基于复杂多通道带乘性噪声模型的水声通信字符估计算法

水声信道具有复杂随机时变特性并存在严重的多径时延、能量损失和畸变等因素,使得水声信道的建模和估计一直是学界的难点问题。本文基于复杂多通道带乘性噪声模型来刻画随机时变的水声信道,在信道建模基础上利用最优滤波递推算法实现发送字符的估计。该算法在线性最小方差意义下是最优的,能有效克服码间干扰和噪声污染。所建立的信道模型能够刻画复杂快变的水声信道,对应的最优信道估计算法具有计算量小的优点,能够动态跟踪信道增益的随机变化。仿真结果验证了本文算法的有效性。     

时变水声信道中基于BEM的迭代信道估计技术

水声信道的多径时延扩展和时变特性对信道估计和均衡技术的研究带来了很大的挑战,同时也决定了水声信道是一种时频双扩展信道,提出一种水声OFDM通信系统中基于软信息的迭代信道估计技术,利用基于复指数基扩展模型(CE-BEM)进行信道估计。OFDM系统本身可以消除由于多径引起的符号间干扰(ISI)。基于导频的BEM信道估计,可以实现对时变信道的估计,结合基于软信息迭代的迭代均衡模块,将每次迭代生成的符号软判决信息作为辅助导频用于信道估计。同时,为了防止由于信道时变引起的信道子载波间干扰(ICI)对导频符号的影响,采用基于保护间隔的导频插入法插入导频。仿真结果显示基于BEM的软信息迭代信道估计性能较非迭代信道估计时明显提升。     

基于带乘性噪声模型的水声通信字符估计算法研究

水声信道多途效应明显,而且存在衰落、散射、损耗以及随机时变等特性,使得水声通信系统的接收信号存在严重的码间干扰.利用带乘性噪声系统模型来刻画随机信道,在建模基础上利用最优滤波递推算法实现状态估计.由于状态向量中的第一维与接收信号之间存在一一对应关系,进而可实现水声信号的估计.该算法在最小方差意义下是最优的,能有效克服码间干扰和噪声污染.2种信道的仿真结果表明,在信噪比(SNR)为18db时,误码率(BER)均已经降低到10-4数量级,验证了算法的有效性.     

水声数字通信系统的仿真

本文介绍了利用计算机仿真水声数字通信系统。介绍了数字通信系统的组成部分之后，重点介绍水声信道的仿真以及调制方法的选取，通过计算机的仿真提高了水声通信系统设计的有效性，对实际出海实验很有帮助。     

基于BELLHOP 模型的宽带信号波形预报

为解决信号级声纳仿真系统的水声传输信道宽带信号波形预报问题,采用射线模型的基本原理,推导了基于射线的宽带水声信道响应函数.并在Pekeris环境条件下,分析比较了基于BELLHOP射线模型的时域宽带模型与基于BDRM模型的频域宽带模型波形预报结果.结果表明,水声信道具有典型的时域数字滤波器特征,其本质是对脉冲信号进行延迟、加权和求和,这种延迟求和会导致系统频域幅度响应函数呈现“梳状滤波器”形状.在一定条件下,射线模型与简正波模型具有同等计算精度,由于射线模型通过一次计算就能得到所有本征声线的幅度和延迟,相对于简正波模型来说,计算效率更高.同时利用射线模型,能够方便地选择接收特定角度出射的本征声线.     

水声通信半物理仿真平台设计与应用

信道自身的复杂性和现场级试验的高投入、高风险限制了水声通信技术的发展。针对高效率水声通信技术研究的需求,提出1种水声通信半物理仿真平台水声通信半物理仿真平台(A Hardware-in-Loop Simulation Platform for Underwater Acoustic Communication)。水声通信半物理仿真平台以可配置水声Modem为核心,包括现场测试采集系统、算法仿真评估系统、算法实现装载系统、水声波形存储播放系统。基于建立的水声通信半物理仿真平台,进行水声直接序列扩频通信系统的半物理仿真研究,结果表明水声通信半物理仿真平台可有效提高水声通信技术的研究效率。     

深海走航投弃式剖面仪传输信道特点的分析

走航投弃式剖面仪是海洋环境数据获取的重要仪器,主要应用于海洋环境观测中海洋参数的大面积快速测量,但传输信道特点一直并不明确,对信道传输性能的提高缺乏一定的理论基础。以XCTD信道为研究对象,优化了信道的模型和传递方程,计算得到信道阻抗参数值;采用时频法研究投弃式剖面仪信道基带传输信号的时变性,分析不同频率下的信号带宽的变化特性,分析随机噪声对传输信号和误码率的影响规律,结果表明,深海走航投弃式剖面仪传输信道在不同深度和传输速率下具有的"时变/窄带/低信噪比"规律特性,该信道特点与水声信道具有更多的相似性,该结论为提高XCTD信道传输性能拓宽了研究思路,为深海投弃式观测技术发展的信道传输技术共性问题提供了理论支持。     

宽码率Polar码浅海水声通信实验研究

浅海水声信道的随机时–空–频特性给数据的可靠传输带来了重大挑战,低复杂度和理论上证明能到达香农限的极化码(Polar code)可以增强水声通信系统的鲁棒性。水下传输的图像、语音、文本、海洋监测数据和遥控指令具有不等重要性的特点,宽码率 Polar 码能够适应不同水声信道和不等重要性的信息传输。 目前 Polar 码在水声通信中的实验研究多为仿真分析,设计了宽码率 Polar 码在厦门港海域海试验证,在不同信噪比的实录环境噪声下进行分析。海试结果表明：在良好的信道条件下,宽码率 Polar 码的性能优异,0.25 码率的 BPSK 和 QPSK 在实录环境噪声信噪比为–1 和 4 时实现零误码,其低复杂度信道编译码机制和宽码率与水声信道相匹配,可有效提高水声数据传输的可靠性和有效性,为基于 Polar 码的稳健可靠水声通信系统提供海试实验验证。     

面向长时水声通信数据采集与评估的浮标设计与实现

复杂海洋环境导致水声信道呈现随机时-空-频变特性,特别是浅海信道受界面、人为干扰的严重影响,对水声通信造成极大困难。近年来人工智能领域机器学习等技术飞速发展,为提高复杂环境下水声通信可靠性提供了新思路。但是,由于水声信道复杂多变、缺乏普适模型,从机器学习角度而言水声通信数据样本严重不足,传统单次、短时水声通信实验采集的数据无法充分表征水声信道空间、时间特性。通过长期部署水声通信及信号采集设备,可望在一定程度上丰富通信数据,为典型海域下人工智能水声通信研究提供数据支持。 设计并实现了一种浅海水声通信浮标,搭载水声通信系统可实现长时浅海水声通信数据采集、性能评估,同时依托北斗系统具备远程状态显示、功能控制功能。厦门港海域实验表明,依托浮标采集的长时水声通信数据可开展水声通信性能评估、信道特性与通信性能关联度分析,为下一步工作打下了良好的基础。     

水声扩谱通讯中的自适应多普勒补偿方法

本文介绍了一种水声扩谱通讯中，应用子波对多普勒效应进行补偿的方法。针对多普勒效应本身是否会随时间变化，分别应用直接估计、自适应估计的方法。其中自适应多普勒补偿方法同自适应信道均衡算法结合在一起，对多普勒漂移、信道参数进行联合估计。两种方法都应用了子波变换对多普勒展宽程度进行估计并用线性插值进行补偿。计算机仿真结果令人满意。     

CSI feedback-based CS for underwater acoustic adaptive modulation OFDM system with channel prediction

In this paper, we investigate the performance of adaptive modulation （AM） orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （OFDM） system in underwater acoustic （UWA） communications. The aim is to solve the problem of large feedback overhead for channel state information （CSI） in every subcarrier. A novel CSI feedback scheme is proposed based on the theory of compressed sensing （CS）. We propose a feedback from the receiver that only feedback the sparse channel parameters. Additionally, prediction of the channel state is proposed every several symbols to realize the AM in practice. We describe a linear channel prediction algorithm which is used in adaptive transmission. This system has been tested in the real underwater acoustic channel. The linear channel prediction makes the AM transmission techniques more feasible for acoustic channel communications. The simulation and experiment show that significant improvements can be obtained both in bit error rate （BER） and throughput in the AM scheme compared with the fixed Quadrature Phase Shift Keying （QPSK） modulation scheme. Moreover, the performance with standard CS outperforms the Discrete Cosine Transform （DCT） method.     

A simulation tool for high data-rate acoustic communication in ashallow-water, time-varying channel

The paper discusses the development of a simulation tool to model high data-rate acoustic communication in shallow water. The simulation tool is able to generate synthetic time series of signals received at a transducer array after transmission across a shallow-water communication channel. The simulation tool is suitable for testing advanced signal processing techniques for message recovery. A channel model has been developed based on the physical aspects of the acoustic channel. Special emphasis has been given to fluctuations of the signal transmission caused by time-varying multipath effects. At shorter ranges, the temporal variations are dominated by acoustic scattering from the moving sea surface. Therefore, the channel model produces a coherence function which may be interpreted as a time-varying reflection coefficient for the surface scattered acoustical path. A static, range-independent ray model identifies the significant multipaths, and the surface path is modulated with the time-varying reflection coefficient. The advantages and limitations of the channel model are discussed and assumptions necessary to overcome the limitations are emphasised. Based on the assumptions, an algorithm has been developed and implemented to model how a binary message will be modulated when transmitted by a transducer, is distorted in the channel and finally is received by a transducer array     

Multicarrier Communication Over Underwater Acoustic Channels With Nonuniform Doppler Shifts

Underwater acoustic (UWA) channels are wideband in nature due to the small ratio of the carrier frequency to the signal bandwidth, which introduces frequency-dependent Doppler shifts. In this paper, we treat the channel as having a common Doppler scaling factor on all propagation paths, and propose a two-step approach to mitigating the Doppler effect: 1) nonuniform Doppler compensation via resampling that converts a “wideband” problem into a “narrowband” problem and 2) high-resolution uniform compensation of the residual Doppler. We focus on zero-padded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) to minimize the transmission power. Null subcarriers are used to facilitate Doppler compensation, and pilot subcarriers are used for channel estimation. The receiver is based on block-by-block processing, and does not rely on channel dependence across OFDM blocks; thus, it is suitable for fast-varying UWA channels. The data from two shallow-water experiments near Woods Hole, MA, are used to demonstrate the receiver performance. Excellent performance results are obtained even when the transmitter and the receiver are moving at a relative speed of up to 10 kn, at which the Doppler shifts are greater than the OFDM subcarrier spacing. These results suggest that OFDM is a viable option for high-rate communications over wideband UWA channels with nonuniform Doppler shifts.      

水下数据传输Turbo码译码系统的实现

为了在恶劣的水声信道中确保数据的可靠传输,采用性能优异的Turbo码,以6711DSP为核心处理单元构建译码系统。系统采用戈泽尔算法进行跳频的软解调,迭代的软输出维特比译码算法(SOVA)进行译码。系统经过实验室水池的试验,证实能保证译码的实时性及其在恶劣信道中数据传输的正确性,具有相当优异的性能。     

Recent advances in high-speed underwater acoustic communications

In recent years, underwater acoustic (UWA) communications have received much attention as their applications have begun to shift from military toward commercial. Digital communications through UWA channels differ substantially from those in other media, such as radio channels, due to severe signal degradations caused by multipath propagation and high temporal and spatial variability of the channel conditions. The design of underwater acoustic communication systems has until recently relied on the use of noncoherent modulation techniques. However, to achieve high data rates on the severely band-limited UWA channels, bandwidth-efficient modulation techniques must be considered, together with array processing for exploitation of spatial multipath diversity. The new generation of underwater communication systems, employing phase-coherent modulation techniques, has a potential of achieving at least an order of magnitude increase in data throughput. The emerging communication scenario in which the modern underwater acoustic systems mill operate is that of an underwater network consisting of stationary and mobile nodes. Current research focuses on the development of efficient signal processing algorithms, multiuser communications in the presence of interference, and design of efficient modulation and coding schemes. This paper presents a review of recent results and research problems in high-speed underwater acoustic communications, focusing on the bandwidth-efficient phase-coherent methods. Experimental results are included to illustrate the state-of-the-art coherent detection of digital signals transmitted at 30 and 40 kb/s through a rapidly varying one-mile shallow water channel     

Underwater acoustic networks

With the advances in acoustic modem technology that enabled high-rate reliable communications, current research focuses on communication between various remote instruments within a network environment. Underwater acoustic (UWA) networks are generally formed by acoustically connected ocean-bottom sensors, autonomous underwater vehicles, and a surface station, which provides a link to an on-shore control center. While many applications require long-term monitoring of the deployment area, the battery-powered network nodes limit the lifetime of UWA networks. In addition, shallow-water acoustic channel characteristics, such as low available bandwidth, highly varying multipath, and large propagation delays, restrict the efficiency of UWA networks. Within such an environment, designing an UWA network that maximizes throughput and reliability while minimizing the power consumption becomes a very difficult task. The goal of this paper is to survey the existing network technology and its applicability to underwater acoustic channels. In addition, we present a shallow-water acoustic network example and outline some future research directions     

Propagation of shallow water waves in an open parabolic channel using the WKB perturbation technique

A singular perturbation analysis based on the WKB technique to study the hydrodynamic performance of periodic ocean waves that are incident on an open parabolic channel of constant depth is proposed. We derive a linear model to predict the propagation of the long ocean waves into the channel. In this manner, the spatial distribution for the surface elevation of the ocean waves inside the channel as a function of two dimensionless parameters, namely, a kinematical parameter, κ and a geometrical parameter ε, is governed by a second-order ordinary differential equation. The kinematical parameter κ denotes the ratio of the potential head, due to gravity, to the kinetic head of the ocean waves along the longitudinal axis of the parabolic channel. Meanwhile, ε is a dimensionless geometrical parameter that represents a characteristic ratio of the parabolic channel. Using matching conditions, simple expressions for the reflection and transmission coefficients are obtained.     

High-Rate Communication for Underwater Acoustic Channels Using Multiple Transmitters and Space–Time Coding: Receiver Structures and Experimental Results

In this paper, we consider the use of multiple antennas and space-time coding for high data rate underwater acoustic (UWA) communications. Recent advances in information theory have shown that significant capacity gains can be achieved by using multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems and space-time coding techniques for rich scattering environments. This is especially significant for the UWA channel where the usable bandwidth is severely limited due to frequency-dependent attenuation. In this paper, we propose to use space-time coding and iterative decoding techniques to obtain high data rates and reliability over shallow-water, medium-range UWA channels. In particular, we propose to use space-time trellis codes (STTCs), layered space-time codes (LSTCs) and their combinations along with three low-complexity adaptive equalizer structures at the receiver. We consider multiband transmissions where the available bandwidth is divided into several subbands with guard bands in between them. We describe the theoretical basis of the proposed receivers along with a comprehensive set of experimental results obtained by processing data collected from real UWA communications experiments carried out in the Pacific Ocean. We demonstrate that by using space-time coding at the transmitter and sophisticated iterative processing at the receiver, we can obtain data rates and spectral efficiencies that are not possible with single transmitter systems at similar ranges and depths. In particular, we have demonstrated reliable transmission at a data rate of 48 kb/s in 23 kHz of bandwidth, and 12 kb/s in 3 kHz of bandwidth (a spectral efficiency of 4 bs^-1Hz^-1) at a 2-km range.     

A Variable-Rate Spread-Spectrum System for Underwater Acoustic Communications

A key research area in underwater acoustic (UWA) communication is the development of advanced modulation and detection schemes for improved performance and range-rate product. In this communication, we propose a variable-rate underwater data transmission system based on direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) and complementary code keying (CCK), particularly for shallow-water acoustic channels with severe multipath propagation. We provide a suboptimum receiver that consists of a bidirectional decision feedback equalizer (BiDFE) to cancel both postcursor and precursor intersymbol interference (ISI). We also develop iterative signal processing and time-reversal (TR) diversity processing to mitigate the effect of error propagation in BiDFE. We present performance analysis on bit error rate (BER) for different data rates. Our works show that this new variable-data-rate DSSS-CCK is a suitable candidate for UWA communications over varying channel conditions and distance.