南海QuikSCAT海面风场变化特征分析

基于QuikSCAT海面风场产品,对海面风场资料进行了EOF分析和随机动态分析,以此分析南海海面风场的变化特征。研究发现:海面原始风场风速季节变化最为明显,其变化占总变化方差的59.1%,黑潮的季节变化通过海气相互作用对南海局地风场有较明显的影响;原始风场第三模态及异常风场第二模态时间变化函数与SOI和PDO弱相关,且异常风场第二模态时间变化函数谱分析结果主要呈现5年的周期变化,南海海面风场变化与年际振荡有关;南海大部分海区风速呈现增长的趋势,但增长速率较小;风速增大最快的区域是台湾海峡以南海域和北部湾,增长速度达到0.05 ms-1a-1。     

南海海面温度的年际模态及其与季风强迫的关系

通过对COADS和OISST海洋气象资料的分析，以南海的海面温度异常(SSTA)为指示因子，在研究年际尺度上的南海与大尺度ENSO关系的基础上，进一步探讨了季风强迫下Ekman抽吸对SSTA年际变化的贡献。研究发现，南海SSTA滞后5个月时与：Nifio 3的SSTA相关系数最大，且其年际变化依方差贡献大小，分别有42．7月、25．6月及36．6个月的周期，这3个年际模态基本上能够描述海面温度的年际变异，为南海在大尺度ENSO背景下存在区域响应提供了重要的证据；应用Krause—Turner混合层温度方程对南海异常暖事件的研究表明，除了经向风应力异常，Ekman抽吸也是影响SSTA年际变异的主要因素，在某些异常年份甚至是主导因素，为南海SSTA年际变化的研究提供了重要的补充。     

热带太平洋-南海-印度洋海面风与海面温度年际变化整体耦合的主模态

利用COADS资料和相关分析、经验正交函数分解、奇异值分解和小波分析等方法对热带太平洋-南海-印度洋的海表面温度(SST)及海面风场(SSW)进行了研究,确定了热带太平洋、南海以及印度洋作为1个整体时海面风场及海面温度场相互作用的主模态。在把热带太平洋、南海和印度洋作为整体的情况下,研究了该模态的时空分布特征。各种方法研究均表明,该模态在热带太平洋上为ENSO模态;在热带印度洋上为对应于ENSO态的印度洋“单极型”模态;在南海则表现为整个海盆尺度上的一致型。     

2000-2008年期间南海海面温度的年际与空间变异

通过对2000-2008年更高空间分辨率的南海海面温度(SST)的卫星遥感数据进行经验正交函数(EOF)分析,着重研究21世纪以来整个南海海域SST年际变化的时空变异,并探讨了其与南海海面风场和海面高度的关系,以及期间南海发生的两次负异常事件的特点和成因.SST年际变化的第一模态表现为全海盆同相变化,年际振荡主要发生在...     

吕宋海峡Ekman输运和南海SST的相关性分析

在利用1950—2009年NCEP(National Center for Environmental Prediction)资料分析风场数据的基础上,计算吕宋海峡的Ekman输运,研究表明其存在显著的季节变化,除了夏季外,其它季节均为由太平洋向南海输运。分析吕宋海峡Ekman输运和南海海盆表征上层热力状况的海表面温度SST(Sea Surface Temperature)之间的关系发现:在年内时间尺度上,两者不存在显著的同期相关,Ekman输运对SST的影响开始于一个月之后,从北部向南扩展,第二个月最为明显,并扩展至整个海盆,第三个月开始衰减,第四个月影响消失,且相关性为正;在年际尺度上,吕宋海峡Ek-man输运的异常同南海SSTA(Sea Surface Temperature Abnormal)的第二模态存在显著的相关联系,并且吕宋海峡Ekman输运和南海SSTA的相关关系在北部为正,南部为负。吕宋海峡Ekman输运调制南海大尺度环流,通过暖、冷平流的作用影响南海SST的变化。     

南海混合层深度的季节变化及年际变化特征

通过分析新的SODA(Simple Ocean Data Assimilation)资料,得到南海混合层时空场的分布特征,剖析了南海混合层深度的季节及年际变化特征。资料分析表明:南海混合层存在着显著的季节和年际变化,且两者的均方差分布存在一定的差异。在季节变化中,冬季混合层在南海北部及西北陆架区深,在南海南部及吕宋冷涡处浅;夏季混合层在南海西北部浅,东南深。南海这种混合层深度分布特征除了与热通量的季节变化有关外,在相当大的程度上与季风引起的Ekman输送及Ekman抽吸有关。混合层深度距平场EOF(Empirical Othorgnal Function)第一模和第二模时间变化的主信号均为周期的年际变化信号,其中第一模态约为3 a,第二模态则有1.8,2.4和4.3 a的3个显著周期。EOF第一模显示混合层深度在南海东南部年际变化幅度最大,且滞后Nino3指数7个月时相关性最好(相关系数为0.422 3);EOF第二模显示在南海南部和北部混合层深度呈反位相变化。     

南海近海面风场变化特征及其与ENSO的相关性研究

利用1979—2017年共39 a欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)海表面10 m风场资料,采用经验正交函数方法(EOF)、小波时频特征分析等方法分析了南海近海面风场变化特征及其对ENSO的响应。结果表明:南海近海面风场第一模态海表面平均风速呈减小趋势,呈现年代际变化,且与ENSO相关,但相关性在1990年后趋于减小;第二模态中南海北部和南部平均风速呈减小趋势,中部增大;第三模态中南海中部海表面平均风速趋于减小,北部和南部增大,第二和第三模态均表现为年际变化,且均与ENSO显著相关,近年来ENSO与第三模态的相关性逐渐增强。春季南海表面平均风速从南到北逐渐增加;夏季在越南沿岸部分海域仍有一个风速极大值中心,从该海域向四周逐渐减小,整片海域风向均是西南风;秋季由南向北依次增加;冬季南海整片海域风速都较大,越南沿岸和我国东沙群岛海域存在两个极大值中心。     

南海海表风速、波高的变化趋势

文章以ERA-40资料为基础,利用EOF方法分析南海海面风速、波高的两个模态空间分布,系统计算1957—2002年南海海表风速、波高的空间分布特征、长期变化趋势和突变现象。分析结果显示,南海海面风、浪场的第一模态具有很好的相似性,第二模态已表现出不同的特征;第一模态的时间系数也表明风场和波高的变化特征具有明显的正相关性,而且波高的响应具有一定的滞后性;南海风速场和海浪场在1973—2002年都存在下降趋势,海浪场的下降趋势更为显著。     

基于GHSOM网络的南海风场时空变化特征分析

基于1979—2018年欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)近海面10 m风场资料,采用增长型分层自组织映射(GHSOM)神经网络方法,对南海海表面风场(SSW)的季节变化和年际异常变化进行了分析,结果表明：(1)GHSOM网络训练原始风场数据第一层结果揭示了4个特征模态,高度概括了南海近海面风场的季节变化特征;第二层结果提取了风场的月变化特征。(2)GHSOM网络训练异常风场数据第一层结果揭示了4类异常风场特征模态：反气旋式异常、气旋式异常、西南风异常和东北风异常模态。其中反气旋式异常和气旋式异常模态呈现出不对称现象,即反气旋式异常风场的振幅大于气旋式异常风场;且这两个模态与ENSO事件密切相关,它们的时间序列与Niño 3.4指数序列存在显著的延迟相关。同时,东北风异常风场模态的发生频率大于西南风异常模态。向下扩展的第二层结果揭露了异常风场模态更多的细节特征。     

ENSO背景下南海海表温度异常的跷跷板模态

基于多种海洋气象数据,对南海海表温度距平在ENSO背景下的年际变化特征进行了分析。发现南海海表温度距平具有明显的东北-西南反向变化的跷跷板模态:在厄尔尼诺年,南海西南部以越南南部沿岸为中心有明显的升温现象,东北部特别是吕宋海峡附近有明显的降温现象,拉尼娜年份相反。分析南海海表面的净热通量收支,发现除北部较浅的沿岸海外,其对海表温度升高起抑制作用。研究显示,南海海表温度异常的跷跷板模态主要与海洋动力结构变化相关。在厄尔尼诺年,南海西南部正的风应力旋度减弱,Ekman抽吸减弱,冷水上涌减少,导致温度升高;而东北部,则可能是由于低温的吕宋贯通流增强导致的温度降低。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺的检测方法初步研究

研究的目的是探索一种检测双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺含量的方法。以栉孔扇贝(Chlamysfarreri)和长牡蛎(Crassostreagigas)为实验对象,研究了取样、抗氧化剂、氧化铝用量以及Tris缓冲液用量等对实验结果的影响。结果表明,高效液相色谱电化学检测器法(HPLC-ECD)可以灵敏高效地对双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺进行定性、定量检测。实验表明,取样时间最长不超过1.5min;还原性谷胱甘肽作抗氧化剂效果较好;前处理各试剂与血样量的最适配比为血样量1.5mL,Tris缓冲液(1.5mol/L,pH8.6)1mL和氧化铝25mg;水洗后离心并尽可能吸干氧化铝中的水分。去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素和多巴胺的回收率分别为53%~69%、47%~73%和48%~56%。     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

黄河入海径流对河口海域盐度影响研究

为研究黄河入海径流变化条件下河口附近海域盐度扩散特征,以更好地保护河口海域生物资源多样性,本文以黄河下游利津水文站的长序列实测径流数据资料为基础,利用近海水动力模型FVCOM,分析径流变化对黄河口海域盐度的影响规律。结果表明：黄河口与莱州湾之间存在顺时针的环流系统,在余流作用以及涨落潮方向的影响下,黄河冲淡水长期向莱州湾扩散;丰水期黄河冲淡水几乎影响了整个莱州湾,27盐度锋可以到达莱州湾中部,27等盐线的表层包络面积为2 665.61 km²,占莱州湾的1/4左右,枯水期低盐度水只有向南扩散的趋势,27以下的低盐度水集中分布在黄河口门附近,27等盐线的表层包络面积只有199.65 km²;5月份,随着入海径流量增加,27等盐线扩散的范围、距离、方向都会发生明显变化。在对近海生物资源有迫切保护需求的情景下,适当减少其他用水户供水量以增加入海生态径流量,可以有效改善黄河口海域附近的盐度情况,为生物资源的生长繁殖创造良好条件。     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

The influence of the bottom contour on the deformed state of the ice cover due to the motion of the submarine

The authors have previously determined that the effectiveness and failure pattern of the ice cover caused by flexural-gravity waves generated by a submerged body motion near the bottom ice can greatly depend on the depth of the water area. In its turn, the presence of a ledge on the ice surface may affect a wave propagation pattern. This paper presents an experimental study of the bottom contour influence on the deflection and length of flexural-gravity waves. The authors describe a numerical model for the analysis of the deformed state of ice caused by hydrodynamic loads due to a submarine motion, taking into account the bottom contour. The experiments are carried out in the ice tank. The results of calculations and experiments are compared.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

北黄海海域大气湍流强度特征及风速标准差相似性分析

根据国家海洋局"908"专项北黄海海区海洋气象观测资料,计算了2007～2008年间该海区4个不同季节的大气湍流强度并与其他海区及陆地下垫面大气湍流值相比较.北黄海海区大气湍流强度量级为10-2,比陆地下垫面大气湍流强度低一个量级.由于海洋的特殊性质,对秋季大气湍流强度日变化的分析发现,在大气湍流强度的影响因素中,海洋的热力作用相对较大.对水平方向风速标准差是否满足Monin-Obukhov相似关系进行了探讨,数据显示,在不稳定层结下冬季水平方向无量纲风速标准差与Z/L的关系,基本满足1/3次方律.秋冬在不稳定层结下垂直方向风速标准差满足Monin-Obukhov相似理论.