台湾海区的风浪特点及分布规律

收集了1960～1990年间的31 a国际气象船舶报资料,以中国台湾周边海区为中心,范围自20°N～28°N,116.5°E～124°E,划分为1°×1°网格单位,对风向、风速、浪向、浪高、周期等要素进行累年逐月统计和作图.通过分析研究,我们发现了该区的风浪特点和分布规律冬季风浪以台湾海峡中部为最大,尤其是澎湖列岛北部地区(风速大于20 m/s,浪高大于3.0m),但在台湾西南部沿岸以高雄为中心,风浪最小;夏季风浪以台湾海峡南口为最大(风速大于13.0 m/s,浪高大于2.0 m),台湾海峡风浪最小(风速小于1.0m/s,浪高小于1.5m).这些新的特点,在以往的2°×2°或5°×5°的大网格分析研究中是显示不出来的.     

台湾海峡南部海水化学要素分布状况

一.概要1979年6—7月,中国科学院南海海洋研究所“实验”号在南海北部进行了一次海洋科学考察,其中在台湾海峡南面117°30′—120°00′E、21°00′—23°00′N布设7个大面站和1个连续站(见图1)的观测。海水化学要素的调查项目包括盐度、溶解氧、PH、可溶性无机磷酸盐和活性硅酸盐等,并以现场采水测定。海水中盐度的测定采用HD_2型实验室盐度计; 海水中溶解氧(下称氧)的测定采用Winker碘量法;     

末次间冰期和早冰期的ENSO事件

从 2 0世纪初开始 ,在夏季日照变化显著的北半球高纬地区 ,可以发现日照和气候之间的联系 ,通常认为夏至期间在 6 5°N的大气层顶部 (TOA)的日照反映了使全球气候变化的太阳引力。这里与Berger等 ( 1 981 )的结论进行商讨 ,他们将两个半球不同纬度大气层顶部日照的月变化与Hays等 ( 1 976 )的大洋氧同位素记录进行了相关分析 ,最高正相关 (P≤ 0 0 1 )出现于 9月而不是在 6月 ,是在 3个代表热带的纬度上 ( 2 5°N ,5°N ,和 1 5°S)而不是在高纬地区。 3月所有进行试验的纬度 ( 85°N ,6 5°N ,45°N ,2 5°N ,5°N ,1 5°S ,3 5°S…     

西太平洋暖池海域热含量场的变异及其影响

基于 1 95 5— 1 999年间太平洋月平均海温资料 ,利用经验正交函数 (EOF)分解法 ,研究了西太平洋暖池海域 ( 1 2 0°E— 1 60°W ,1 8°N— 1 6°S)热含量场的时空变化 ,并分析了该海域东、西区热含量变化与南方涛动、副热带高压及ENSO的关系。结果表明 ,暖池海域热含量场主要包括年变化型、年际变化型和年代际变化型三个模态 ,其主要变化周期依次为 1 .0、3.6和 1 3.7年。相关和合成分析表明 ,暖池东、西区热含量的变化均与南方涛动、副热带高压和ENSO循环有十分密切的关系。     

长江口上升流海区的生态环境特征

根据 1 985年 8月的调查资料 ,讨论了长江口上升流海区的生态环境特征。研究表明 ,在长江口外 ,大约在 1 2 2°2 0′— 1 2 3°1 0′E、31°0 0′— 32°0 0′N海区存在着明显的下层高盐冷水的抬升现象 ;伴随这种上升运动 ,于 5— 1 0m层 ,在上述高盐冷水区明显地存在一个低溶解氧、高营养盐区。资料表明 ,该低氧、高营养盐海水不是直接来自表层的长江冲淡水 ,而是来自深底层的变性后的台湾暖流水。分析表明 ,长江口外的浮游植物高值区的分布位置与上升流区基本一致 ,两者比较浮游植物高值区略向东南方向偏移约 1 5— 2 0km。作者认为形成这种偏离现象的原因可能与上升流中心区水温偏低有关     

台湾周边海区的海浪特点

本文收集了1960～1990年的国际气象船舶报资料,以台湾岛为中心,范围为20°～28°N、116．5°～124°E的海区,并将整个海区划分为台湾海峡、台湾东部、台湾北部、巴士海峡四个海域。按1°×1°网格逐月进行统计,并将统计结果绘制成海面风、海浪玫瑰图,以及平均波高、平均周期、大浪大涌(≥2．5m)频率、小于等于1．2m波高和各类波长频率分布图。通过分析得出全年的海浪特点及其分布规律,这对发展国民经济、航海和军事活动具有重要意义。     

IODP 303航次 ——冰盖—大洋大气圈晚新近纪—第四纪千年尺度的相互作用

IODP 30 3航次建议的 5 72 Full3钻探 (4 1°0 0 6 8′～ 5 8°33 2 2 7′N、2 3°0 5 2 5 2′～ 4 8°31 84 2′W ,13个站位 ) ,拟将北大西洋晚新近纪—第四纪气候指数转换为地磁古强度辅助年代 (PAC) ,该年代学基于地磁古强度、稳定同位素和岩屑层状地层的综合研究。建议的站位位于OrphanKnoll外Eirik冰碛 (东南格陵兰 )、南Gardar冰碛和中大西洋“冰筏岩屑 (IRD)带”之上 ,这些站位的平均沉积速率估计在 5～ 5 0cm/ka。利用钻井技术的活塞取心预计可贯穿海底之下 30 0m的深度 ,以便来恢复晚新近纪—第四纪的气候记录 ,对于高分…     

东海聚球蓝细菌(Synechococcus)的分布特点及在微食物环中的作用

利用荧光显微镜技术研究了东海 ( 2 7°— 32°N ,1 2 2°— 1 30°E)中聚球蓝细菌 (Syne chococcus)的数量。结果表明 ,冬季 ( 1 997年 2— 3月 )聚球蓝细菌生物量是 7.2 1— 0 0 1 1mgC/m3(平均为 0 82mgC/m3) ,夏季 ( 1 998年 7月 )聚球蓝细菌生物量是 5 78— 0 1 9mgC/m3(平均为1 43mgC/m3)。夏季聚球蓝细菌的平均值是冬季的 1 7倍。冬季受黑潮水的影响 2 0m层和表层中的聚球蓝细菌数量自东南向西北递减。聚球蓝细菌生物量在总浮游植物生物量 (CB/PB)中占的比例冬季平均是 1 0 % ( 0 5 %— 91 8% ) ,夏季平均是 3% ( 0 6%— 1 0 6% ) ,冬季是夏季的 3 3倍。微型浮游动物 (nanozooplankton)是东海聚球蓝细菌的主要捕食者 ,对聚球蓝细菌捕食率为 0 2 1 8— 0 75 9/d。     

印度洋近赤道地区风场的变化与ENSO

本文利用综合海洋大气(COADS)资料,计算了0°—10°N、70°—120°E和0°—10°S、7O°—120°E两地区1950—1979年逐月纬向和经向风的平均值,并与东太平洋表面海温(以下简称海温)进行了相关分析,得出在ENSO发生前,印度洋赤道地区有纬向西风偏强和经向北风偏强,与南印度洋的气旋性环流加强相联系,ENSO发生时,异常情况完全相反,同时分析了30°—40°N、120°—140°E地区经向风的变化与ENSO的关系,在ENSO发生前,印度洋赤道地区的西风偏强和赤道以北的北风偏强与印度尼西亚地区的高海温异常有关,而东亚强的冬季风可影响印度尼西亚纬向西风的异常.     

南黄海春秋季大型底栖动物分布现状

根据 2 0 0 0年 1 0月和 2 0 0 1年 3月在 1 2 1°— 1 2 5°E、33°— 36°N海域范围内的 1 7个取样站采集的 482号采泥样品和 5 4 6号拖网样品共计 2 72种动物 ,经实验室鉴定、称重、计数、计算 ,分析研究了南黄海海域大型底栖动物在春季和秋季的分布状况。结果表明 ,在 2 72种大型底栖生物中 ,多毛类 84种 ,软体动物 76种 ,甲壳动物 83种 ,棘皮动物 2 9种。从分析结果看 ,春季和秋季大型底栖生物的栖息密度没有明显的差异 ,而生物量却变化很大 ,秋季的生物量远高于春季。这与底栖生物在春季繁殖 ,多为幼体或低龄个体 ,而秋季基本长大成熟有关。与 1 95 9— 1 960年的全国海洋综合调查对南黄海底栖生物的调查结果比较 ,表明当前该海域大型底栖生物的分布格局和生态学特点没有根本的改变 ,但春季的生物量较 1 95 9年低     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,