海洋对热带气旋响应的一种改进模式

建立一个改进的二层非线性原始方程海洋模式，研究海洋对热带气旋的响应。采用湍流动能收支参数化风应力产生的垂直混合（夹卷），其中考虑了盐度对层结强度的影响。通过海洋对７００２号台风响应的数值模拟，结果表明，在引起海表温度下降的各热通量分量中，夹卷约占了８３％，余下的海表面热通量占了１７％。在台风路径转向的右侧，海洋出现强烈的降温表现出明显的右偏性。降温的幅度、范围和形状均与观测结果较为一致。     

珠江口鸡啼门近海海洋对台风的响应

海洋对台风的响应对台风预报具有重要意义,但是由于动力结构比较复杂,近岸水体对台风的响应仍然不明确。基于珠江口海洋生态环境教育部野外科学观测研究站的1号浮标观测资料(2021年7~8月),分析了珠江口鸡啼门海域在台风“查帕卡”和“卢碧”期间海洋动力学和热力学响应特征。台风过境引起水体的纬向流速显著增强,“查帕卡”激发了强烈的顺时针近惯性振荡,“卢碧”则激发了接近惯性频率的逆时针海水运动。受当地浅水深的影响,近惯性能量在一个惯性周期(32 h)后快速耗散。两个台风引起的海表温度(sea surface temperature,SST)降温幅度均大于2.2℃,这种降温受潜热通量影响较大;同时,台风过后晚上的SST均大于白天的SST,这也是受到潜热通量的影响。     

一次台风过程对西北太平洋西边界流系源区影响的数值模拟研究

利用POM及其与WRF的耦合模式对"格美"台风影响下的该海区进行了5组数值模拟试验,在对结果分析的基础上,得到了西北太平洋西边界流系源区对此次台风过程的响应。研究表明:在台风影响下,最大风速区及热通量输送决定了海表温度(SST)降温中心范围,热通量的输送对SST的降低贡献超过16.7%;受此次台风影响的混合层(OML)加深、维持的时间为42 h,热通量对OML的加深有正作用,但不如风应力的贡献明显。台风移动方向右侧,OML加深范围更大,且SST最大降低区并不是OML最大加深区。此次台风过程对黑潮南向流的影响较弱,主要增加了海洋混合层的北向流流量。利用耦合模式,考虑了海气间的相互作用,在台风中心附近模拟出由于低压引起的海面升高现象。     

台风期间海洋飞沫对海气湍通量的影响研究

本文以2006年9月日本以南海域的台风YAGI为例,应用黑潮延伸体附近的KEO浮标观测资料,并结合卫星遥感等融合资料,分析海洋飞沫在台风不同发展阶段对海气界面间热量通量和动量通量的影响。首先,定量地分析台风期间海洋飞沫对海气热通量的影响。结果表明,在台风YAGI过境期间,海洋飞沫能够显著地加剧海气界面间的热量交换,尤其是潜热交换。海洋飞沫增加的热通量随着风速的增强而增大,随着波龄的增大而减小。随后,通过动量分析表明,在台风YAGI过境期间,海洋飞沫显著地增强了由大气向海洋的动量转移。当风速达到台风量级后,考虑海洋飞沫所增加的动量通量与界面动量通量大小相当,同时,在此风速条件下,海洋飞沫在海气界面形成极限饱和悬浮层,抑制风到海表面的动量转移,导致海气界面间总的动量通量的增长率随之减小。     

台风"森拉克"的数值模拟研究:海洋飞沫的作用

台风作为一种在海洋上生成和演变的强烈天气现象，除了环境流场、自身结构以及地形等因子对它产生影响外，海气间的热量动量交换也是台风演变过程中不可或缺的因子。台风期间在海气界面生成大量海洋飞沫，这些飞沫在台风边界层的蒸发必然对海气之间的通量传输过程产生影响，进而影响到台风本身的演变。文章将海洋飞沫参数化引入大气中尺度模式中，对2002年16号台风“森拉克”的演变进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明，引入海洋飞沫参数化方案，可使台风期间海气界面的潜热通量增加50％，10m层风速最大值增加30％，从而使模拟台风的强度明显增加，使模拟结果更趋于合理。因此，在台风数值模拟和预报中考虑海洋飞沫的作用是十分必要的。     

南海东北部上层海洋对台风“莲花”的响应

台风过境会引起所经海域海洋环境要素场剧烈响应。本文通过分析南海东北部上层海域各要素对2015年第10号台风"莲花"的响应过程,发现以下规律:台风过境期间,海表温度(SST)影响台风的移动路径和强度,两次显著的台风移动方向偏转均发生在台风下垫面温度发生显著改变的条件下。台风吸收海表热量引起SST降低0～1.5℃,而这种热量(以短波辐射和潜热通量为主的海表净热通量)吸收引起的海表失热每秒可达60 W/m2,对台风移动过程产生影响。同时,台风过境时(7月6—9日)的SST降低与失热变化都存在一定的"左偏性"。台风引起的Ekman抽吸速率最高可达1.6×10-3m/s,引起台风过后(7月9日之后) SST的降低。通过对海面10 m风场、海表温度、降雨量进行EOF分析发现:风场在南海东北部海域呈东西反位相分布,风场增强持续时间约5天,具有显著"右偏性"且近岸的局部风场特征明显;降雨量在台风期间呈全域一致性的增加,持续时长约4天,具有显著"左偏性"且在吕宋岛北部局部降雨特征明显;SST在南海东北部绝大部分海域呈降温态势,时长超过8天,降温时间滞后风场约2～3天。整个降温过程(7月5—15日)受Ekman抽吸作用较海表失热作用更大,表现为在台风右侧降温更为显著。同时,台风移动速度越慢,降温效果越明显。台风过境时,粤东离岸流显著增强,上升流区的垂直温度降幅可达2.5℃且滞后流场响应约1～2天;垂直盐度降幅可达1.3 psu且滞后流场响应约2～3天。总体上看,温度在台风响应过程中起着重要的联结作用。     

西北太平洋超强台风Tembin(2012)引起的海表面降温与强混合研究

鉴于台风等极端海洋环境下现场观测资料的匮乏，本文综合了多源卫星遥感和Argo浮标剖面观测资料分析了西北太平洋和南海上层海洋对超强台风Tembin（2012）的响应。Tembin引起了较强的海表面温度降低，降温主要集中在台风路径附近，最大降温为10.3℃，出现在朝鲜半岛南部的近岸海区；微波+红外遥感融合观测海表面温度数据可以弥补单一微波遥感观测在近岸海区缺测的不足，但观测海表面降温比单一微波遥感观测偏小；基于Argo观测的垂向高分辨率温盐剖面和混合参数化方法，发现台风后上层海洋混合明显增强，其混合率增强可达10倍以上。     

南海SST对台风过程响应分析

根据ECMWF和CFSV2的数据,本文选择了3个影响我国南海的典型台风过程,分析了海表温度SST在台风期间的变化。结果表明,台风期间SST下降,台风路径右侧的降温幅度明显高于左侧。在过境2d左右,SST下降幅度最为明显,其中201509号台风威马逊降温中心右侧最大异常值可达-2.5762℃,左侧为-1.441℃,降温中心呈明显的右偏性。在此基础上,对SST异常与有效波高,热通量以及风速的相关性进行研究。统计表明,台风期间的SST异常与有效波高和风速的相关性较高,相关系数高达0.6-0.7;与热通量相关性最低,相关系数为0.2-0.4,且台风的最大风速越大,相关系数就越高。通过计算台风期间风向海表波浪输入动能发现,风应力越大,风向波浪输入的动能以及动能下传的深度也越大。海洋内部的混合就越剧烈,故而由混合引起的海表降温幅度较大。可见SST异常与风速以及波浪要素确实有很高的相关性。     

海洋飞沫方案改进对台风“威马逊”强度预报的影响

本文采用分粒径段组合方式改进海气耦合模式海洋飞沫方案,并利用耦合模式对1409号台风"威马逊"进行数值模拟,分析了海洋飞沫方案改进对台风结构、强度以及海气动量通量、热量通量模拟结果的影响。结果显示,耦合模式中海洋飞沫方案可通过改变海表面粗糙度影响海气动量与热量通量;海洋飞沫还可以通过沫滴向大气输送感热和水汽而直接影响海气热通量,进一步影响台风的强度。模拟结果显示改进后海洋飞沫方案的台风强度更接近观测。改进海洋飞沫方案后粗糙度的计算结果小于原始方案,相应地海气热通量以及下垫面耗散作用也弱于后者,海表面风场是海气热交换与下垫面耗散共同作用的结果。     

基于遥感和实测数据对台风LEO和SOULIK期间的飞沫热通量研究

本文应用高风速条件下海面动力粗糙度长度,拓展了COARE3.0块体通量算法,考虑高风速下,海洋飞沫对热通量的贡献。利用GSSTF3(Goddard Satellite-based Surface Turbulent Fluxes Version 3)遥感产品、GSSTF_NCEP(National Centers Environmental Prediction)再分析资料和浮标KEO实测数据,探讨了中国南海台风LEO和西北太平洋台风SOULIK期间湍流热通量的变化。研究结果表明:感热通量与潜热通量相比很小;台风的轨迹与潜热通量的分布密切相关且在台风轨迹的东偏北区域潜热通量数值大;在热带低压之前,原潜热通量与改进后潜热通量的差值即飞沫热通量很小,随着台风等级的增加,飞沫热通量也增加。当台风LEO达到最高即台风级别时原潜热通量达到300W/m2,飞沫热通量与原通量的比值高达12%,而台风SOULIK达到强台风级别时原潜热通量达到1000W/m2,飞沫热通量与原通量的比值达到20%,显著高于台风LEO,飞沫效应更明显。     

海洋对热带气旋响应的研究 Ⅰ.海洋对静止、移速不同的热带气旋响应

建立一个二层非线性原始方程海洋模式，用以研究海洋对静止和以不同移速移动的热带气旋（TC）的响应。数值试验结果表明，海洋对静止TC的响应，具有不对称性；在TC中心处，抽吸使混合层（ML）变浅，在TC最大风速半径处，大风夹卷明显使ML加深和海表温（SST）下降；海洋对移动TC的响应，具有右偏性，且随移速加快而加剧。ML深度和SST的变化对TC移速十分敏感，而海流则不同。     

赤道海洋对罕见台风“画眉”的响应

利用GHRSST L4、QuikSCAT、OAFLUX以及SeaWiFS L3资料分析了近赤道罕见台风"画眉"生成前后海表温度SST及其感热通量、潜热通量和叶绿素a浓度的变化。在台风"画眉"生成之前,中南半岛沿岸海表平均温度较其他区域低,并且在南海盛行东北风,在台风生成区有一明显的气旋性涡旋存在。南海北部地区潜热通量和感热通量均较大,而在台风的生成区域仅感热通量较大。台风"画眉"使其路径右侧的区域发生海表温度降低,相对于其他强度较强的台风降温较小,海表温度在马来半岛以东洋面以及马六甲海峡降低明显,降低约2—2.5℃。与高纬度的台风类似,台风"画眉"使中南半岛沿岸以及马来半岛与苏门答腊岛之间的地区叶绿素a浓度相对于台风前增大0.6 mg.m 3以上。     

海面温度变化影响台风"海棠"强度的数值研究

通过对台风"海棠"5 d的数值模拟,研究海表温度(SST)变化对台风强度的影响。与NCEP月平均海表温度相对比,在中尺度大气模式中引入热带测雨卫星(TRMM)微波成像仪(TMI)/先进微波扫描辐射计(AMSR-E)来考察SST对台风"海棠"路径和强度的影响。研究结果表明,每天变化SST的试验模拟的台风强度和路径整体效果不错;模拟的台风路径不敏感于SST的变化,而台风强度的变化不仅取决于由于台风移动引发的SST冷却的幅度大小,而且取决于SST冷却区域的相对位置。在台风"海棠"强烈发展过程中,台风中心右侧冷却区对台风中心气压影响很小;台风强烈发展过后,SST冷却区开始影响台风强度,但造成台风中心气压下降幅度不大,6 h内台风中心气压减弱约3.9 hPa。海面热量通量和海面风速与SST的分布都有良好的相关性:在SST变化为正值的暖水区,感热通量和潜热通量都是一个正的通量分布的极值区,并有风速极大值区域存在;在台风右侧相应的冷却区,则存在着负的通量异常和风速极小值区域。     

Numerical Simulations of Sea Surface Cooling by a Mixed Layer Model during the Passage of Typhoon Rex

In order to investigate the formation mechanism of rapid decrease of maritime sea surface temperature (SST) observed by R/V Keifu Maru, the ocean response to Typhoon Rex is simulated using a mixed layer model. The rapid decrease of the maritime SST is successfully simulated with realistic atmospheric forcing and an entrainment scheme of which sources of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) are production due to wind stress, generation during free convection, and production due to current shear. The rapid decrease at the observed station by R/V Keifu Maru is not produced by instant atmospheric forcing but is mainly produced by entrainment on the right side of the running typhoon as a part of cooling area during its passage, and remained during a few days. The sea surface cooling (SSC) is evident along the track and on the right side of the running typhoon, which is similar to the SSC of satellite observation by TRMM/TMI. The conspicuous SSC produced by both entrainment and upwelling is situated just under the track of typhoon when the typhoon moves slower. Intercomparison of entrainment schemes of the mixed layer model is implemented. Frictional velocity and buoyancy effects are effective for a gradual SSC covering the wide region. In contrast, the effect of current shear at the mixed layer base is related to the amount of SSC and the sharp horizontal gradient of SSC. The entrainment scheme including all three TKE sources has the best performance for SSC simulation.     

Satellite-derived SST validation based on in-situ data during summer in the East China Sea and western North Pacific

Satellite-derived sea surface temperature (SST) is validated based on in-situ data from the East China Sea (ECS) and western North Pacific where most typhoons, which make landfall on the Korean peninsula, are formed and pass. While forecasting typhoons in terms of intensity and track, coupled ocean-typhoon models are significantly influenced by initial ocean condition. Potentially, satellite-derived SST is a very useful dataset to obtain initial ocean field because of its wide spatial coverage and high temporal resolution. In this study, satellite-derived SST from various sources such as Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager (TMI), Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) and New Generation Sea Surface Temperature for Open Ocean (NGSST-O) datasets from merged SSTs were compared with in-situ observation data using an indirect method which is using near surface temperature for validation of satellite derived SST. In-situ observation data included shipboard measurements such as Expendable Bathythermograph (XBT), and Conductivity, Temperature, Depth (CTD), and Argo buoy data. This study shows that in-situ data can be used for microwave derived SST validation because homogeneous features of seawater prevail at water depths of 2 m to 10 m under favorable wind conditions during the summer season in the East China Sea. As a result of validation, root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) are shown to be 0.55 °C between microwave SST and XBT/CTD data mostly under weak wind conditions, and 0.7 °C between XBT/CTD measurement and NGSST-O data. Microwave SST RMSE of 0.55 °C is a potentially valuable data source for general application. Change of SST before and after typhoon passing may imply strength of ocean mixing due to upwelling and turbulent mixing driven by the typhoon. Based on SST change, ocean mixing, driven by Typhoon Nari, was examined. Satellite-derived SST reveals a significant SST drop around the track immediately following the passing of Typhoon Nari in October, 2007.     

海洋对静止热带气旋响应的某些特征

建立二层非线性原始方程海洋模式，采用湍流动能收支参数化风应力产生的垂直混合（夹卷），研究海洋对不同强度和最大风速半径的静止热带气旋（ＴＣ）的响应。数值试验结果表明，由于科氏参数随纬度变化，海洋对热带气旋的响应具有不对称性。热带气旋强度对海流，上混合层（ＵＭＬ）深度和海表温（ＳＳＴ）变化量值产生重大影响，并对它们变化范围影响较大。热带气旋最大风速半径对海流、混合层深度和海表温变化量值的影响不明显，但对它们的变化范围有明显影响。     

基于回归模型的热带气旋条件下的海表降温参数化方案设计

Combining a linear regression and a temperature budget formula, a multivariate regression model is proposed to parameterize and estimate sea surface temperature(SST) cooling induced by tropical cyclones(TCs). Three major dynamic and thermodynamic processes governing the TC-induced SST cooling(SSTC), vertical mixing, upwelling and heat flux, are parameterized empirically using a combination of multiple atmospheric and oceanic variables:sea surface height(SSH), wind speed, wind curl, TC translation speed and surface net heat flux. The regression model fits reasonably well with 10-year statistical observations/reanalysis data obtained from 100 selected TCs in the northwestern Pacific during 2001–2010, with an averaged fitting error of 0.07 and a mean absolute error of 0.72°C between diagnostic and observed SST cooling. The results reveal that the vertical mixing is overall the pre dominant process producing ocean SST cooling, accounting for 55% of the total cooling. The upwelling accounts for 18% of the total cooling and its maximum occurs near the TC center, associated with TC-induced Ekman pumping. The surface heat flux accounts for 26% of the total cooling, and its contribution increases towards the tropics and the continental shelf. The ocean thermal structures, represented by the SSH in the regression model,plays an important role in modulating the SST cooling pattern. The concept of the regression model can be applicable in TC weather prediction models to improve SST parameterization schemes.     

Importance of tropical cyclone heat potential for tropical cyclone intensity and intensification in the Western North Pacific

Which is more important for tropical cyclone (TC) intensity and intensification, sea surface temperature (SST) or tropical cyclone heat potential (TCHP)? Investigations using best-track TC central pressures, TRMM/TMI three-day mean SST data, and an estimated TCHP based on oceanic reanalysis data from 1998 to 2004, show that the central pressure is more closely related to TCHP accumulated from TC formation to its mature stages than to the accumulated SST and its duration. From an oceanic environmental viewpoint, a rapid deepening of TC central pressure occurs when TCHP is relatively high on a basin scale, while composite distributions of TCHP, vertical wind shear, lower tropospheric relative humidity, and wind speed occurring in cases of rapid intensification are different for each TC season. In order to explore the influence of TCHP on TC intensity and intensification, analyses using both oceanic reanalysis data and the results of numerical simulations based on an ocean general circulation model are performed for the cases of Typhoons Chaba (2004) and Songda (2004), which took similar tracks. The decrease in TCHP due to the passage of Chaba led to the suppression of Songda’s intensity at the mature stage, while Songda maintained its intensity for a relatively long time because induced near-inertial currents due to the passage of Chaba reproduced anticyclonic warm eddies appearing on the leftside of Chaba’s track before Songda passed by. This type of intensity-sustenance process caused by the passage of a preceding TC is often found in El Niño years. These results suggest that TCHP, but not SST, plays an important role in TC intensity and its intensification.     

Simulation of Typhoon Muifa using a mesoscale coupled atmosphere–ocean model

A mesoscale coupled atmosphere–ocean model has been developed based on the GRAPES(Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction System) regional typhoon model(GRAPES_TYM) and ECOM-si(estuary, coast and ocean model(semi-implicit)). Coupling between the typhoon and ocean models was conducted by exchanging wind stress, heat, moisture fluxes, and sea surface temperatures(SSTs) using the coupler OASIS3.0. Numerical prediction experiments were run with and without coupling for the case of Typhoon Muifa in the western North Pacific. To investigate the impact of using more accurate SST information on the simulation of the track and the intensity of Typhoon Muifa, experiments were also conducted using increased SST resolution in the initial condition field of the control test. The results indicate that increasing SST resolution in the initial condition field somewhat improved the intensity forecast, and use of the coupled model improved the intensity forecast significantly, with mean absolute errors in maximum wind speed within 48 and 72 h reduced by 32% and 20%, respectively. Use of the coupled model also resulted in less pronounced over-prediction of the intensity of Typhoon Muifa by the GRAPES_TYM. Moreover, the effects of using the coupled model on the intensity varied throughout the different stages of the development of Muifa owing to changes in the oceanic mixed layer depth. The coupled model had pronounced effects during the later stage of Muifa but had no obvious effects during the earlier stage. The SSTs predicted by the coupled model decreased by about 5–6°C at most after the typhoon passed, in agreement with satellite data. Furthermore, based on analysis on the sea surface heat flux, wet static energy of the boundary layer, atmospheric temperature, and precipitation forecasted by the coupled model and the control test, the simulation results of this coupled atmosphere–ocean model can be considered to reasonably reflect the primary mechanisms underlying the interactions between tropical cyclones and oceans.