不同厚度冰层下的冰下火山喷发产物：两个来自南极的实例

不同厚度冰层下的冰下火山喷发产物：两个来自南极的实例Ｊ．Ｌ．Ｓｍｅｌｌｉｅ等本文着重介绍南极半岛两个保存最好的冰下层序（亚历山大岛的芒特皮纳佛和格雷厄姆地北部的布朗布拉夫）．通过对岩相和岩相组合的分析确定喷发时和喷发后作用过程，以及原始冰层的最小厚度...     

基于气温的浮冰侧向融化速率参数化方案实验研究

为定量探究影响冰层侧向融化的主导因素，并简化冰层侧向融化速率参数化方案，在实验室模拟了无风、静水、无辐射、纯热力学条件下纯水冰的融化过程，测量了冰层的侧向融化量，并记录了融化期间实验室气温、冰面皮温、水温及冰温等要素。观测结果表明，无辐射纯热力学条件下冰层侧向融化整体较均匀，侧向上层和下层融化速率相对中间层较快；相关性分析结果表明，气温与水温、冰温、冰面皮温之间都有很好的线性相关；信息流结果表明，气温是影响冰层侧向融化的最主要因素；最后通过拟合建立了用气温表征冰层侧向融化速率的参数化方案，并与前人的方案进行了比较，结果显示本文参数化方案模拟效果较好，所得标准偏差最小，为0.08 mm/h，达到了简化参数的目的。     

实测海洋环境噪声数据谱级特性研究

通过对噪声测量潜标系统测得的94 d海洋环境噪声数据及相应的气象数据进行联合时频、相关性、统计特性分析,得到试验海区风速、降雨等自然现象与噪声谱级之间的关系。分析结果表明,海洋环境噪声谱级与风速变化在低频段相关性较低,高频段相关性较高,同时1 k Hz以上频段谱级值分布接近呈正态分布;降雨对环境噪声的影响主要分布在500 Hz以上频段。     

尾流中悬浮拦截弹环境噪声特性研究

尾流自导鱼雷对水面舰艇构成严重威胁。 为了把悬浮拦截弹被动拦截方式从非尾流区域扩展到尾流区，拦截尾流自导鱼雷，需要研究尾流内噪声特点，分析出拦截弹在尾流区的环境噪声特性。 基于悬浮拦截弹对不同吨位舰船尾流噪声进行研究，结合高阶累积量从概率论的角度出发，计算了尾流噪声的斜度和峰度随尾流年龄的变化规律；噪声斜度判断噪声是否满足对称分布，峰度判断噪声是否为高斯信号。 将实测数据与仿真数据峰度和斜度进行比对，得出结论：舰船尾流噪声环境可以近似看作是高斯信号，服从对称分布，且该分布特性与舰船吨位不相关。     

北极海冰层的厚度减小

Rothrock D利用美国海军潜艇使用垂直定向声纳完成的测量资料（这些测量开始于1958年美国核潜艇“舡鱼”号横穿兹有海区的航行中），分析了北冰洋接近北极区域冰层厚度的测量数据。根据40 a间追踪到的冰层厚度缩小的趋势，得出其与风机制的变化有关的结论。从70年代中期开始，与以前若干个10 a 期间在北极海观察到的不太强烈的西风相比，更为强烈的西风开始占主导地位。大风引起了冰的漂流，并在形成的冰层间隙中产生了强烈的水混合作用。在对比了1958～1977年和1993～1997年2个测量时期之后，Rothrock D得出结论：在这2个时期之间，冰层…     

巴伦支海海冰异常对初夏大气环流和东亚天气影响的数值研究

本文利用在ＮＣＡＲ气候模式ＣＣＭ１（Ｒ１５Ｌ１２）基础上改变为用于长期数值预报的ＣＣＭ１（Ｒ１５Ｌ７），以１９９１年５月２日１２时（ＧＭＴ）国家气象中心客观分析资料为初始场，分别以巴伦支海附近海域不同的海冰边界作为下垫面极冰条件，进行了相应相应的月长期数值预报试验。以研究该海区海冰对大气环流特别是东亚天气的影响。试验〈Ａ〉以接近于９１年５月平均冰边界作为极冰边界条件，试验〈Ｂ〉和试验〈Ｃ〉分别对应     

基于Icepack海冰柱模式的融池反照率模拟研究

基于Icepack一维海冰柱模式,以2014年中国第6次北极科学考察长期冰站ICE06的3个融池的辐射参量和气象参量的连续观测作为大气强迫数据,对融池反照率及相关参量进行了模拟。本文引入观测的融池深度及海冰厚度作为初始条件,通过考虑融池覆盖率的作用,改进了平整冰融池参数化方案中海冰干舷的计算,修正了冰上可允许的最大融池深度,成功实现了对融池参数变化的模拟;同时,还修正了入射辐射分量比例系数与对应反照率分量权重系数不一致的问题。标准试验中,模拟的3个融池的反照率与观测结果之间的平均误差分别为0.01、0.05和0.13;入射辐射比例的敏感性试验结果表明,当可见光辐射比例增大8%时,融池反照率的模拟结果增大了6%～8%;融池表面再冻结试验的结果显示,当再冻结冰层厚度小于2 cm时,模拟冰面反照率的增加不足0.006,由此引起的表面能量收支减少了约1.1 W/m2。本文研究指出,准确的入射辐射比例对于改善北极海冰反照率模拟是必要的;并指出目前模式仍存在融池表面再冻结参数化、热收支计算、表面吹雪效应等有待解决的问题。     

冰温测定

1985年2月,在渤海——辽东湾海域冰覆盖区进行了冰情航空遥感试验。试验中使用了几种不同类型的遥感设备,试验的目的及其它遥感器的效果有专文论述,本文专门叙述慢扫描透射式红外测温仪测定冰温的室内及野外试验情况。一、使用的仪器简介冰温及冰的分布情况是冰情的重要参数,根据冰表面辐射的红外能量可以测定出冰的温度,根据冰和水不同的比辐射率,可以探测出冰缘线,确定冰的分布情况。     

加拿大海盆冰下表层海水湍扩散系数估计

海洋的湍粘性系数和湍扩散系数是研究海洋动量传输、热扩散和物质扩散的物理基础,是海洋模式的重要参数。北冰洋是海冰覆盖的海洋,其湍粘性系数和湍扩散系数与其他大洋有显著不同。本文以Pacanowski＆Philander的参数化方案为基础,采用二次北极科考的连续观测冰站和单次观测冰站的资料,定量计算了加拿大海盆74°N-78°N,144°W-164°W区域冰下60 m以浅的垂向湍粘性系数v和湍扩散系数kT,并分3个区域比较。结果表明：v和kT的垂向分布具有较好的一致性,表层和60 m处量值较大,中间较小;区域的不同主要体现在24 m以浅。     

TAI系列Ⅰ冰草染色体间易位的酯酶同工酶研究

分析小冰麦异附加系列Ⅰ（ＴＡＩ系列Ⅰ）的叶片酯酶（ＥＳＴＬ）、胚乳酯酶（ＥＳＴＥ）和胚芽鞘酯酶（ＥＳＴＣ）的酶谱表型，根据同工酶结构基因Ｅｓｔｃ－Ａｇ１和Ｅｓｔｌ－Ａｇ２在异附加系ＴＡＩ－１２，基因Ｅｓｔｅ－Ａｇ４在ＴＡＩ－１５中冰草染色体上的定位，推知ＴＡＩ－１２和ＴＡＩ－１５中的冰草染色体分别属于第３和６同祖群。由于此二冰草染色体上还分别存在与小麦第６和３同祖群染色体部分同源的基因；因而认为这两条冰草染色体间发生了相互易位。     

Ice-ocean acoustic energy transfer:: ambient noise in the ice-edge region

The ambient noise produced by large areas of ice floes, such as the Odden and the marginal ice zone, was recorded and analysed. A model based on the collision, compression and shearing of floes driven by ocean swell was constructed. This model allows the level and variance of the ambient noise to be predicted provided the conditions of the ice and the sea state are known. The frequency spectrum of the ambient noise in the range 100 Hz to 100 kHz is explained in terms of acoustic propagation and absorption by sea water. The probability distribution of ambient noise intensity, obtained from a statistical analysis of collision frequencies, is a form of K distribution and agrees with observations.     

北极冬季季节性海冰双模态特征分析

近年来北极海冰快速变化,北极中央区边缘正由以多年冰为主转为季节性海冰为主。通过对北极冬季季节性海冰的EOF分解发现,2002-2012年期间北极季节性海冰变化的前两模态主要体现为2005年和2007年的季节性海冰距平。其中第二模态主要体现了北极海冰在2005年的一种极端变化,而第一模态不仅体现了北极海冰在2007年的变化,还体现了北极季节性海冰的从负位相到正位相的转变。通过比较发现,在研究时段北极季节性海冰最主要的变化发生在北极太平洋扇区,在2007年,冬季季节性海冰距平发生位相转变,2007-2010年一直维持正位相,北极太平洋扇区冬季季节性海冰保持显著正距平。太平洋扇区表面温度最大异常也发生在2007年,从大气环流来看,2007年之后波弗特海区异常高压有利于夏季太平洋扇区海冰的减少,而西风急流的减弱有利于夏季波弗特海区异常高压的维持,结合夏季海冰速度,顺时针的冰速分布有利于海冰离开太平洋扇区,因而会导致冬季太平洋扇区季节性海冰转为正距平并且从2007年一直维持到2010年。     

Arctic sea ice long-term dynamics according to the satellite microwave data

The main results of processing the long-term satellite data in different spectral ranges and with different spatial resolutions used to map Arctic sea ice parameters are presented. The advantages of the methods developed in order to estimate these parameters on the basis of microwave sensor measurements are indicated. The specific features of the long-term dynamics of the main sea ice geophysical parameters (the sea ice area and distribution during the summer minimum, ice age structure and thickness, multiyear ice concentration, times of ice melt and freeze onset, etc.) are presented. The effect of changes in sheet ice on the status of large Arctic mammals is estimated.     

北极冰下声传播特性实验研究

通过2017年8月6日在北极海域开展的一次声传播实验，开展了冰下声传播特性实验研究。结合Burke-Twersky （BT）散射模型与射线模型，分析了冰下声传播的多途到达结构，研究了接收声强变化规律，解释了接收声强在30 min内衰减20 dB的现象，分析了接收信号的时间相关性，探讨了接收信号相关性较低的原因。实验结果表明，表面接收信号主要由小角度多次反转反射声线、一次海底反射声线和二次海底反射声线依次构成，表面声道到达信号显著强于海底反射信号。试验冰站在试验期间的运动导致了声传播信号强度和相关性的迅速衰减，并通过仿真得到了验证。     

Phosphates and silicates in sea ice of the high-latitudinal Arctic: Data of the North Pole-34 drifting ice station

The dynamics of phosphates and silicates in sea ice of the high-latitudinal Arctic are considered for the period from November 2005 to May 2006. It is shown that, during the ice formation, silicates are included into it in the same ratio to the salinity that is characteristic of the under-ice water. The further dynamics of silicates are determined by their bioassimilation with the beginning of the polar day and by the biogenic silicon accumulation at the bottom meltwater pools with subsequent leaching. Phosphates are included into ice in a ratio higher than that occurring in the under-ice water. This is caused by the fact that the liquid phase of sea ice represents the composition of the surface microlayer (SML) at the ice-water interface, which is enriched in organic matter and in the products of its destruction (particularly, in phosphates). With the onset of the polar day, the content of phosphates first markedly increases (due to the photo oxidation of biogenic organic matter) and then decreases because of bioassimilation. At the beginning of the polar day, the primary production of diatoms was estimated to be ～0.3 mg C/m² day.     

Research on ultrasonic-based investigation of mechanical properties of ice

Arctic sea ice area and thickness have declined dramatically during the recent decades. Sea ice physical and mechanical properties become increasingly important. Traditional methods of studying ice mechanical parameters such as ice-coring cannot realize field test and long-term observation. A new principle of measuring mechanical properties of ice using ultrasonic was studied and an ultrasonic system was proposed to achieve automatic observation of ice mechanical parameters (Young’s modulus, shear modulus and bulk modulus). The ultrasonic system can measure the ultrasonic velocity through ice at different temperature, salinity and density of ice. When ambient temperature decreased from 0°C to ?30°C, ultrasonic velocity and mechanical properties of ice increased, and vice versa. The shear modulus of the freshwater ice and sea ice varied from 2.098 GPa to 2.48 GPa and 2.927 GPa to 4.374 GPa, respectively. The bulk modulus of freshwater ice remained between 3.074 GPa and 4.566 GPa and the sea ice bulk modulus varied from 1.211 GPa to 3.089 GPa. The freshwater ice Young’s modulus kept between 5.156 GPa and 6.264 GPa and sea ice Young’s modulus varied from 3.793 GPa to 7.492 GPa. The results of ultrasonic measurement are consistent with previous studies and there is a consistent trend of mechanical modulus of ice between the process of ice temperature rising and falling. Finally, this ultrasonic method and the ultrasonic system will help to achieve the long-term observation of ice mechanical properties of ice and improve accuracy of sea ice models.     

北极海冰的年代际转型与中国冻雨年代际变化的关系

基于1961-2013年HadISST海冰密集度资料,定义了北极海冰的季节性融冰指数,结果显示近几十年来北极季节性融冰范围呈显著的上升趋势,并分别在20世纪70年代末和90年代中期存在显著的年代际转型,相应地,中国冻雨发生频数总体上呈现出显著的减少趋势,但也存在显著的年代际转型。在20世纪70年代末之前,北极季节性融冰范围较小但显著增长,中国冻雨频数年际变化振幅较大,且主要受巴伦支海、喀拉海海冰的影响;20世纪70年代末至90年代中期北极季节性融冰范围维持振荡特征,没有显著的线性趋势,中国冻雨频数变化振幅减小,与北极海冰相关较弱,主要相关因子为北大西洋及北太平洋海表温度变化;而90年代中期以后,北极海冰融化加快,特别是2007年以后,季节性融冰范围大大增加,而中国冻雨频数处于低发时段,其变化与太平洋扇区海冰及堪察加半岛附近海温呈显著负相关,季节性融冰的显著区域也从东西伯利亚海逆时针旋转向波弗特海-加拿大群岛北部扩张,同时向北极中央区扩张。不同年代影响冻雨的海温或海冰关键海区不同,产生特定的大气环流异常响应,进而影响到我国冻雨。     

对地球系统模式FIO-ESM同化实验中北极海冰模拟的评估

本文评估了地球系统模式FIO-ESM(First Institute of Oceanography-Earth System Model)基于集合调整Kalman滤波同化实验对1992-2013年北极海冰的模拟能力。结果显示:尽管同化资料只包括了全球海表温度和全球海面高度异常两类数据,而并没有对海冰进行同化,但实验结果能很好地模拟出与观测相符的北极海冰基本态和长期变化趋势,卫星观测和FIO-ESM同化实验所得的北极海冰覆盖范围在1992-2013年间的线性变化趋势分别为-7.06×105和-6.44×105 km2/(10a),同化所得的逐月海冰覆盖范围异常和卫星观测之间的相关系数为0.78。与FIO-ESM参加CMIP5(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5)实验结果相比,该同化结果所模拟的北极海冰覆盖范围的长期变化趋势和海冰密集度的空间变化趋势均与卫星观测更加吻合,这说明该同化可为利用FIO-ESM开展北极短期气候预测提供较好的预测初始场。     

Statistics of biological noise and performance of generalizedenergy detectors for passive detection

Underwater noise due to snapping shrimp is highly impulsive, and often dominates the ambient noise environment of warm, shallow waters at frequencies above 1 kHz. We report here on the statistics of bandpass snapping shrimp noise data, and on the modeling of the joint distribution of the in-phase and quadrature components using bivariate versions of the generalized Gaussian (GG), generalized Cauchy, and Gaussian-Gaussian mixture models. We evaluate the performance of several generalized energy detectors for passive bandpass detection, by inserting stochastic signals into the noise data. Detection thresholds were measured for an integration time of 0.5 s and false alarm probabilities down to 1%. The locally optimum detector based on the mixture model gave the best weak signal detection performance, with an 8 dB reduction in detection threshold over conventional energy detection. A significance test detector based on the GG model performed 1-2 dB worse, but exhibited better strong signal performance     

Transport of chemical components in sea ice and under-ice water during melting in the seasonally ice-covered Saroma-ko Lagoon,Hokkaido, Japan

Physico-chemical properties in the brine and under-ice water were measured in Saroma-ko Lagoon on the northeastern coast of Hokkaido, Japan, which is connected to the Sea of Okhotsk, during the period from mid-February through mid-March 2006. The brine within brine channels of the sea ice was collected with a new sampling method examined in this study. Salinity, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA), dissolved oxygen (DO), nutrients and oxygen isotopic ratio (δ¹⁸O) contained in the brine within brine channels of the sea ice and in the under-ice water varied largely in both time and space during the ice melt period, when discharge from Saromabetsu River located on the southeast of the lagoon increased markedly due to the onset of snow melting. The under-ice plume expands as far as 4.5 km from the river mouth at mid-March 2006, transporting chemical components supplied from the river into the lagoon. The under-ice river water was likely transported into the sea ice through well-developed brine channels in the sea ice due to upward flushing of water through brine channels occurred by loading of snowfalls deposited over the sea ice. These results suggest that the river water plume plays an important role in supplying chemical components into the sea ice, which may be a key process influencing the biogeochemical cycle in the seasonally ice-covered Saroma-ko Lagoon.