径随着胚轴鲜重的增加而显著增加。不同鲜重等级胚轴间的氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)和有机碳百分含量差异不显著, 但随着秋茄胚轴鲜重增加, 淀粉百分含量显著减小。单根胚轴的营养成分总含量随胚轴鲜重的增加而显著增加。胚轴的C:N、N:P和C:P值在鲜重7.0~8.0g等级时均显著高于其他鲜重等级。幼苗生长高、基径、叶片数及生物量随胚轴鲜重的增加而显著增加, 但在5.0~6.0g、6.0~7.0g和7.0~8.0g等级间幼苗茎干重、叶干重、净生物量和总生物量差异不显著。胚轴表型性状与幼苗生长指标之间的相关性均呈显著水平(P<0.05), 除胚轴P总含量与生长高之间的相关性不显著外, N、K、Na、有机碳、淀粉总含量与幼苗生长指标之间均呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。主成分分析和综合评价结果表明鲜重7.0g以上的胚轴优于其他鲜重的胚轴。秋茄幼苗生长高和净生物量与胚轴鲜重的回归分析R²分别为0.978和0.951, P均小于0.01。胚轴鲜重大于5.22g时, 幼苗生长高急剧增加; 鲜重大于8.74g时, 幼苗净生物量增长加快。因此, 秋茄胚轴鲜重越大, 营养物质含量越高, 越有利于幼苗生长。在浙江省的秋茄林种植中, 应优先选择鲜重7.0g以上的胚轴。     

青岛沿海风暴潮分析

利用“青岛海军验潮站”(青岛大港1号码头)1949~2003年潮汐资料,采用统计风暴高潮位≥510cm出现频数的方法,对青岛沿海风暴潮进行统计分析。结果表明:诱发青岛沿海显著风暴高潮位的天气系统都是台风,集中出现在8月下旬~9月上旬,阴历初三至初五、十五至十八两个天文大潮时段。     

调控淹水对互花米草生理影响的研究

调控淹水是控制入侵物种互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)的物理措施之一。本项实验应用盐度为8的淹水,研究了互花米草生长期间的相关生理和生长参数对0、25、50、75和100cm梯度淹水胁迫的响应。实验结果表明,互花米草在25cm淹水胁迫下,其株高、叶片中叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量均显著高于同期对照组(p0.05);在50cm及以上的淹水胁迫下,互花米草的株高、叶片中叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量、可溶性糖含量均显著低于同期对照组(p0.05),生长季末无开花结穗。研究表明,低水位(50cm)淹水胁迫促进了其营养生长,对生殖生长无显著影响(p0.05);而高水位(≥50cm)淹水胁迫能有效地抑制互花米草营养和生殖生长,是控制互花米草扩散的有效水位。     

北部湾大风江与南流江河口红树林空间分布格局研究

生长在潮间带的红树植物在河口植物群落构成、海岸防风消浪中具有重要价值。本文基于本地种桐花树胚胎浸泡下沉实验与北部湾南流江和大风江河口段水体盐度、沿线潮间带植物群落结构与地貌分析，探讨红树林在河口空间分布及影响因素。结果主要表明:南流江河口和大风江河口红树林自海向陆基本展现“红树林纯林(桐花树、秋茄、无瓣海桑种类混生)→红树植物与半红树植物(黄槿、苦朗等)混生→红树植物、半红树植物与非红树植物混生→红树植物镶嵌→稀疏红树林小苗”的分布格局，但大风江河口向陆界限主要以红树、红树幼苗及半红树混生为主。此外，红树被浸淹时长是控制河口红树空间分布结构的主要因素。潮水上溯时长影响红树向陆生长的极限位置，宜林滩地是红树发育生长的必要条件。     

九龙江口红树林土壤微生物的类群及抗菌活性

研究了九龙江口的秋茄(Kandelia candel)林和白骨壤(Avicennia marina)林两个红树林群落及其相应对照光滩土壤微生物的类群及抗菌活性.对微生物类群的研究结果表明:九龙江口红树林区土壤细菌中,芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)是最占优势的属;放线菌以小单胞菌属(Micromonospora)最具优势;其次是链霉菌属(Streptomyces),从秋茄林到白骨壤林,由于潮位降低,小单胞菌比例增加,而链霉菌比例下降;丝状真菌以半知菌占绝对优势,木霉(Trichoderma)、曲霉(Aspergillus)和青霉(Penicillum)是最常见的属;随着土壤深度的增加,微生物的类群减少,但芽孢杆菌和小单胞菌的相对比例增加;红树林土壤微生物类群比对照光滩丰富,缘于林内土壤营养与微生物的栖息条件比光滩优越.对抗菌活性研究表明:土壤真菌的抗菌活性低,抗菌谱窄;放线菌的抗菌活性高,抗菌谱宽,具有抗菌活性的放线菌多为小单胞菌,小单胞菌是一类值得重视的放线菌.     

用流式细胞仪研究秋茄叶肉细胞大小和叶绿素含量与海水盐度的关系

采用离析的方法,应用流式细胞仪研究福建九龙江河口北岸不同地段秋茄(Kandelia candel)成熟叶片的叶肉细胞大小和叶绿素含量与海水盐度之间的关系。结果表明：叶肉细胞的大小和细胞内叶绿素含量与海水盐度的关系都呈倒“Z”字形,单位体积叶肉组织叶绿素含量与海水盐度的关系呈“N”字形。其中海水盐度为10时,秋茄单位体积叶肉组织叶绿素含量最高,细胞表面积、光合面积最大;海水盐度8～10时,随着盐度升高,单位体积叶肉组织叶绿素含量、细胞表面积向有利于提高光合强度方向发展;海水盐度在10～23时,随着盐度的升高,单位体积叶肉组织叶绿素含量、细胞表面积逐渐减小,朝提高抗盐性方向发展。从形态学的角度为阐明红树植物耐盐机理提供了资料。     

南黄海绿潮暴发与紫菜养殖的关系

采用现场调查、社会调查和卫星遥感多种手段相结合,调查了南黄海绿潮早期零星漂浮到大面积暴发的时空变化过程,分析了紫菜养殖工艺对绿潮暴发的影响,估算了南黄海不同紫菜养殖区输入海洋的绿潮藻初始生物量,并探讨了主要海域紫菜养殖面积的增长与绿潮暴发的关系。结果表明,受紫菜养殖生产工艺的影响,数以千吨的绿潮藻在短期内被刮落集中输入至海洋,为绿潮的暴发提供了最为直接和充足的绿潮藻初始生物量,其主要来源为竹根沙、蒋家沙和东沙紫菜养殖区。2005年以来,上述3个养殖区的紫菜养殖面积持续扩大,是2007年以来南黄海绿潮持续暴发的主要原因。水温是影响绿潮形成的关键环境因素,4~6月份大量被刮落入海的绿潮藻在适宜环境条件下漂浮和快速生长,并最终形成绿潮。     

Effects of different types of nutrient effluent from shrimp ponds on the seedling growth of Kandelia obovata

Extensive shrimp ponds are located next to the landward edges of most of mangrove forests in China. A shrimp pond may influence mangroves by(1) routine effluent between pond and tide, and(2) dredging effluent from pond-dredging at least once a year. Our study consisted of two experiments to study the effects of these two effluents on the seedling growth of Kandelia obovata. One experiment simulated the effects of routine effluents.The other simulated four sedimentation thicknesses(0 cm, 2 cm, 4 cm, 8 cm) over mangrove soils by dredging effluent from pond-dredging, and revealed the cumulative effects of dredging effluents on K. obovata. At each of the three fixed salinities, i.e., 5, 15 and 25, routine effluent did not result in significant differences in each of the measured growth parameters of K. obovata seedlings. However, effects of dredging effluent on seedling growth of K. obovata were related with sedimentation thickness. Most growth parameters showed maximum values at sedimentation thickness 4 cm. The data indicated that K. obovata accelerated its growth under moderate sedimentation thicknesses and it was tolerant and adaptable to shrimp pond-cleaning effluent sediments up to about 8 cm in our experiment.     

正规半日潮海域潮汐不对称性及量化

潮汐变形是近岸潮汐的一个基本特征,潮汐不对称的判断及量化是一个重要的研究内容。传统的判别方法是通过M2分潮与其倍潮(M4、M6等)以及分潮K1、O1和M2等的相对振幅和相对相位实现。这些方法主要基于满足特定关系的分潮组的调和常数计算,不易应用于研究潮汐不对称在不同时间尺度的变化。针对正规半日潮海域,通过对潮汐不对称的分解,对潮汐不对称在一个涨落潮过程中的产生及量化进行了探讨。研究认为,近岸潮汐一个涨落过程的历时随潮汐过程变化,在一个涨落潮过程中,近岸的潮汐不对称不仅来自于M2分潮及其倍潮或K1、O1和M2等满足一定频率关系的分潮波组合,M2分潮与任何分潮叠加均可能导致涨落潮过程的不对称及其类型的潮间转换。潮汐不对称的大小与所选分潮与M2分潮的相位、振幅之间的关系密切。给出的潮汐不对称分解方法在正规半日潮海域具有一定的适用性,能够将不同分潮对潮汐不对称的贡献进行分离。但对于相对振幅大于1/2的分潮,此分解方法尚需进一步研究。     

2016年中国沿海海平面上升显著成因分析及影响

使用中国沿海及西北太平洋区域的水位、海温、气温、气压和风等水文气象资料，详细分析了2016年中国沿海海平面显著升高的成因及影响。分析结果表明:（1）2012-2016年，中国沿海海平面处于准2 a、4 a、准9 a和准19 a周期振荡的高位，几个周期振荡高位叠加，对该时段海平面上升起了一定的作用；（2）2016年，中国沿海气温和海温较1993-2011年的平均值分别高0.7℃与0.5℃，均处于1980年以来高位；气压较1993-2011年的平均值低0.2 hPa；（3）2016年4月、9月、10月和11月，中国沿海海平面均达到1980年以来同期高位，这4个月的风场距平值在东海以南均明显偏大，且以偏南向和向岸风为主，风生流使得海水向岸堆积，沿海长时间以增水为主，对当月局部海平面上升的贡献率达到40%~80%；（4）2016年，中国沿海降水总体偏多，局部区域降水量达到历史同期最高，加上沿海径流量的增加，对沿海局部海平面升高有一定贡献；（5）2016年9-10月，有5个台风相继影响我国南部沿海，持续的风暴潮增水导致台风影响期间的海平面高于当月平均海平面70~360 mm，风暴潮和洪涝灾害给当地造成直接经济损失超过30亿元。     

Quantification of dune dynamics during a tidal cycle in an inlet channel of the Danish Wadden Sea

High-resolution swath bathymetry measurements at centimetre-scale precision conducted during a tidal cycle in the Grådyb tidal inlet channel in the Danish Wadden Sea reveal the short-term dynamics of a large, ebb-directed compound dune with superimposed small to medium dunes, all composed of medium sand. Dune dynamics were related to simultaneous measurements of flow using an acoustic Doppler current profiler. Spatially, dune crests displayed greater mobility than did dune troughs, due to higher flow velocities at the crests than in the troughs. Temporally, superimposed lower lee-side dunes migrated more during the flood than the ebb tide, due to higher near-bed trough flow velocities during the flood phase, resulting in varying exposure to flow. Net dune migration was flood-directed over the tidal cycle, despite annual net migration being ebb-directed. Hence, extrapolation of short-term migration rates is not possible in this case. The superimposed dunes reversed direction during each half tidal cycle whereas the compound dune only developed a flood cap during flood tide, i.e. the time required for complete reversal of the compound dune was much longer than that available in a half tidal cycle. Over the tidal cycle, the bed level was stable but significant erosion and accretion occurred during the tidal phases. During the ebb tide, bed material was brought into suspension with accelerating flow and settled with decelerating flow, resulting in an average erosion and accretion of the bed of ~7 cm in each case. During the flood tide, the bed of the compound dune was overall stable, although bed material was eroded from the exposed lower lee side, being partly transported to the crest in bedload and partly brought into suspension. In general, dune height fluctuated during the tidal cycle whereas dune length remained stable. The height of the compound dune responded to changes in water depth, which acts as a limiting factor to dune growth. By contrast, the height of the stoss-side dunes responded to flow velocity, i.e. the stoss-side dunes were water depth-independent.     

Effects of waterlogging,salinity and light on the productivity of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Heritiera littoralis seedlings

This study aimed to establish the effects of waterlogging, salinity and light on the early development of mangroves. Seedlings of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk. and Heritiera littoralis Dryand were exposed to 12 weeks of waterlogging, during which time growth and photosynthesis were measured every two weeks. The salinity of the water inundation ranged from fresh water to full-strength sea water (salinity 35). Seedlings were exposed to either full sunlight of 1 500 µmol photon m^–2 s^–1 (SD 397) at midday or shade conditions of 325 µmol photon m^–2 s^–1 (SD 40) of light at midday, to explore whether the plants would be differently affected by prolonged waterlogging in increased salinities and under different light conditions. Heritiera littoralis was more sensitive to waterlogging, salinity and light, displaying a least relative growth rate of 0.127 g g^–1 week^–1 (SE 0.032) under shade, and 0.025 g g^–1 week^–1 (SE 0.021) in full light; while under shade, photosynthesis continued only in fresh water, but photosynthetic yield decreased from 0.7 to 0.4 with increasing duration of waterlogging. By 12 weeks, all H. littoralis seedlings treated with any saltwater mixture had died. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza seedlings maintained a moderate rate of photosynthesis throughout inundation in both shade and full light, with yields of 0.7 and 0.3, respectively. Furthermore, B. gymnorrhiza survived waterlogging in up to 66% seawater, and maintained comparable relative growth rates of 0.164 g g^–1 week^–1 (SE 0.066) with 0.083 g g^–1 week^–1 (SE 0.065) and 0.074 g g^–1 week^–1 (SE 0.036) with 0.052 g g^–1 week^–1 (SE 0.037) under shade and in full light between fresh water and the highest salinity conditions, respectively. These results suggest that B. gymnorrhiza is broadly tolerant, making it a potential candidate species for restoring vulnerable mangrove forests.     

全球大洋潮汐模式在北印度洋潮汐预报准确性的评估

为评估DTU10、TPXO8、GOT00.2和NAO.99b 4个全球大洋潮汐模式对北印度洋潮汐的预报能力,采用英国海洋资料中心提供的海区中部和沿岸站潮汐调和常数资料,检验了这些模式4个主要分潮(M_2、S_2、K_1、O_1)的准确度。它们的各分潮调和常数资料准确度都比较高,振幅绝均差的最大值仅5.61 cm,迟角绝均差的最大值仅9.13°。这些模式的调和常数给出潮波传播特征差别不大。基于这些模式提供的调和常数,分别建立了北印度洋4、8和16分潮潮汐预报模型,将预报结果与中国海事服务网提供的沿岸24个站潮汐表资料进行对比。各模式的8分潮(M_2、S_2、N_2、K_2、K_1、O_1、P_1、Q_1)潮汐预报模型均优于4分潮(M_2、S_2、K_1、O_1)潮汐预报模型,NAO.99b模式可以提供16分潮(M_2、S_2、N_2、K_2、K_1、O_1、P_1、Q_1、MU_2、NU_2、T_2、L_2、2N_2、J_1、M1、OO_1)潮汐预报模型,但是对预报结果改善不明显;在各模式中,GOT00.2模式的8分潮潮汐预报模型对北印度洋沿岸的预报效果最好,平均绝均差为14.97 cm。     

海平面上升对黄浦江潮位和潮量影响的数值计算

采用1984年8月28日19时—29日24时黄浦江米市;渡至吴淞口水位和流量资料,根据描述河道中水流非恒定流动的Saini-Venant方程组,建立了模拟黄浦江潮位和潮量特征变化的数值模式。考虑未来海平面上升,预测了黄浦江潮位和潮量的变化及对周围环境的影响。计算结果表明,随着海平面的上升,黄浦江潮位相应增加,高潮位的上升值大于海平面上升值;低潮位的上升值小于海平面上升值,潮差增大。在同一海平面上升值下,潮差增量由下游向上游渐渐增大,随着海平面的上升,涨潮量和落潮量都相应增加。