台湾海峡浮游植物生物量和初级生产力的粒级结构及碳流途径

本文研究了1997年8月、1998年2-3月、8月和1999年8月台湾海峡浮游植物生物量和初级生产力的粒级组成、各粒级生物量和初级生产力变动（包括年际变动及其影响因子。结果表明，台湾海峡微型（简称NANO）和微微型浮激植物（简称PICO）占优势，贡献率分别达34%-48%、34%-40%，小型浮游植物（简称MICRO）仅占12%-27%。粒级组成和各粒级生物量存在着明显的季节和年际变化，如1997年夏季三种粒级浮游植物生物量均明显低于其它年份，PICO和MICRO组份呈1998年夏季高于1997年和1999年夏季，而NANO组份则呈1998年夏季低于1997年和1999年夏季。PICO组份对初级生产力的贡献最大，达45%-50%，而NANO和MICRO组份对初级生产力的贡献相近，为19%-32%；PICO组份的同化系数明显高于NANO和MICRO组份。初步分析了初级生产的碳流途径，表明台湾海峡初级生产的碳将有25%经异养细菌的“二次”生产而进入微食物环，36%通过原生动物（主要是异养鞭毛虫）摄食“打包”的作用后进入微食物环，即近60%的初级生产的碳经微食物环的两个起点分别进入微食物环，表明微型生物食物网在该海域生源有机碳转换过程中起重要作用。     

胶州湾浮游植物粒级结构及其时空变化

基于2003—2010年间对胶州湾分粒级叶绿素a浓度的连续观测,系统研究了胶州湾浮游植物粒级结构的季节变化、年际变化及长期变化特征。结果表明,胶州湾表层浮游植物粒级组成以小型和微型浮游植物为主,其浓度由东北部和北部向湾中间及湾外逐渐递减。不同区域分粒级叶绿素a浓度的季节与年际变化规律相似。小型和微型浮游植物表现出明显的双峰型季节变化,小型浮游植物的高峰值通常出现在冬季,而微型浮游植物则出现在夏季。长期变化结果表明,冬季小型浮游植物所占比例自90年代起表现为增加的趋势,而夏季的变化规律与冬季相反,自1998年开始,小型浮游植物所占比例下降,微型浮游植物比例有所上升。春季和秋季小型和微型浮游植物的贡献率没有表现出明显的升高或降低趋势,但微微型浮游植物的贡献率在2000年之后显著低于2000年之前。统计分析结果表明,温度、营养盐浓度与结构是影响胶州湾浮游植物粒级结构变动的重要因素。     

胶州湾养殖菲律宾蛤仔的清滤率、摄食率、吸收效率的研究

2003年6月,利用模拟现场流水系统采用生物沉积法对胶州湾养殖的菲律宾蛤仔的清滤率、摄食率、吸收效率及其与蛤仔规格之间的关系进行了现场实验研究。结果表明,个体的清滤率在0.18—0.40L/h范围内,平均为0.31L/h(SD=0.068),个体清滤率和摄食率随壳长增加而增加,但吸收效率与个体大小无关。蛤仔对颗粒有机物(POM)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、颗粒有机氮(PON)及叶绿素的吸收效率不同,对叶绿素的吸收效率最高,平均为(81.8±7.9)%,对POM、POC和PON的吸收效率分别平均为(64.2±10.7)%(、55.7±9.8)%和(53.9±9.6)%。结合胶州湾蛤仔的生物量和野外调查数据,分析了春季养殖蛤仔对胶州湾初级生产力和颗粒有机碳的摄食压力及可能对整个湾的物质循环的影响。根据本文的结果估算,菲律宾蛤仔对本实验海区初级生产力和颗粒有机碳现存量的摄食压力分别为560%和90%。养殖的蛤仔通过滤食已经能够影响甚至控制养殖区的浮游植物的生长或初级生产力,甚至与整个胶州湾叶绿素a浓度的季节性变化趋势相吻合,因为胶州湾叶绿素浓度冬、夏季高,春、秋季节低,而蛤仔的生长旺季刚好在春、秋两季。     

南黄海浮游植物初级生产力粒级结构与碳流途径分析

根据2006年夏季与冬季南黄海真光层内浮游植物初级生产速率的实测数据,对比研究了两种差异显著的水动力条件下,不同粒级浮游植物初级生产力水平、时空分布特征及其环境调控机制,并探讨了真光层生源碳可能的碳流途径。研究结果表明,南黄海夏季总初级生产力(碳)平均为30.69 mg/(m2·h),高值区位于调查海域南部长江冲淡水影响区,冬季总初级生产力低于夏季,平均水平为21.73 mg/(m2·h),高值区北迁至海州湾附近;夏季不同粒径浮游植物对总初级生产的贡献率由高到低的顺序为小型(42.8%)、微型(29.6%)、微微型(27.6%),冬季的为微微型(41.2%)、微型(36.5%)、小型(22.3%);真光层初级生产力与环境因子的相关分析表明,水动力条件(混合与层化)引起的营养盐来源和光照的变化是初级生产力分布的主要控制因素;用生态比值法对南黄海碳流途径的分析表明,微食物环在冬夏两季碳流途径中均占有重要地位,从总体上看,南黄海浮游生态系统的碳输出潜力较弱。     

胶州湾浮游植物数量长期动态变化的研究

应用分光光度法对 1 991— 2 0 0 2年 1 1月胶州湾浮游植物现存量 (叶绿素a含量 )进行了测定。研究结果表明 ,胶州湾叶绿素a年平均含量为 2 0 9— 5 70mg/m3,多年平均为 ( 3 47± 1 92 )mg/m3,年际间存在一定的波动范围 ;在平面分布上 ,胶州湾西北和东北近岸海域含量较高 ,湾中部和南部海域较低 ;胶州湾叶绿素a含量存在着明显的季节变化 ,冬季 ( 2月 )平均含量为 ( 4 72± 3 1 5 )mg/m3,是一年中的高峰 ,夏季次之 ,平均含量为 ( 4 33± 2 5 7)mg/m3,春季平均含量为 ( 2 78± 2 43)mg/m3,秋季平均含量最低 ,仅为 ( 1 95± 0 80 )mg/m3。胶州湾浮游植物粒级构成为 :小型浮游植物 ( >2 0 μm)平均占 35 8% ,微型浮游植物 ( 2—2 0 μm)平均为 5 1 3% ,超微型浮游植物 ( <2 μm)平均为 1 2 9% ;不同季节和海域粒级构成有一定差异。     

桑沟湾和胶州湾沉积物耗氧率研究

为评价浅海海域底层在碳元素生物地化循环中的作用,采用现场取样培养法测定了黄海桑沟湾和胶州湾的沉积物耗氧率。桑沟湾5月和8月的沉积物耗氧率分别为15和24 mmol.m-2.d-1;胶州湾8月的沉积物耗氧率为18 mmol.m-2.d-1。回归分析表明,2个湾的沉积物耗氧率分别与沉积物表层的有机碳和总氮含量正相关。取呼吸商为0.8,得到桑沟湾底层对有机碳的矿化率占水层初级生产力的102%(5月)和67%(8月),胶州湾底层对有机碳的矿化率占水层初级生产力的28%(8月)。取桑沟湾颗粒有机碳的生物沉积速率为236 mg.m-2.d-1,得到底层对有机碳的埋置效率为40%(5月)和3%(8月),埋置的有机碳占水层初级生产力的69%(5月)和2%(8月);胶州湾颗粒有机碳的自然沉积速率为251 mg.m-2.d-1,底层对有机碳的埋置效率为32%(8月),埋置的有机碳占水层初级生产力的13%(8月)。     

海洋浮游生物氮吸收动力学及其粒级特征

于１９９１年秋－１９９２年夏在中国科学院生态网络站之一的胶州湾进行了４个季节的现场实验，运用＾１５Ｎ同位素示踪方法研究胶州湾浮游生物群落对两种主要源铵态氮和硝态氮的吸收动力学及其粒级特征。研究初步阐明自然浮游生物落在不同季节，对不同氮源的吸收特性和受控机制，首次在群落水平上给出不同粒级浮游生物氮吸收特征的定量描述，从而为新生产力研究，生态系能流分配和生源要素生物地化循环研究提供重要参数。     

2009年冬季南海北部浮游植物粒度分级生物量和初级生产力

2009年2月在南海北部海域现场观测粒度分级叶绿素a质量浓度和初级生产力(PP)的分布。结果表明,调查海域水柱平均叶绿素a质量浓度的变化范围为0.11～8.37 mg/m³,平均为(1.28±2.23) mg/m³,高值区出现在珠江口及近岸海域;初级生产力的范围为344.8～1 222.5 mgC/(m²·d),平均为(784.2±351.4) mgC/(m²·d),高值区位于近岸及陆架海域。浮游植物粒度分级测定结果表明,在生物量较高的近岸海域,叶绿素a的粒级结构以小型浮游植物占优势,其贡献率为40.9%,微型和微微型浮游植物对总叶绿素a的贡献率分别为34.6%和24.5%;而在生物量较低的陆坡和开阔海域,各粒级浮游植物对叶绿素a的贡献率由大到小依次为微微型浮游植物(78.9%),微型浮游植物(17.2%)和小型浮游植物(3.9%)。相关性分析结果表明,调查海域分级叶绿素a的区域化分布特征与洋流运动下营养盐的分布密切相关,同时叶绿素a又高度影响着此区域PP的分布。此外,我们将调查海域实测所得浮游植物最佳光合作用速率与采用垂向归一化初级生产力模型估算的数据进行对比,发现后者明显低于前者,这说明通过水温估算最佳光合作用速率的算法在冬季南海北部可能存在低估。     

生物硅的生成与溶解速率的研究——以胶州湾为例

营养盐的含量与元素间的比值直接控制着生态系统的生产力和浮游植物的种类组成.近岸海区硅藻可占初级生产的75%,但其生长速率受Si(OH)4含量的限制.胶州湾浮游植物的物种组成以硅藻为主.用29Si同位素示踪培养方法,采用四极杆质谱同位素稀释技术同时测定了胶州湾硅的生成速率与溶解速率.胶州湾生物硅(BSi)的含量为0.90～1.14 μmol/L,岩成硅(LSi)的含量为46.3～52.3 μmol/L.岩成硅是生物硅的约50倍.胶州湾BSi的含量处于世界近岸海区的低值范围,LSi的含量与LSi/BSi的比值均处于高值区.BSi的绝对生成速率为4～6 nmol/L*d,比生成速率为6～17/d.BSi的绝对溶解速率为<9 nmol/d,比溶解速率为<23/d.进一步开展胶州湾不同季节水体中BSi的生成速率与溶解速率的研究,是深入认识海湾浮游植物生长限制及其资源可持续利用的基础.     

黄海冷水团新生产力及微食物环作用分析

为了进一步揭示黄海冷水团水域浮游生态系统能流、物流循环的基本动力学特征,利用水层-底栖耦合生态系统垂直3层模型,模拟分析了该水域生源要素的基本特征及年变化特点,并着重分析了初级生产力、新生产力及微食物环作用。通过对黄海冷水团水域初级生产力和新生产力的模拟分析,估算出黄海冷水团年平均初级生产力为228.47mg.m-2.d-1,并根据模型中营养盐的来源估算出f比约为33%。分析模拟结果还表明,在黄海冷水团存在的季节,冷水团水域水层营养盐匮乏,浮游植物生产受限制,仅在晚秋出现了不十分明显的“秋华”。然而,在此时段内,浮游动物的生物量基本和浮游植物为同一量级且量值比较接近,由此可推断微食物环在黄海冷水团能流、物流循环过程中担当了重要的角色。模拟结果表明,浮游动物生长所需的碳约有60%是通过微食物环供给的。与实测及文献结果相比较,模型的模拟结果是合理可信的。     

海洋浮游植物初级生产力及碳生物量的检测技术研究进展

浮游植物是海洋生态系统中的主要初级生产者，构建海洋食物网、生物泵和元素循环（包括碳循环、氮循环和硅循环等）的基石。因此，海洋生态系统中的元素循环和能量流动均与浮游植物的生长和代谢息息相关。海洋碳循环是全球碳循环的关键环节，也是全球生态系统中生物地化循环的重要组成部分。尽管浮游植物在海洋碳循环中起着至关重要的作用，但是直接测定浮游植物的初级生产力和碳生物量依旧受到传统技术和方法的限制。本文详细介绍了有关浮游植物初级生产力和碳生物量检测的各种技术和方法，列举了其各自的优缺点。目前，测定海洋浮游植物初级生产力的主要方法有黑白瓶法、遥感估算法、碳同位素测定、快速重复率荧光法；测定海洋浮游植物碳生物量的主要方法有细胞体积转换法、流式细胞术、电子探针X射线显微分析、分位数回归模型估算法。通过对比分析发现碳同位素与快速重复率荧光法相结合可以更高效测定出初级生产力，而最具优势与应用前景的碳生物量检测方法是基于分位数回归模型估算法。其中，基于分位数回归模型估算法具有拟合异常值、测定结果准确等优势，能够实现现场浮游植物群落以及各个功能群碳生物量的估算，并能够与卫星遥感技术手段相结合，可以应用于大尺度和长时间序列的海洋浮游植物碳生物量估算。通过本文的综述，一方面为海洋浮游植物初级生产力和碳含量的研究提供一个基本和系统的认识，另一方面为深入研究浮游植物在海洋碳循环以及全球碳循环中的作用提供参考。     

海洋浮游植物快速鉴定与监测技术

浮游植物因巨大的“蓝碳”潜力，有助于国家实现“碳达峰”、“碳中和”目标，是碳计量的重要研究对象。浮游植物种类繁多，细胞结构、形态、丰度差异大，与之关联的分类鉴定工作一直是学界研究重点及难点。高通量基因测序、微流控、高灵敏度等新型生物检测技术的研发是适应海洋浮游植物分类和快速监测需求的。通过综合分析浮游植物鉴定与监测的经典技术方法、快速鉴定与监测技术的发展动态和研究应用进展，并使用VOSviewer对浮游植物的自动监测相关文献进行计量分析，以期为浮游植物分类及生态等相关研究人员拓展研究思路、提升研究效率提供帮助。     

Recent Primary Production and Small Phytoplankton Contribution in the Yellow Sea during the Summer in 2016

The high nutrient concentration associated with the mixing dynamics of two warm and cold water masses supports high primary production in the Yellow Sea. Although various environmental changes have been reported, no recent information on small phytoplankton contribution to the total primary production as an important indicator for marine ecosystem changes is currently available in the Yellow Sea. The major objective of this study is to determine the small (< 2 μm) phytoplankton contribution to the total primary production in the Yellow Sea during August, 2016. In this study, we found relatively lower chlorophyll a concentrations in the water column than those previously reported in the central waters of the Yellow Sea. Moreover, the overall contribution of small phytoplankton (53.1%) to the total chlorophyll a concentration was considerably higher in this study than that (10.7%) observed previously. Based on the N/P ratio (67.6 ± 36.6) observed in this study, which is significantly higher than the Redfield ratio (16), we believe that phytoplankton experienced P-limiting conditions during the study period. The average daily carbon uptake rate of total phytoplankton in this study was 291.1 mg C m^-2 d^-1 (± 165.0 mg C m^-2 d^-1) and the rate of small phytoplankton was 205.7 mg C m^-2 d^-1 (± 116.0 mg C m^-2 d^-1) which is 71.9% (± 8.8%) of the total daily carbon uptake rate. This contribution of small phytoplankton observed in this study appears to be higher than that reported previously. Our recent measured primary production is approximately 50% lower than the previous values decades ago. The higher contributions of small phytoplankton to the total chlorophyll a concentration and primary production might be caused by P-limited conditions and this resulted in lower chlorophyll a concentration and total primary production in this study compared to previous studies.     

Variations in silicate concentration affecting photosynthetic carbon fixation by spring phytoplankton assemblages in surface water of the Strait of Malacca

The Strait of Malacca (SoM), the world’s busiest sea-route, is increasingly polluted as the rapid development of world trades, affecting phytoplankton primary productivity therein. The variations of surface phytoplankton biomass, size-structure and carbon fixation were investigated across the SoM during the spring period (May 4 to 9, 2011). Chlorophyll a concentration increased from 0.12 μg/L at the northwest entrance of the SoM to a maximal 0.63 μg/L at narrowest section, and decreased to 0.10 μg/L at the southeast entrance. Photosynthetic carbon fixation by phytoplankton coincided well with Chl a biomass, and increased from 10.8 to 22.3 μg C/(L d), then decreased to 9.21 μg C/(L d); while the carbon fixation rate showed an inverse pattern to the changes of Chl a, and decreased from 87.1 to 35.5 μg C/(μg Chl a d) and increased thereafter to 95.3 μg C/(μg Chla·d). Picophytoplankton cells (<3 μm) contributed to more than 60% and 50% of the total Chl a and carbon fixation at both the entry waters; while the contributions of pico-cells decreased sharply to the minimum of 18.3% and 27.5% at the narrowest part of the SoM. In particular, our results showed that the silicate concentration positively regulated Chl a biomass and carbon fixation, reflecting that the higher silicate favoured the growth of phytoplankton and thus led to higher primary production in this strait.     

Estimates of phytoplankton and bacterial biomass and production in the northern and southern Benguela ecosystems

Available data on phytoplankton and bacterial abundance and production off the coasts of southern Africa (to the 500 m depth contour) have been assembled and analysed for a network analysis of carbon flow in the Benguela ecosystem. Phytoplankton carbon biomass (from measurements of chlorophyll a) in the northern Benguela (2 558 300 tons) was considerably higher than in the southern Benguela (671 420 and 516 400 tons for the West and South coasts respectively). However, overall annual production (from C¹⁴-uptake measurements) was similar, 77 416 608, 76 399 973 and 78 988 020 tons C·year^?1 respectively. Phytoplankton respiration and sedimentation losses were calculated as functions of primary production and therefore followed similar trends. From the most conservative estimates (mean bacterial biomass of 10 mg C·m^?3 and average P:B of 0,2·day^?1) bacterial biomass is 2–7 per cent of phytoplankton biomass in the northern and southern Benguela, and bacterial production is 3–5 per cent of primary production. Assuming a net growth yield of 30 per cent, bacteria would need to consume 9–15 per cent of the total primary production in order to meet their requirements for carbon consumption. Calculations based on a mean bacterial biomass of 40 mg C·m^?3 and a mean growth rate of 0,5·day^?1 in the upper 30 m of the water column show bacterial biomass to be 8–27 per cent of phytoplankton biomass and bacterial production to be 26–44 per cent of phytoplankton production. Bacterial carbon consumption requirements at these rates amount to 86–147 per cent of total primary production.     

Seasonal variation in the community and size structure of nano- and microzooplankton in Gyeonggi Bay,Yellow Sea

To investigate the seasonal variation and community structure of nano- and microzooplankton in Gyeonggi Bay of the Yellow Sea, the abundance and carbon biomass of nano- and microzooplankton were evaluated at 10-day intervals from January 1997 to December 1999. Four major groups of nano- and microzooplankton communities were classified: heterotrophic ciliates, heterotrophic dinoflagellates (HDF), heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF), and copepod nauplii. The total carbon biomass of nano- and microzooplankton ranged from 10.2 to 168.8 μg C L⁻¹ and was highest during or after phytoplankton blooms. Nano- and microzooplankton communities were composed of heterotrophic ciliates (7.4–81.4%; average 41.7% of total biomass), HDF (0.1–70.3%; average 26.1% of total biomass), copepod nauplii (1.6–70.6%; average 20.7% of total biomass), and HNF (0.8–59.5%; average 11.5% of total biomass). The relative contribution of individual components in the nano- and microzooplankton communities appeared to differ by seasons. Ciliates accounted for the most major component of nano- and microzooplankton communities, except during summer and phytoplankton blooming seasons, whereas HDF were more dominant during the phytoplankton blooming seasons. The abundance and biomass of nano- and microzooplankton generally followed the seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton. The size and community distribution of nano- and microzooplankton was positively correlated with size-fractionated phytoplankton. The carbon requirement of microzooplankton ranged from 60 to 83% of daily primary production, and was relatively high when phytoplankton biomass was high. Therefore, our result suggests that the seasonal variation in the community and size composition of nano- and microzooplankton appears to be primarily governed by phytoplankton size and concentration as a food source, and their abundance may greatly affect trophic dynamics by controlling the seasonal abundance of phytoplankton.     

浮游植物生物量研究 Ⅰ.浮游植物生物量细胞体积转化法

在海洋生态动力学研究过程中,采用浮游植物细胞数量来估算浮游植物丰度可以说是不够精确的,因为不同种的浮游植物细胞大小差别很大,只有浮游植物的生物量才能正确反映海洋生态系中的能量分布.本文以拟合浮游植物细胞相似体积方法,基于胶州湾生态动力学研究所获资料,计算了87种中国近海常见浮游植物的细胞体积、鲜重、碳含量、氮含量.     

Seasonal distribution of primary production,phytoplankton biomass and size distribution in the Greenland Sea

The study establishes an annual estimate for annual primary production of 81 g C m⁻² for the open Greenland Sea based on data from five cruises and literature data. This estimate agrees well with a model estimate based on nutrient utilisation but is a factor of 2–5 less than published primary production estimates made by remote sensing of this area. The seasonal distribution of particulate primary production in open Greenland Sea waters followed the seasonal distribution of surface irradiance with a peak in June, indicating that light is the primary factor governing primary production in the area. At stations along the ice edge, blooms were recorded in both June and August, suggesting a pattern of repeated blooms during the summer season at the ice edge. Subsurface phytoplankton peaks were a persistent feature in the open Greenland Sea from May to August. These peaks were consisted of actively photosynthesising phytoplankton and up to 90% of total water column particulate primary production was estimated to occur in association with these peaks. Diatoms dominated the phytoplankton community during the spring bloom and in the Polar Water during August. Size distribution analyses of the phytoplankton communities indicated that the relative abundance of large cells compared to small cells was greatest in May as compared to June and August. No significant differences were noted between June and August in the slope of the phytoplankton size distribution spectra. Inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients were measurable in surface waters on all cruises. Only in August were there some indications (altered Redfield ratios and higher nutrient concentrations in subsurface chlorophyll peaks than at the surface) of nutrient depletion of surface waters. Implications for food web structure and carbon flux of these patterns in phytoplankton activity and distribution are discussed.     

Interactions between hydrodynamics and pelagic ecosystems: relevance to resource exploitation and climate change

A proposal is made to classify the pools of biogenic carbon in the oceans by reference to their turnover times. Break points in the continuum of turnover times, located at 10^?2 and 10² years, distinguish between short-lived organic carbon, long-lived organic carbon and sequestered biogenic carbon. The three pools of biogenic carbon are discussed by reference to the more usual oceanographic concepts of new v. regenerated production, and export v. recycled production. Short-lived organic carbon is mainly associated with the microbial food-loop, long-lived organic carbon is relevant to renewable marine resources, and sequestered carbon is pertinent to global climate change (greenhouse effect). Recycling, export and sequestration are controlled by the proportions of primary production effected by small (<5 μm) and large (>5 μm) phytoplankton respectively, and by the selective grazing pressure experienced by cells in the various size-classes. These ecosystem processes are in turn governed by hydrodynamics. At low levels of auxiliary (mechanical) energy, the physical environment is stable, so that pelagic ecosystems are dominated by the microbial food-loop and biogenic carbon is mainly short-lived. Transitions from high levels of auxiliary energy to more stable conditions favour the production of large phytoplankton. When this takes place along predictable regular modes, primary production may be channelled into the long-lived pool, whereas stochastic transitions may lead to carbon sequestration. This theoretical framework may help the modern approaches of fisheries oceanography and biogeochemical oceanography to converge.     

浮游植物生物量研究 Ⅰ.浮游植物生物量细胞体积转化法

在海洋生态动力学研究过程中,采用浮游植物细胞数量来估算浮游植物丰度可以说是不够精确的,因为不同种的浮游植物细胞大小差别很大,只有浮游植物的生物量才能正确反映海洋生态系中的能量分布．本文以拟合浮游植物细胞相似体积方法,基于胶州湾生态动力学研究所获资料,计算了87种中国近海常见浮游植物的细胞体积、鲜重、碳含量、氮含量．