始新世末期陨星撞击改变太平洋板块运动方向吗?

尹延鸿等[1] 在东太平洋的 DSDP5 73孔发现始新世末期微玻璃陨石。他们认为始新世末期微玻璃陨石场的展布方向为 2 5 0°,与太平洋板块运动方向改变所需要的矢量变化几乎一致 ,提出很可能是始新世末期陨星撞击引起太平洋板块运动方向由NNW突然改变为 NWW。这与万天丰等 [2 ,3 ] 提出的陨星撞击可能诱导板块运动或引起板块运动方向改变的观点一致。这假说很有创新性 ,很有趣 ,在多学科中都可能有重要意义 ,值得详细研究。始新世末期有两层陨星撞击产物 [4,5] ,上面一层是 microtektites (微玻璃陨石 ) ,稍下一点的一层为clinopyrocene- b…     

加罗林地区深海锰结核形成中的生物作用

本文对加罗林深水盆地中的锰结核在形成过程中的生物作用进行了研究。从结核及其周围底质中的众多生物活动痕迹的出现和特征,说明大洋深部锰结核所处环境中存在着十分活跃的底栖生物活动。正是由于这些生物的活动,才使锰结核免于被“沉积雨”所埋藏。另外,由于生物的作用,也为锰结核的沉积、增长提供有利的微化学环境,对锰结核的形成起着重要的作用。     

南海东北陆坡区铁锰结核的特征和成因

对取自南海东北陆坡区的铁锰结核成分进行了X射线衍射，中子活化和电子探针研究，结核的组成矿物有δMnO2、针铁矿，水针铁矿，石英，斜长石，角闪石，钾长石，伊利石和白云母等。铁锰成分变化较大:Fe为7．1％－16．0％；Mn为5．8％－7．7％。Cu,Co,Ni,Pb含量低，分别为0．04％－0．06％、0．11％－0．15％、0．02％－0．03％和0．05％－0．07％，Mn/Fe比值为0．7。铁锰结核从内壳层向外壳层含铁量逐渐增加，Cu,Ni含量波动降低，反映在其形成过程中受到沉积环境波动，陆源碎屑物供给增加和Mn,Cu,Ni,Co元素来量变化的影响，具有典型边缘海水沉积成因铁锰结核的特征。     

东太平洋中部始新世/渐新世界线陨石撞击的地球化学证据

对于 ODP提供的深海钻探 5 73B孔始新统顶部 -渐新统底部的地质样品进行了化学分析、等离子体光谱分析、等离子体质谱分析和微玻璃陨石的挑选等 ,结合附近区域的其它地质资料 ,探讨了东太平洋中部始新世末、渐新世初地层的地球化学特征。根据始新世末期东太平洋地区多种海洋微体古生物灭绝、大面积微玻璃陨石 (或微球粒陨石 )分布、地球化学特征异常等 ,说明该时期有明显的突变性地质事件发生 ,很可能是由于陨击作用造成的。     

锰结核生长的古海洋环境与事件

本文通过东太平洋海盆、中太平洋海盆锰结核、云南东南部土壤锰结核及原生沉积锰矿特征及形成环境的对比研究,表明:(1)海洋水深,地形、生物生产力与水—沉积物界面的Eh、pH值等是控制锰结核物质成份、生长速率及分布格局的重要因素,(2)南极底层流和深海沉积间断的形成发展是造成锰结核生长间断的关键,(3)新生代低海平面时期可能是锰结核生成的重要时期。     

中太平洋北部锰结核的构造及成分特点

本文阐述了中太平洋北部锰结核的成分及结构、构造的研究结果。结核可分为粗糙型和光滑型,内部呈现具有核心的同心层状构造,壳层可分为数个粗层。各粗层之间为不整合或假整合接触,粗层内微层呈韵律性排列。通过对粗层构造以及粗层内各韵律层的元素及矿物组分分布特点的研究,作者认为粗层的生长与当地沉积物的沉积间断或沉积速率减小有关,而微层的韵律性则是结核在滚动过程中生长造成的。文中并对结核的生长过程作了一般性讨论。     

东太平洋地区DSDP573孔始新世末期的微玻璃陨石

通过研究 DSDP5 73孔的岩心样品 ,首次在该孔始新世与渐新世的界线地层含金属粘土层中发现了微玻璃陨石 ,且主要富集在其底部。一个样品 (5 g)中最多可达 12粒。这些微玻璃陨石主要呈球形、椭球形。用电子探针测试了其化学成分 ,Si O2 含量为 2 9.6 4%～ 5 8.93%,Al2 O3 为 3.42 %～ 2 0 .96 %,Fe O为 9.98%～ 2 9.5 5 %,Mg O为 4.32 %～ 16 .0 5 %,Ir为 0 .0 6 %～ 0 .81%。总体来说 ,微玻璃陨石的化学成分变化较大 ,可能与靶岩的成分变化较大有关。始新世末期北美微玻璃陨石场的展布方向约为 2 5 0°,这与太平洋板块运动方向改变所需要的矢量变化(2 45°)仅相差 5°,推测很可能是始新世末期陨星的撞击引起了太平洋板块在该时期的运动方向由 NNW突然变为NWW。     

云贵高原红土性风化壳定年对象--锰结核的基础研究

以野外剖面调查为基础，结合物理学、地球化学、矿物学和同位素年代学手段和方法，对云贵高原红土性风化壳中可资定年的对象——锰结核的产出状态、内部构造、地球化学特征、矿物组成及锰结核全岩的^40K／^40Ar定年进行了探索性研究，为解决我国风化壳的发育年龄奠定基础。研究结果表明：锰结核的形成晚于其赋存介质(风化壳)的生成；在风化壳中，锰结核的内部构造以(准)同心圆状构造为主；结核形成过程中发生了MnO和Fe2O3的富集，其中以MnO的富集较为显著；并且Fe、Mn分布具有较明显的负相关关系；锰结核中K2O含量明显高于CaO、MgO及Na2O，但K和Mn不存在明确的相关关系；结核中次生锰氧化物的主要存在形式为锰钡矿；锰结核的全岩^40K／^40Ar定年结果是一混合年龄，其不具有明确的地质意义；造成这一结果的主要原因在于锰结核是由不同时期、多种矿物构成的复杂集合体。     

大洋锰结核中矿物对过渡金属分布的控制

大洋锰结核中矿物对过渡金属分布的控制ＧｕｏｂｉｎＬｅｉ等关于大洋锰结核、结壳中Ｃｏ、Ｎｉ和Ｃｕ在１０Ａ锰酸盐、水羟锰矿及铁的氧氢氧化物（简称为铁相）之间分布的讨论主要是在全样分析数据的基础上进行的。我们通过分层取样，对锰结核不同的微层同时进行了化学及...     

东南太平洋秘鲁海盆DEA区浅层埋藏型铁锰结核的矿物学和地球化学特征及成因类型

本文通过对秘鲁海盆DEA区浅层埋藏型铁锰结核开展地球化学和矿物学研究,探讨了埋藏型大洋锰结核的有用组分的富集、清扫机制及成因类型。该区铁锰结核致密层和疏松层互层具有明显的多孔树状微结构,结核主要由10?锰矿相、7?锰矿相(水钠锰矿)和δ-MnO₂(水羟锰矿)等锰相矿物组成,成分上具有高Mn、低Fe和中等Ni+Cu、Mo(分别为44.79%、0.55%、0.46%、0.05%)的亚氧化成岩型特征和低的Co、Ti、Zn和REY元素(REY_SN均小于1)含量。铁锰结核中低含量的Mo和大部分的Ni与Mn氧化物清扫有关,其中Mo与Mn相关系数R=0.65,高Mn/Fe(>300)中Ni含量同样很高(0.34%),其他元素如Cu、Ti和REY均与Fe的羟基氧化物及铝硅酸盐相关性较高(R>0.8)。铁锰结核Fe、Ni+Cu、Mo、REY元素含量和Mn/Fe比值在分层上呈现规律性变化,致密层的Ce_SN负异常和疏松层的Ce_SN正异常进一步表明,铁锰结核的生长过程经历亚氧化-氧化成岩作用的环境条件变化,该变...     

东海陆架中北部沉积物粒度特征及其沉积环境

通过对东海陆架表层沉积物粒级组成、粒度参数、14C年龄和微体古生物组合的综合分析,绘制了东海陆架的沉积物类型分布图;运用Folk等(1970)沉积物分类方法将东海表层沉积物分成砂、粉砂、粉砂质砂、砂质粉砂、砂质泥5种类型,其中粉砂质砂分布最广,砂质泥分布最少;沉积物由陆向海粒度变粗,反映沉积过程中的物源和沉积动力控制作用。根据沉积环境及成因分析,可将东海陆架沉积分为3类:分别是长江口外席状砂沉积区、现代泥质沉积区和陆架中部砂质沉积区。长江口外砂质沉积是全新世冰消期晚期潮流作用及风暴潮流共同作用的产物,是高海平面以来太平洋潮波系统作用下的潮流沙沉积,沙波地貌仍在发生变化。现代泥质沉积区包括长江前三角洲沉积、浙闽沿岸流沉积和济州岛西南泥质沉积三个区域,不同沉积区的成因机制不同。陆架中部砂质沉积是末次冰盛期之后海侵作用下发育的砂质沉积物,在海侵的不同阶段中沉积物被冲刷改造,具有不等时性特征,沉积环境与现代陆架海洋环流的动力特征不一致,现代沉积作用较弱,仅接受悬浮体细粒沉积。     

Characteristics of manganese micronodules as indicators of sedimentation conditions in pelagic sediments

Pelagic sediments from three cores in the northern tropical Pacific zone (the northeast basin) have been analyzed for particle size and composition, as well as for number, mass and the distribution of protosyngenetic authigenic manganese micronodules (MN) in them. The sequences are represented by Quaternary carbonate-free clayey–radiolarian, radiolarian–clayey oozes, miopelagic clays, sometimes enriched in radiolarians, pre-Pleistocene miopelagic and eupelagic clays, zeolite–clayey sediments, and zeolitites. Based on factual data (volume of wet sediment, weight of dry sediment and micronodules, their number and proportions of four fractions, the contribution of MN in sediment, and others), the values of different parameters were calculated. The obtained parameters are statistically similar, which allowed us to reveal background and anomalous horizons of sediments and to assume their sedimentation conditions. Similar values of Р_MN/N_MN, Р_fr > 0.05 mm, Р_MN/Р_sed and the mass of micronodules suggest that precisely these parameters reflect the main variations in conditions of pelagic sedimentation.     

Sedimentation rates and characteristics of manganese micronodules

A study of core sections from the northern tropical Pacific (Northeast Basin) revealed that pelagic sediments are represented by Quaternary oxidized carbonate-free clayey?radiolarian to radiolarian?clayey mud, miopelagic clays locally enriched in radiolarians, and pre-Pleistocene miopelagic to eupelagic clays, zeolite?clayey varieties, and zeolitites. The study also included an analysis of the grain-size and chemical composition, abundance, mass, and distribution of manganese micronodules (MN) contained in these sediments. The data made it possible to calculate relative sedimentation rates (Vr) in sections. In calculations, the estimate of the absolute (V) sedimentation rates for the upper (homogenous) core layer (approximately 5 ka old) was taken to represent a basic value. The values of relative sedimentation rates give grounds to assume that the mass of micronodules (Pmn), average mass of a single micronodule (Pmn/Nmn), mass of the sediment fraction (Pfr > 005 mm), and abundance of micronodules in sediments (Pmn/Psed) reflect the trends of variations in pelagic sedimentation rates.     

太平洋中部磁性地层学研究

本文通过太平洋中部５个长柱状岩心古地磁样品的测量分析，对区内早中新世以来的松散沉积层进行了磁性地层的划分对比，确定了各孔研究深度内沉积层的时代，认识到太平洋中部新世以来主要有两个沉积时期和两个沉积间断时期。第一沉积期分别到早中新世末或中中新世初停止沉积，为主沉积期，沉积了岩心的大部分。从晚上新世或第四纪初开始沉积到第四纪中晚期停止沉积的是第二沉积期，从早中新世末或中中新世初至早上新世或第四纪初为主     

大洋多金属结核成因新说

１９９４－１９９５年对东太平洋锰结核包壳及其内部纹层构造作光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜的系统研究。结果表明,深海锰结核是一种锰质核形石,其包壳是叠层石。光滑状和瘤状锰质核形石分别是由微小叠层石和奇异叠层石构成,而叠层石则由纳米级微生物建造而成。新近发现的中华微放线菌和太平洋螺球孢菌分别是微小叠层石和奇异叠层石的建造者。     

Major and trace element distributions in manganese nodules and micronodules as well as abyssal clay from the Clarion-Clipperton abyssal plain,Northeast Pacific

The contents of seven major components (TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, MgO, CaO, Na₂O, K₂O and P₂O₅) and 15 trace elements (Sc, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Sr, Y, Zr, Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Eu, Yb and Th) were determined by ICP-AE spectrometry in 27 samples of manganese nodules, micronodules as well as abyssal clay collected by dredging from an area of nearly 1,9802 nautical miles in the central Clarion-Clipperton abyssal plain at a depth of about 4,500 m. Statistical analyses were used to compare among individual as well as pooled datasets, in addition to different indicators such as La/Th, Ni/Cu and LREE/HREE ratios for the Clarion-Clipperton samples, as well as between these and corresponding values for the upper continental crust (UCC), North America Shale Composite (NASC), and igneous Indian and Pacific Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts (MORBs). The results show significant correlations between major components in the Clarion-Clipperton samples and Pacific Ocean MORB, whereas trace elements (excepting Ni and Cu) correlate better with the UCC and NASC. There is also depletion in LREEs, together with a Ce negative anomaly for all Clarion-Clipperton samples. The nodule, micronodule and abyssal clay datasets each reveal typical clusters of components such as P₂O₅ and Y, La, Nd, Eu, Tb, or Ni and Cu. Compared to abyssal clay, the nodule as well as micronodules show significant enrichment in Ni and Cu; nevertheless, an essentially constant Ni/Cu ratio indicates that all samples come from the sediment surface. The distributions of major components as well as trace elements for the Clarion-Clipperton samples present, to different degrees, characteristics common to both the upper continental crust and Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt, strongly implying a hydrothermal origin, most probably from East Pacific Rise material transported by the Pacific North Equatorial Current.     

Source rock deposition controlled by tectonic subsidence and climate in the western Pearl River Mouth Basin,China: Evidence from organic and inorganic geochemistry

Interest in factors controlling lacustrine source rock deposition has increased over the last few decades because this type of deposits contain significant petroleum resources. Generally, tectonic subsidence and climate are the two root causes as they control the accommodation potential, water column properties and sources of organic matter. In this study, coupling organic geochemical and elemental geochemical data, two potential source rocks, i.e., the Eocene Wenchang Formation (E₂w) and Oligocene Enping Formation (E₃e) were investigated. Two models were finally raised to explain deposition of the two set of source rocks according to their paleoclimatic and tectonic properties. The source rock potential shows a strong heterogeneity. The second member of the Eocene Wenchang Formation (E₂w₂) is characterized by high organic matter content and oil-prone kerogen type. In contrast, the first member of the Eocene Wenchang Formation (E₂w₁) and the Oligocene Enping formation (E₃e) are characterized by low organic matter content and gas-prone kerogen type. The primary productivity and depositional environment exhibit notable differences between the two potential source rocks horizons and show an obvious variation from the depocenter to the slope and can be best explained by the coevolution of tectonic subsidence and climate. During the E₂w depositional stage, low sediment supply led to mudstone deposited in deep lacustrine environment and resulted in underfilled lake basin. The low water inflow provided little terrigenous organic matter (low bicadinane, perylene and floranthene contents) and oxygen. Besides, the low area/depth ratio impeded the water circulation, thus resulted in shallow thermocline and anoxic-suboxic bottom environment (abundant dibenzothiophene and high C₃₅/C₃₁22S hopane ratios). Therefore abundant algae, which contributed to the high amorphous organic matter (AOM) content, can be preserved. The warm and wet climate (high Mn/Mg ratios) gave birth to autochthonous organism, such as dinoflagellates and Pavlova gyrans (abundant 4-methyl sterane). During the E₃e depositional stage, the sufficient sedimentary supply resulted in expanding, shallow lacustrine and swamp environment. The higher area/depth ratio and high sediment supply made environment unstable and can be strongly influenced by external environment (broader range of Mn/Mg ratios). Enough terrigenous organic matter (TOM) was transported to the slope but little to the depocenter. The slightly hot and dry climate (low Mn/Mg ratios) led to decreasing autochthonous organism and evaporation environment. The shallow water depth and relative dry climate resulted in saline, suboxic-dysoxic acid bottom environment. The co-variation of organic and inorganic indexes indicates the combination is a valid method in reconstructing source rock depositional models.     

太阳盆地中新生代断裂特征及成因机制

太阳盆地位于北黄海盆地的东部,是一个发育在中-朝克拉通基底之上的中、新生代沉积盆地,勘探程度非常低。最新二维地震资料揭示,太阳盆地的断裂体系可以分控盆断裂、控凹(坳)断裂、控带断裂、控圈断裂和分割性断裂。盆地发育以NE向和NW向为主的的正断层和逆断层,而少量断层呈近EW或SN向。对不同类型的断裂构造特征及样式分析表明,断裂的活动期次可分为4期:晚侏罗世—早白垩世伸展断层、晚白垩世逆冲断层、始新世伸展正断层和新近纪正断层。中、新生代以来,中国东部构造演化主要受其东部太平洋板块活动控制,晚侏罗纪开始,洋壳俯冲在东部的欧亚大陆之下,伴随着太平洋—菲律宾板块的俯冲,太阳盆地发生NNE—SSW向的拉张;晚白垩世时期,由于太平洋板块俯冲方向的改变,区域性拉张变为区域性NNW—SSE向挤压,太阳盆地的一系列NW向逆断层形成;在始新世—渐新世,太平洋板块向东亚大陆作斜向减速俯冲,导致太阳盆地遭受NWW—SEE向拉张作用,再次断陷;渐新世末期,受喜山运动第Ⅱ幕的影响,太阳盆地发生再次的构造反转,形成一系列的小规模断层。     

A STUDY OF DETRITAL MINERALS IN THE SEDIMENTS FROM THE WESTERN CENTRAL PACIFIC OCEAN

No Jess than 90 species of detrital minerals have been identified from the fine and very fine sand grains in the sediments from the Western Central Pacific. It is demonstrated that the volcanic minerals were originated from the eruption of oceanic tholeiitic magma since the Early Pleistocene according to the mineralogical indications and the rare-earth element distribution pattern. The mineral assemblage indicates that the detrital minerals are principally of pelagic origin. But the Melanesia Basin has more terrigenous constituents of minerals, of which, the quartz content increased generally during the interglacial periods. The area of Wallis Islands, especially of the Northern Fiji Basin has relatively typical pelagic substances and less terrigenous components. The genesis of the authigenic manganese nodules is closely related to the brown clay and can also be found in the calcium carbonate sediments in form of fine grain, but not in the relatively loose calciferous volcanic ash bed in the Northern Fi