晚更新世以来台湾浅滩西北近岸沉积特征与古环境演化

对取自台湾浅滩西北部福建东山岛外的浅钻ZK2孔进行了包括AMS14C测年、粒度、微体古生物、碎屑矿物和黏土矿物等分析。结果表明该孔地层中存在两个明显的海相层和其间的两个陆相层,顶部的海相层为全新世高海平面以来形成的被现代潮流作用改造的现代沉积和残留沉积混合体;底部陆相层为MIS4期低海平面时期形成的河流沉积;中间的细粒沉积层又可划分为下部形成于MIS3期的以潟湖、潮坪和盐沼交替出现的海相沉积层,以及上部形成于MIS3期末到盛冰期出露水面之前的陆上沟谷充填沉积;台湾海峡南部在MIS3期之后发生了明显的构造沉降过程,但是在末次盛冰期海峡南部仍然出露水面之上形成了沉积间断面。本文研究内容为今后在台湾浅滩西北边缘到福建东南近岸区深入开展沉积学、地层学及古环境演化研究提供了新的参考。     

南黄海盆地海相中、古生界油气资源潜力研究

在对南黄海盆地海相中、古生界烃源条件和后期保存条件研究的基础上,运用盆地模拟手段并结合前人研究成果,对海相地层烃源岩的排烃史进行了模拟,计算了海相地层油气资源量,从而进行了海相油气资源潜力的分析;同时通过对海相上构造层和下构造层两套含油气系统成藏条件的研究,预测了盆地内海相油气资源的有利运聚区,进而指出南黄海盆地海相油气勘探的有利区,为下一步南黄海盆地的勘探部署提供了依据。研究表明,南黄海盆地海相下构造层和海相上构造层栖霞组、龙潭组—大隆组烃源岩推测为好的烃源岩,海相上构造层青龙组烃源岩推测为中等—好的烃源岩;盆地海相地层具有一定的油气资源潜力,油气资源总量为35.37×10^8t,且在纵向上,油气资源主要来自海相下构造层烃源岩系,在平面上主要分布于南部坳陷;盆地海相地层存在两类油气资源勘探有利区,其中,最有利区位于中部隆起区南部、南部坳陷区和勿南沙隆起区北部。     

东海Zk23孔的古沙脊沉积环境

根据东海陆架Zk23孔岩心分析资料,进行了沉积地层学、生物地层学和年代地层学分析,确定了该钻孔中段细砂层为埋藏古长江河口沙脊沉积,阐明了该孔附近海区冰消期前后和冰后期的沉积历史。约15kaBP以前,海平面上升较快,沉积了下层的河口—水下三角洲相地层;15～12kaBP的冰消期期间,海平面波动并稳定于60～80m等深线附近,发育了沙脊地貌;12kaBP以来海平面再度快速上升,至7kaBP水位稳定,直至今日,沉积了沙脊上覆的浅海相粉砂质黏土和黏土质粉砂地层。     

东海Zk23孔的古沙脊沉积环境

根据东海陆架Zk23孔岩心分析资料，进行了沉积地层学、生物地层学和年代地层学分析，确定了该钻孔中段细砂层为埋藏古长江河口沙脊沉积，阐明了该孔附近海区冰消期前后和冰后期的沉积历史。约在15kaB．P以前，海平面上升较快，沉积了下层的河口-水下三角洲相地层；约在15～12kaB．P．的冰消期期间，海平面波动并稳定于60～80m等深线附近，发育了沙脊地貌：约在12kaB．P．以来海平面再度快速上升，至7kaB．P水位稳定，直至今日，沉积了沙脊上覆的浅海相粉砂质黏土和黏土质粉砂地层。     

南黄海盆地中部隆起海相上构造层分布及断裂系统特征

南黄海盆地中部隆起区发育2套海相构造层,以下志留统高家边组泥岩滑脱带为界可划分为海相上构造层和海相下构造层。海相上构造层构造相对较复杂,以冲断结构为主,褶皱及叠瓦状逆冲断裂发育。对南黄海盆地中部隆起区多道地震资料进行处理解释表明,中部隆起区广泛发育海相上构造层,平面上总体表现为自西向东厚度呈厚—薄—厚的沉积格局。断裂系统发育,以近EW向断裂最为发育,其次为NE向断裂,NW向断裂则较为零星。构造应力以挤压和走滑为主,主要发育挤压、压扭和张扭3种构造样式。     

晚第四纪我国沿海海平面变动的若干问题

本文研究了海平面变动的依据后指出,贝壳堤、海滩岩、古海滩砾石层、钻孔中的海侵层是可靠的,老红砂和广泛采用的“海蚀地貌”在一定条件下可用,而风成生物碎屑岩通常不宜用作判别海平面。晚更新世晚期我国沿海海平面变动的遗迹处于不同的高度和埋深,~14C年龄也有差异,可能是新构造运动的结果或其他原因。长江三角洲和华南沿海地区全新世海平面上升的基本趋势相似,速度接近,但达到最大海侵的时间显然不同,可能系两地沉积速度不同所致。     

莺歌海附近陆架区埋藏古河道及海平面变化

用高分辨率地球物理仪,在莺歌海陆架区海底发现了大量埋藏古河道、古湖泊。根据其分布位置及断面特征,推测出更新世末期低海面时期埋藏古水系的分布。据沉积物层中的超覆层序及埋藏古河道的端点水深推测,晚更新世末期调查区最低海平面的位置在130—140m等深线附近。     

海平面上升对沿海城市的影响

全球气候变暖引起的海平面上升是沿海城市发展的共同环境背影，政府间气候变化委员会新近对海平面上升的最佳估计是，到２１００年全球海平面将上升５０ｃｍ，而大河三角洲区和沿海低平原区，由于沉积物压实，构造沉降过量开采地下水引起地面沉降，相对海平上升远远高于比值。     

马来西亚沙捞越深水区第三纪沉积层的地震层序地层研究

已在沙捞越深水区开展了地震层序地层的解释工作。其主要目的是建立一个可行的确定地层界面的年代地层表，并对地层内部的深积体系和岩相进行识别，编图及解释，用来解释的数据包括8000km的地震测线以及四口钻井资料。该项研究辨认和对比了8个地震层位的顶界面，以南海区域构造事件为基础，又将8个沉积层序合并为四个超层序（A，B，C和D），其中六个地震地层与利用四口钻井和古生物资料，确定其中六个地震层序的年代，另外两个较老的地层通过与全球海平面变化对比确定其年代。根据四口钻井的古生物，岩性，古岩相资料的GR编录进一步划分层序。在研究区同时开展了地震相分析，解释出四个主要的从非海相到深海相变化的地震相（相I-IV）。超层序C渐新统一下中新统的地震相图表明自下而上含有这四个主要地震相。该超层序为海侵体系，其古海岸线呈北西-南东向展布，超层序D中中新统至现代地震相图表明其含大部分外陆架到深海相沉积（地震相Ⅲ-Ⅳ）。其古海岸线为东西向展布，已制订出了一个有效的年代地层表，该表可将该研究区的二级一四级层序联系起来。并可将Ru和Pigott(1986)所提出的断陷事件，局部构造演化历史，Shell的Ⅰ-Ⅷ沉积旋回（Ho,1978)与全球海平面变化曲线（Haq等，1988）进行对比。该项研究同样有助于确定潜在的储集类型。非海相至浅海相的构造圈闭主要集中在超层序C中，而盆底扇的地层圈闭主要分布在超层序D中。     

白云南洼恩平组海相烃源岩空间展布规律及发育模式

通过借助层序地层学理论、构造古地貌分析、古生物资料、沉积速率与可容纳空间关系对比,以及典型地震相识别、地震相与沉积相剖面及平面分析等,结合区域地质资料及前人的研究成果,对白云南洼恩平组烃源岩的叠置关系、影响因素、空间展布规律及发育模式进行了研究,得到如下认识:白云南洼恩平组对应一个完整的二级层序,可细分为3个三级层序,自下至上为SQ1、SQ2、SQ3,海平面总体为上升特征,SQ3的最大海泛面对应了整个恩平组二级层序的最大海泛面;白云南洼恩平组为局限浅海环境,具备发育较好海相烃源岩的条件,稳定半封闭的古构造背景,有利于烃源岩有机质的富集保存;沉积速率小,且小于可容空间增长速率,沉积物向陆退积,沉积水体深度变大,利于海相烃源岩的发育;恩平组烃源岩为大陆边缘半闭塞—欠补偿—湿润海湾模式,优质烃源岩主要发育在受隆起及断层遮挡形成的海湾区。     

(Na,K)-phillipsite: Its stability conditions and geochemical role in the deep sea

Phillipsite occurs in the deep sea in areas of very slow sedimentation and as the final alteration product of basalt, suggesting that it is thermodynamically stable. The thermodynamic data for gibbsite, kaolinite, K-feldspar, Na-feldspar, analcime and H₄ SiO₄ (aq), as well as the activities of seawater constituents are reasonably well known. These values and estimated entropies for Na- and K-phillipsites permit an estimate of the free energy of formation (at 25°C) for Na-phillipsite (5337.6 ± 6.7 kcal/mole) and for K-phillipsite (5382.4 ± 1.9 kcal/mole). The decomposition of phillipsite to analcime at 250°C yields the same result, suggesting that phillipsite is indeed a stable mineral.Phillipsite does not regulate the concentration of Na⁺ and K⁺ in seawater, but probably affects the pH of bottom waters and the composition of interstitial waters. No indications exist of “frozen in” equilibria from hydrothermal reactions at 100–200°C as could be expected by submarine volcanism.     

On the variation in calcium content of the waters of Laccadives (Arabian Sea)

The concentration of calcium was determined in the samples collected from four stations in the Laccadive Sea and from two lagoons of Kavaratti and Minicoy atolls. The calcium/chlorinity ratio for the open ocean samples was found to be 0.02168 ± 0.000015 with an average calcium concentration of 424.9 mg kg^?1. A maximum in this ratio was observed at about 200 m depth, below the salinity maximum corresponding to Arabian Sea Surface Water mass. No increase in calcium concentration or in calcium/chlorinity ratio was observed down to 1500 m depth, thereby ruling out the possibility of any calcium carbonate dissolution at these depths. Samples from Kavaratti and Minicoy lagoons gave much lower values of the Ca/Cl ratio (0.02145 ± 0.000036 and 0.02142 ± 0.000046, respectively). These low values are apparently the result of calcium utilization by the coral reefs. Using the reduction in the calcium concentration inside the lagoon, in the absence of any chemical precipitation, the annual CaCO₃ production by reef flat and lagoon on Kavaratti Atoll has been estimated as 1 · 10⁷ kg. This gives an average gross production of 1.4 kg CaCO₃ per m² per yr.     

A convenient method for the determination of carbon in marine “net zooplankton”

Measurements of carbon in marine “net zooplankton” were made by use of a Leco 70 Second TC-12 Automatic Carbon Determinator. The instrument employs high-temperature (ca. 1600°C), dry-combustion and thermal-conductivity detection of the purified carbon-dioxide combustion product and oxygen carrier gas mixtures. The methodology developed in this study is convenient and rapid (ca. 70 sec per freeze-dried sample), with a mean error ($\text{±2σ/}\text{x}\text{·100}$) of ±4.4% at the 3 mg-C level and ±7.4% at the 10 mg-C level when benzoic acid is used as a standard, and ±9.2% at the 5 mg-C level and ±6.0% at the 10 mg-C level when casein is used as the standard. The technique was applied to the “splash zone” marine copepod Tigriopus californicus to obtain an average value of 38.6% C by weight. Concentrated samples of “net zooplankton” of varying size fractions were collected in the Monterey upwelling region over an eight-month period. Values up to 2000 mg-C/m² ocean surface (0–200 m) were observed in a seasonal cycle doubly peaked for some size fractions but not for others.     

Farming of spiny lobsters in sea cages in India

Pueruli and post‐pueruli, early juveniles and sub‐adults of the spiny lobster, Panulirus homarus and juveniles of P. ornatus were grown in different floating sea cages along the southeast coast of India from May 2003 to May 2007. The first type of cage had a galvanised iron pipe frame (2.0 m × 2.0 m × 1.2 m) with steel woven mesh and four inner detachable compartments (0.75 m × 0.75 m × 1.10 m). Fibre‐reinforced plastic was used subsequently to fabricate cages (1 m × 1 m × 1 m). Pueruli and post‐pueruli of P. homarus (1.58 ± 0.62 g SD), stocked at 60 individuals/m², grew to an average weight of 123.10 ± 26.22 g in 266 days with a survival rate of 70%. Sub‐adults of P. homarus with an average weight (± SD) of 123.61 ± 29.26 g reached 341.25 ± 46.22 g in 225 days at a stocking density of 21 individuals/m² with a survival of 73 ± 6%. The post‐pueruli grew by 0.46 ± 0.10 g per day with a specific growth rate (SGR) of 1.64, whereas sub‐adults had a growth rate of 0.97 ± 0.20 g per day with a SGR of 0.43. At a higher stocking density of 80 individuals/m², juveniles (51.83 ± 10.32 g and 58.20 ± 28.22 g) of P. homarus recorded growth rates of 0.86 ± 0.25 (SGR 0.82) and 0.97 ± 0.34 g (SGR 0.96) per day. This study indicates that post‐pueruli of P. homarus can be grown to over 200 g in 12 months and up to 350 g in 16 to 17 months in sea cages. Juveniles (average weight 76.35 ± 34.50 g) of P. ornatus, reared with P. homarus at a stocking density of 80 individuals/m², recorded a weight gain of 139 g in 155 days at arate of 0.89 ± 0.32 g per day with an SGR of 0.67. Marine live clam, Donax spp., was the main feed supplemented with the gastropod, Xancus pyrum, the green mussel, Perna viridis, marine crab (Charibdis sp.), squid (Loligo sp.), and fish such as clupeids and Leognathus sp. Pueruli and post‐pueruli settled in large numbers (up to 35 individuals/month in one cage) both inside and outside the cages.     

Observations of the Karimata Strait througflow from December 2007 to November 2008

In order to quantitatively estimate the volume and property transports between the South China Sea and Indonesian Seas via the Karimata Strait, two trawl-resistant bottom mounts, with ADCPs embedded, were deployed in the strait to measure the velocity profile as part of the South China Sea-Indonesian Seas transport/exchange (SITE) program. A pair of surface and bottom acoustic modems was employed to transfer the measured velocity without recovering the mooring. The advantage and problems of the instruments in this field work are reported and discussed. The field observations confirm the existence of the South China Sea branch of Indonesian throughflow via the Karimata Strait with a stronger southward flow in boreal winter and weaker southward bottom flow in boreal summer, beneath the upper layer northward (reversal) flow. The estimate of the averaged volume, heat and freshwater transports from December 2007 to March 2008 (winter) is (-2.7 ± 1.1) × 10 6 m3/s, (-0.30 ± 0.11) PW, (-0.18 ± 0.07) × 106m3/s and from May to September 2008 (summer) is (1.2 ± 0.6) × 106m3/s, (0.14 ± 0.03) PW, (0.12 ± 0.04) × 106m3/s and for the entire record from December 2007 to October 2008 is (-0.5 ± 1.9) × 10 6 m3/s, (-0.05 ± 0.22) PW, (-0.01 ± 0.15) × 106m3/s (negative/positive represents southward/northward transport), respectively. The existence of southward bottom flow in boreal summer implies that the downward sea surface slope from north to south as found by Fang et al. (2010) for winter is a year-round phenomenon.     

Validating NO<Subscript>2</Subscript> measurements in the vertical atmospheric column with the OMI instrument aboard the EOS Aura satellite against ground-based measurements at the Zvenigorod Scientific Station

Data on the NO₂ content in the vertical column of the atmosphere obtained with the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) aboard the EOS Aura satellite (United States) in the period from October 2004 to October 2007 are compared with the results of ground-based measurements at the Zvenigorod Scientific Station (55.7° N, 36.8° E). The “unpolluted”; part of the total NO₂ content in the atmospheric column, which mostly represents the stratosphere, and the NO₂ contents in the vertical column of the troposphere, including the lower layer, which is subject to pollution, are included in the comparison. The correlation coefficient between the results of ground-based and satellite measurements of the “unpolluted” total NO₂ content is ∼0.9. The content values measured with the OMI instrument are smaller than the results of ground-based measurements (on average, by (0.30 ± 0.03) × 10¹⁵ cm⁻² or by (11 ± 1)%). Therms discrepancy between the satellite and ground-based data is 0.6 × 10¹⁵ cm⁻². The NO₂ content in the vertical column of the troposphere from the results of satellite measurements is, on average, (1.4 ± 0.5) × 10¹⁵ cm⁻², (or about 35%) smaller than from the results of ground-based measurements, and the rms discrepancy between them is about 200%. The correlation coefficient between these data is ∼0.4. This considerable discrepancy is evidently caused by the strong spatial (horizontal) inhomogeneity and the temporal variability of the NO₂ field during episodes of pollution, which leads to different (and often uncorrelated) estimates of the NO₂ content in the lower troposphere due to different spatial resolutions of ground-based and satellite measurements.     

Metabolic activity of pelagic copepods from 5,000 to 7,000 m depth of the western subarctic Pacific,as inferred from electron transfer system (ETS) activity

This study demonstrates reduced electron transfer system (ETS) activity of mixed copepods collected from 5,000 to 7,000 m depths [3.21 ± 1.25 μl O₂ (mg protein)⁻¹ h⁻¹ at 10°C] as compared with mixed copepods from 0 to 200 m depths [5.93 ± 1.66 μl O₂ (mg protein)⁻¹ h⁻¹ at 10°C] of the western subarctic Pacific. At the in situ temperature of 1.5°C, the 5,000–7,000 m ETS data, in terms of wet mass (WM)-specific respiration rates (R), is equivalent to [0.052 ± 0.021 μl O₂ (mg WM)⁻¹ h⁻¹] which is similar to or greater than those reported for selected copepods or mixed mesozooplankton from <5,000 m depth by previous workers.     

228Ra, 226Ra, 224Ra and 223Ra in potential sources and sinks of land-derived material in the German Bight of the North Sea: implications for the use of radium as a tracer

Activities of the naturally occurring radium nuclides ²²⁸Ra, ²²⁶Ra, ²²⁴Ra and ²²³Ra were determined in waters of the open German Bight and adjacent nearshore areas in the North Sea, in order to explore the potential use of radium isotopes as natural tracers of land–ocean interaction in an environment characterised by extensive tidal flats, as well as riverine and groundwater influx. Data collected at various tidal phases from the Weser Estuary (²²⁸Ra: 46.3 ± 4.6; ²²⁶Ra: 17.1 ± 1.1; ²²⁴Ra: 26.1 ± 8.2 to 36.5 ± 6.1; ²²³Ra: 1.8 ± 0.1 to 4.0 ± 0.4), tidal flats near Sahlenburg (²²⁸Ra: 39.3 ± 3.8 to 46.0 ± 4.5; ²²⁶Ra: 15.5 ± 1.5 to 16.5 ± 1.7; ²²⁴Ra: 34.3 ± 2.2 to 85.3 ± 6.3; ²²³Ra: 3.6 ± 0.5 to 8.0 ± 1.2), freshwater seeps on tidal flats near Sahlenburg (²²⁸Ra: 42.1 ± 4.1; ²²⁶Ra: 21.3 ± 2.2; ²²⁴Ra: 5.1 ± 0.9; ²²³Ra: 2.6 ± 1.3) and also in permanently inundated parts of the North Sea (²²⁸Ra: 23.0 ± 2.3 to 28.2 ± 2.8; ²²⁶Ra: 8.2 ± 0.8 to 11.8 ± 1.2; ²²⁴Ra: 3.1 ± 1.0 to 10.1 ± 0.9; ²²³Ra: 0.1 ± 0.02 to 0.9 ± 0.05; units: disintegrations per minute per 100 kg water sample) reveal that, except for the fresh groundwater, the potential end-members of nearshore water mass mixing have quite similar radium signatures, excluding a simple discrimination between the sources. However, the decreasing activities of the short-lived ²²⁴Ra and ²²³Ra isotopes recorded towards the island of Helgoland in the central German Bight show a potential to constrain fluxes of land-derived material to the open North Sea. The largest source for all radium isotopes is generally found on the vast tidal flats and in the Weser Estuary. Future work could meaningfully combine this so-called radium quartet approach with investigations of radon activity. Indeed, preliminary data from a tidal flat site with fresh groundwater seepage reveal a ²²²Rn signal that is clearly lower in seawater.     

Effect of dietary protein to energy ratio on growth and nitrogenous waste production of cultured dusky kob Argyrosomus japonicus

The effect of dietary protein to energy ratio (P:E) on the growth of dusky kob Argyrosomus japoni-cus was investigated as a first step towards formulating a practical diet for this potential mariculture species in South Africa. The effects of dietary protein and lipid on growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and nitrogenous waste production were determined in cultured juveniles (initial weight 113.8 ± 2.0 g fish^?1). Fish were fed diets that contained either 42 or 46% protein with 6, 12 or 18% lipid, within a P:E range of 20.5–26.7 g protein MJ^?1. Weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) were significantly influenced by an interaction between dietary protein and energy (p < 0.001). An increase in dietary lipid produced increasing growth rates (ranging from 0.95 ± 0.04% to 1.10 ± 0.01% day^?1) among fish fed the 46% protein diets, with no significant differences in FCR (1.05 ± 0.02 to 1.11 ± 0.02) or protein efficiency ratio (PER; 1.95 ± 0.06 to 1.66 ± 0.02). By contrast, there was a trend of decreasing growth (0.96 ± 0.04% to 0.64 ± 0.03% day^?1) and a deterioration in FCR (1.3 ± 0.10 to 1.93 ± 0.19) and PER (1.12 ± 0.11 to 1.68 ± 0.11) with increasing dietary lipid among fish fed 42% protein diets, indicating a protein– energy imbalance. The protein and lipid levels tested here had no significant effect on total ammonia production, with a combined mean production of 2.54 ± 0.55 mg kg^?1 I^?1 h^?1, 10 hours postprandial (p = 0.68). The dietary lipid level appeared to directly determine the carcass lipid content, with the mean lipid content ranging from 4.2% to 17.8% for fish fed diets ranging from 6% to 18% respectively after 12 weeks (r² = 0.98). A 46% protein and 18% lipid (P:E ratio of 22.0 g protein MJ^?1) diet is recommended for rearing juvenile A. japonicus of a mass range of 100–300 g.     

2012年冬季菲律宾海浮游动物丰度和生物量的水平分布

为了解西太平洋菲律宾海浮游动物丰度和生物量的水平分布特征,于2012年11月26日至2012年12月12日对菲律宾海上层海洋(0—200m)的浮游动物进行了调查。调查站位分别位于受赤道逆流(NECC)、棉兰老流(MC)、北赤道流(NEC)和黑潮(KC)影响的海域。通过比较浮游动物的丰度和生物量(分别用干重,灰分,无灰干重和含能量等指标表示),探讨不同海流中浮游动物的分布特征。结果表明:桡足类、毛颚类和水母类是菲律宾海浮游动物的三大主要类群。调查海域浮游动物丰度为11—116ind./m3,NECC区平均丰度最高((96±28)ind./m3),然后依次是MC区和KC区,NEC区最小((26±9)ind./m3)。在浮游动物生物量(干重)方面,同样NECC区最高((3.25±1.11)mg/m3),其次为MC区,但是平均丰度最小的NEC区生物量超过KC区。造成这一差异的主要原因,可能是由于KC区的浮游动物具有更高的含水量以及较小个体所占比例较高。不同水团之间浮游动物灰分、无灰干重和含能量的分布特征与干重相一致。结合环境因子分析显示,上升流、叶绿素a、初级生产力、海流和温度等因素对浮游动物的分布具有一定影响。