应用Argo资料分析西北太平洋冬、夏季水团

应用Argo剖面浮标观测的温、盐度资料,分析了西北太平洋海域冬、夏季的温、盐度分布、水团结构及其分布。首先采用T-S点聚图法分析了该海域水团分布的基本情况,由点聚分析结果可知,该海域至少存在6种以上水团;再用模糊聚类软化法对水团作进一步划分,分别计算了该海域6至11类水团的F和△F值,结果表明,冬、夏季的△F值都以划分为8类时为最大,这与大洋水团的稳定性是一致的,因此,该海域冬、夏季水团以划分为8类最佳,它们分别是北太平洋热带表层水、北太平洋次表层水、北太平洋中层水、北太平洋副热带模态水、北太平洋深层水和赤道表层水,以及南太平洋次表层水和南太平洋中层水。     

应用Argo资料分析西北太平洋冬、夏季水团

应用Argo剖面浮标观测的温、盐度资料，分析了西北太平洋海域冬、夏季的温、盐度分布、水团结构及其分布。首先采用T-S点聚图法分析了该海域水团分布的基本情况，由点聚分析结果可知，该海域至少存在6种以上水团；再用模糊聚类软化法对水团作进一步划分，分别计算了该海域6至11类水团的F和△F值，结果表明，冬、夏季的△F值都以划分为8类时为最大，这与大洋水团的稳定性是一致的，因此，该海域冬、夏季水团以划分为8类最佳，它们分别是北太平洋热带表层水、北太平洋次表层水、北太平洋中层水、北太平洋副热带模态水、北太平洋深层水和赤道表层水，以及南太平洋次表层水和南太平洋中层水。     

冬季北太平洋西部上层海洋的热量输送

用海气界面净热量收支和1950－1979年表层水温资料，计算了冬季北太平洋西部上层海洋热通量散度场，指出冬季北太平洋西部黑潮将大量低纬暖水输送到中高纬度海域，在30－35°N最大；亲潮将极地冷水沿千岛群岛向南输送，在45－50°N最大；两者在40°N附近相遇，混合减弱后沿纬向东传。同时用EOF分析方法对热通量散度距平场分型，前3个主要型分别为：黑潮亲潮偶合型、北太平洋海流型和冷平流优势型。最后还揭示了第一主要型与北太平洋副热带高压之间有意义的相关关系。     

北太平洋海温的遥相关型

本文研究了北太平洋海水表面温度的遥相关型,指出:北太平洋海温有3个遥相关区,分别在西风漂流区、亦道东太平洋区和阿拉斯加湾区。这3个相关区的结构十分类似于大气中的PNA结构。用赤道东太平洋和西风漂流区之间的海温差作为太平洋海温指数PTI,它能代表北太平洋65％海区的海温变化,可以作为太平洋海温场PNA结构的变化指数,用来监视剧Nino和反E1 Nino事件的发生和发展。     

1965年7～12月西北太平洋月平均表层水温（℃）

１９６５年７～１２月西北太平洋月平均表层水温（℃）1965年7～12月西北太平洋月平均表层水温（℃）...     

1964年1～6月西北太平洋月平均表层水温（℃）

１９６４年１～６月西北太平洋月平均表层水温（℃）1964年1～6月西北太平洋月平均表层水温（℃）...     

1963年1～6月西北太平洋月平均表层水温（℃）

１９６３年１～６月西北太平洋月平均表层水温（℃）海温组1963年1～6月西北太平洋月平均表层水温（℃）...     

印度洋和北太平洋海温与夏季西太平洋副热带高压长期变动的关系

本文通过对印度洋、北太平洋海表温度与夏季西太平洋副高特征量进行相关分析来研究两大洋海温与西太平洋副高长期变动的关系。分析得出,海温和夏季西太平洋副高的强度关系十分密切。空间上表现为相关敏感区位于洋流区和季风流区;时间上海温变化超前于副高,且两大洋超前的时间有差异。海温与副高位置变动的关系在两大洋亦有不同。北太平洋海温与副高南北位置变动有较好相关,相关区主要分布在洋流区,而印度洋没有明显相关。对副高东西位置变动,印度洋海温的作用强于北太平洋海温,相关区主要都分布在冷暖海流交汇处附近。两大洋与副高长期变动的相关敏感区的起迄时间大体上与大洋上空大气环流的转换期相对应。     

1963年1～6月西北太平洋月平均表层水温距平（℃）

１９６３年１～６月西北太平洋月平均表层水温距平（℃）海温组1963年1～6月西北太平洋月平均表层水温距平（℃）...     

北太平洋中层水模拟的改进

通过对北太平洋中层水模拟和分析的3种结果的比较:在稀疏网格的LICOM全球大洋环流模式中使用Canuto等的湍流混合方案(简称T方案)并添加范植松等提出的惯性内波破碎混合方案(简称F方案),在LICOM模式中使用T方案,以及WOA09资料的分析结果,证明在添加F方案的情况下,北太平洋中层水的模拟有较明显的改进。惯性内波破碎混合可能是维持通风过程的重要机制之一,惯性频率风场的强迫作用可能是海洋内部混合的外部作用源。在WOA09资料的分析结果与数值模拟结果中均显示出北太平洋中层水的明显的季节变化,这意味着除表层水和模态水之外,北太平洋中层水在气候变化中扮演了重要的角色。模拟结果分析表明,为获得北太平洋中层水模拟的进一步改进,高分辨率的海洋模式和锋面与羽流的参数化方案是必要的。     

THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE FLOOD AND DROUGHT OF THE CHANGJIANG AND HUAIHE RIVER VALLEYS AND THE PACIFIC SST ANOMALIES

tn order to find the relationships between the flood and drought of the Changjiang and Huaihe River valleys and Pacific SST anomalies, the synoptic analysis Has been made. Two types of opposite distribution of SST departure for flood and drought years have been found. These states have set up basically preceding winter and have strengthened and persisted in summer.The time of the effect of anomalous SST on the flood and drought are different for different areas over the Pacific, the north Pacific is the earliest and the west and southeast Pacific are later. The evolution of SST anomalies with different types in every part of the Pacific has been shown. Finally, the formation of SST anomalies in Pacific has been elucidated by virtue of the surface wind anomalies which drive the ocean current anomaly.     

The strong winter monsoon in East Asia and El Nino

- The relationship between meridional wind in mid - latitudes of East Asia and SST in the Equatorial Eastern Pacific is analysed in this paper. It is pointed out that there exist close relations between the seasonal changes of the meridional wind in mid - latitudes of East Asia and SST in the Equatorial Eastern Pacific. The intensification of north winds over East Asia also plays an important role in the rise of SST in Equatorial Eastern Pacific one year later. The strong winter monsoon usually occurs in previous winter of El Nino and it causes low temperature to a great extent in China . The low temperature in China can be regarded as a precursor of El Nino.     

太平洋表层海温的年代际变化

众所周知，ENSO(El Nino/ Southern Oscillation)是发生在热带太平洋的年际时间尺度上最强的气候信号，与 El Nino (La Nina)相应的正(负)海温距平(SSTA)主要分布于赤道中东太平洋地区(Rasmusson et al.，1982)。相对于热带太平洋的年际ENSO现象，人们注意到北太平洋海平面气压(SLP)存在更长周期的年代际变化(Trenberth et al.，1994)，有人认为这与北太平洋的表层温度(SST)变化有关(Latif et al.，1994)，也有人认为与热带SST的异常关系更为密切(Jacobs et al.，1994)。20世纪80年代后的ENSO事件和20世纪60，70年代有明显的差别(Wang，1995)，20世纪90年后El Nino发生频数增加，并且在1997和1998年出现了20世纪最强的一次Nino事件(McPhaden，1999)。 因此，不论是作为大气年代际变化可能的一个驱动因子，还是作为年际ENSO的背景场，从整体上了解太平洋SST的年代际时间尺度上的时、空变化特征都是十分重要的。     

Relation between sea surface temperature anomaly in the Atlantic and summer precipitation over the Northeast China

1 IwrRoDUcrIowln recen l00 years. mateorolQgi8ts have paid mu0h aneation to impact of ocean onlong-range weather process. Because fram view POillt of space and tAne scale condition,ocean is one of very important phySical factor for the evolotion of thespheric circulation.The scientific research cooperation grOup (l979) first found that SST in the equatorialeastern Pacific reversely correlates with summer tempendre aver Nowheast China. Pan etal (1981) discussed re1atfon between heating of…     

Winter-to-winter recurrence of sea surface temperature, salinity and mixed layer depth anomalies

The mean seasonal cycle of mixed layer depth (MLD) in the extratropical oceans has the potential to influence temperature, salinity and mixed layer depth anomalies from one winter to the next. Temperature and salinity anomalies that form at the surface and spread throughout the deep winter mixed layer are sequestered beneath the mixed layer when it shoals in spring, and are then re-entrained into the surface layer in the subsequent fall and winter. Here we document this ‘re-emergence mechanism’ in the North Pacific Ocean using observed SSTs, subsurface temperature fields from a data assimilation system, and coupled atmosphere–ocean model simulations. Observations indicate that the dominant large-scale SST anomaly pattern that forms in the North Pacific during winter recurs in the following winter. The model simulation with mixed layer ocean physics reproduced the winter-to-winter recurrence, while model simulations with observed SSTs specified in the tropical Pacific and a 50 m slab in the North Pacific did not. This difference between the model results indicates that the winter-to-winter SST correlations are the result of the re-emergence mechanism, and not of similar atmospheric forcing of the ocean in consecutive winters. The model experiments also indicate that SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific associated with El Niño are not essential for re-emergence to occur.The recurrence of observed SST and simulated SST and SSS anomalies are found in several regions in the central North Pacific, and are quite strong in the northern (>50°N) part of the basin. The winter-to-winter autocorrelation of SSS anomalies exceed those of SST, since only the latter are strongly damped by surface fluxes. The re-emergence mechanism also has a modest influence on MLD through changes in the vertical stratification in the seasonal thermocline.     

副热带南北太平洋经向模与ENSO的关系

本文利用Hadley中心的海表面温度、海洋再分析资料ORAS4(Ocean Reanalysis System 4)的海表面高度、NCEP(National Centers for Environmental Prediction)的海气界面风场及热通量等数据,分析了1948-2018年期间副热带南、北太平洋经向模(South Pacific meridional mode,SPMM、North Pacific meridional mode,NPMM)的基本特征及其与厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(El Ni?o and Southern Oscillation,ENSO)的关系。结果显示,两个副热带太平洋经向模对应的海表面温度异常都呈现南北反位相的偶极子结构,并与ENSO关系密切:当Ni?o3.4滞后北太平洋经向模10个月时,二者达到最大正相关;Ni?o3.4滞后南太平洋经向模6个月时,二者达到最大正相关。换句话说,在副热带太平洋发生北太平洋经向模正位相事件(北太平洋东南暖,西北冷)1 a后或者南太平洋经向模正位相事件(南太平洋东北暖,西南冷)半年后,热带太平洋可能会发生厄尔尼诺事件。据此,利用二元线性回归方法建立了基于南太平洋经向模和北太平洋经向模预测ENSO的统计模型,得到拟合的Ni?o3.4和观测的Ni?o3.4之间的相关系数达0.57,预测效果良好。     

北太平洋海温与南方涛动的相关分析

有关热带太平洋的海洋学和气象学近年来已列为理论和“诊断”研究的课题之中。从事这方面的大量工作是探讨埃尔尼诺和南方涛动(SO)相互作用的复杂机理问题。本文着重讨论南方涛动与北太平洋海温相关场的时滞关系以及它们的时空变化,表明在不同海域、不同季节中都存在较大的差异。     

Relationships between interannual variations in stratospheric warmings, tropospheric circulation, and sea surface temperature in the Northern Hemisphere

The leading modes of interannual and long-term variations in the stratospheric and tropospheric circulation and total ozone (TOMS data) and their relations to Northern Hemisphere sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are investigated using the monthly mean NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data for the winter months of 1958–2003. Strong correlations are indicated between the interannual total ozone variations over Labrador and the North Atlantic and changes in the stratospheric polar vortex. The onset of major stratospheric warmings is connected not only with the strengthening of westerlies at the 500-hPa level in the midlatitude Atlantic, but also with the weakening of tropospheric winds over the north of eastern Siberia and strengthening over the Far East. In years with major stratospheric warmings, abnormally cold winters are observed in Eurasia, especially in eastern Siberia and northeastern China. The calculated simultaneous (with no time lags) correlations of the stratospheric circulation changes with El Niño/La Niña events give evidence of low correlations between the tropical Pacific SST anomalies and the stratospheric dynamics in the Arctic. However, there are high correlations of the extratropical Pacific and Atlantic SST anomalies with interannual tropospheric and stratospheric circulation variations, the stratospheric dynamics being more strongly connected with Pacific SST than with Atlantic SST anomalies. The interannual changes in tropospheric circulation are coupled to SST anomalies in both the Pacific and the Atlantic. Mechanisms of long-term changes in the interactive ocean-atmosphere-ozone layer system are discussed.     

Spatial and temporal structure of Tropical Pacific interannual variability in 20th century coupled simulations

Tropical Pacific interannual variability is examined in nine state-of-the-art coupled climate models, and compared with observations and ocean analyses data sets, the primary focus being on the spatial structure and spectral characteristics of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The spatial patterns of interannual sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies from the coupled models are characterized by maximum variations displaced from the coast of South America, and generally extending too far west with respect to observations. Thermocline variability is characterized by dominant modes that are qualitatively similar in all the models, and consistent with the “recharge oscillator” paradigm for ENSO. The meridional scale of the thermocline depth anomalies is generally narrower than observed, a result that can be related to the pattern of zonal wind stress perturbations in the central-western equatorial Pacific. The wind stress response to eastern equatorial Pacific SST anomalies in the models is narrower and displaced further west than observed. The meridional scale of the wind stress can affect the amount of warm water involved in the recharge/discharge of the equatorial thermocline, while the longitudinal location of the wind stress anomalies can influence the advection of the mean zonal temperature gradient by the anomalous zonal currents, a process that may favor the growth and longer duration of ENSO events when the wind stress perturbations are displaced eastwards. Thus, both discrepancies of the wind stress anomaly patterns in the coupled models with respect to observations (narrow meridional extent, and westward displacement along the equator) may be responsible for the ENSO timescale being shorter in the models than in observations. The examination of the leading advective processes in the SST tendency equation indicates that vertical advection of temperature anomalies tends to favor ENSO growth in all the CGCMs, but at a smaller rate than in observations. In some models it can also promote a phase transition. Longer periods tend to be associated with thermocline and advective feedbacks that are in phase with the SST anomalies, while advective tendencies that lead the SST anomalies by a quarter cycle favor ENSO transitions, thus leading to a shorter period.     

南海海温异常与ENSO的相关性

使用1958－1987COADS资料，应用复经验正交函数（CEOF）分析方法，分析南海海表面温度场（SST）和风场（u及v）。结果发现，南海海温异常基本独立于西太平洋，同时存在类似于ENSO事件的年际变化，ENSO发生前冬季南海有异常降温过程，之后有增暖事件发生。分析还表明，南海SST异常主要取决于经向风场的异常强迫。南海SST与ENSO事件的相关性实质上反映了季风异常对ENSO循环的影响。