东海内陆架泥质区中全新世环境敏感粒度组分的地质意义

尝试恢复了中全新世东亚冬季风表现出的太阳活动以及ENSO周期变化。通过对东海内陆架泥质沉积区EC2005孔进行粒度分析以及AMS碳-14测年,对高分辨率敏感粒度资料揭示的中全新世近700a(距今5.2~5.9ka)东亚冬季风记录与GRIP冰心氧同位素记录的气候变化进行了对比,良好的对应关系说明,东亚冬季风变化与格陵兰冰心揭示的古气候变化有某种内在联系,期间东亚冬季风的增强得到了良好的区域性响应,同时又具有全球性背景。中全新世东亚冬季风具有明显的周期变化,主要表现为62,11a的太阳活动周期以及与现代ENSO周期相似的6,5a周期。东海内陆架EC2005孔泥质沉积物揭示的中全新世东亚冬季风变化与格陵兰冰心氧同位素记录的良好对应说明两者有相似的发生机制,可能是太阳活动以及古ENSO对全球气候系统的影响所致。     

广西沿海全新世以来气候变化

本文根据孢粉分析，有孔虫氧同位素分析，历史记载及现代气温观测资料，综合资料广西沿海全新世以来的气候变化，经过研究，初步划分了本区全新世以来的７个气候期，在晚全新世内，进一步划分了７个气候亚期，早全新世，中全新的气候变化具有１５００－２０００ａ周期，晚全新世界的气候变化具有５００－１０００ａ周期，晚全新世中－晚期的气候变化具２００ａ周期，２００ａ来的气候变化呈冷，热交替出现，具有１０－２０ａ或３０－     

南海最近2 400年来的古海洋学变化与历史气候资料的比较

对南海南、北陆坡两个箱式柱状样中91个沉积物样品进行了高分辨率的稳定同位素和有机碳分析,获得最近2 400年以来上部海水温度和表层古生产力的记录,发现晚全新世南海的表层海水温度和温跃层呈现阶段性变化,且有小冰期等短期气候事件.有机碳分析南海北部近900年来古生产力呈上升趋势,南部则为下降趋势.结合历史气候变化,得到东亚古气候变化的海陆记录具有很好的可比性.频谱分析显示南海晚全新世温跃层具有～175、～210和～360 a等百年尺度的周期,与太阳活动周期一致,说明百年尺度的短期气候变化可能与太阳活动有关.     

本溪王家崴洞10500～5000aBP石笋记录及区域气候意义

基于典型东亚季风区辽宁省本溪市2支石笋样品(W6与W4),通过9个230 Th年龄和386个氧同位素数据,重建了10 500～5 000aBP期间平均分辨率为12～34a的氧同位素时间变化序列。研究时段石笋δ18 O相对振幅为2.0‰,在平均值约-8.5‰上下波动,指示了早全新世东亚季风强度的长期趋势变化和百年尺度振荡信息。相同时段本溪王家崴洞、湖北三宝洞、贵州董哥洞石笋δ18 O记录对比结果表明,全新世石笋δ18 O长期增加趋势类似于北半球太阳辐射能量变化曲线,但东北地区石笋δ18 O大约在10 500a已达到最大值,早于长江流域以南地区约1 000a,这可能表明全新世亚洲季风降水并不同步变化,可能与热带、亚热带季风系统差异响应于区域大气环流有关。功率谱分析W6石笋δ18 O时间序列发现其存在显著的225和91a的周期,与树轮Δ14 C周期(208和88a)基本一致,揭示了中全新世百年尺度东亚季风变化可能主要响应于太阳活动。     

长江三角洲第四纪孢粉组合及其地层、古地理意义

通过对长江三角洲第四纪沉积物的孢粉研究,划分出14个孢粉带,反映了该区第四纪植被演替和气候波动,这种气侯波动与世界性气候变化一致.根据孢粉组合带所反映的气候波动及与国内外气候期相对比,1-9带为更新世,10-14带为全新世.在长江三角洲第四纪海相沉积物中,含有丰富的孢粉化石,并具明显的特征.海相沉积物中反映温暖湿润气候的孢粉组合常与海进时间相一致,而长江三角洲第四纪气候波动曲线与海平面变化相吻合.     

基于PMIP2气候模式模拟的中全新世北大西洋涛动

根据PMIP2中的4个海气耦合模式对中全新世气候的模拟结果,利用现代和中全新世两个时间段的冬季海平面气压场(SLP),分析了北大西洋海平面气压的变化情况并计算了这两个时间段的北大西洋涛动(NAO)指数。结果表明,中全新世亚速尔高压加强,冰岛低压加深,南北气压差增加,NAO强度显著增强。对中全新世北大西洋地区SLP进行经验正交函数(EOF)分析显示,4个模式均能捕捉到了NAO的主要结构。中全新世NAO处于正位相的时间较现代提高了10%~30%,其中MIROC3.2提高了29.3%;虽然NAO指数振幅变化不大,但还是能显示中全新世NAO显著强于现代,这与地质资料恢复的结果相一致。对NAO指数的多窗谱分析显示,现代NAO指数存在3~5 a的准周期变化,中全新世NAO指数存在3 a的准周期变化。NAO对中全新世亚洲地区冬季增温有重要影响。北大西洋地区中纬度海面温度(SST)的增温可能是导致中全新世NAO强度增强的一个重要因素。     

巴丹吉林沙漠南缘高台盐湖记录的中晚全新世气候变化

位于季风边缘区和受西风环流显著影响的巴丹吉林沙漠南缘的高台盐湖提供了中晚全新世亚洲干旱区气候变化的可靠记录。在OSL测年的基础上,通过对高台盐湖剖面CaCO_3含量、色度(L*、a*、b*)、粒度端元组分(EM)等环境代用指标的综合分析,重建了我国西北地区中晚全新世的气候变化。结果表明,中晚全新世高台盐湖地区气候变化经历了4个阶段:约7.1～5.3 ka,代表河流作用的EM2占主导,为浅湖/滨湖相沉积环境,气候相对干旱;5.3～1.2 ka期间,代表悬移作用的EM1占主导,指示深湖相沉积环境,CaCO_3含量和a*和b*指示流域降水增多,地表侵蚀加强,近源物质输入较多,为中晚全新世以来的最湿润期;1.2～0.2 ka期间,EM2指示沉积环境转为滨湖/浅湖相沉积,气候变干;0.2 ka以来,气候进一步变干,湖泊消亡,演变为现代沙丘堆积。区域古气候替代记录的对比表明,高台地区中晚全新世以来演化过程与中亚干旱区湖泊记录具有一致性,气候变化主要受西风环流与高纬度北大西洋共同影响。     

高原泥炭记录揭示的全新世季风快速变化

利用青藏高原东北缘的泥炭沉积记录,重建了该地区全新世冬、夏季风快速波动历史,清晰地识别出9次可与北大西洋浮冰碎屑事件及低纬海面降温事件相对比的气候干冷事件。总有机碳含量频谱分析揭示的1 428、512、2552、17 a气候准周期,表明中纬度地区百年至千年尺度气候韵律的存在,全新世气候快速变化具有全球性。     

临汾盆地晚冰期至中全新世黄土-古土壤序列的风化特征及指示的气候意义

了解中国北方晚冰期和全新世时期的气候环境变化及其驱动机制,有助于预测未来气候变化的可能情景。基于黄土高原东南缘临汾盆地的黄土-古土壤剖面,在3个AMS14C年代的支持下,通过粒度、磁化率、土壤有机碳以及地球化学元素等指标,重建了临汾盆地晚冰期至中全新世晚期的气候变化历史。结果表明：宋村沟剖面的黄土和古土壤分别处于初等和中等化学风化阶段,而不同地区风成堆积物的化学风化强度存在明显差异,主要受控于东亚夏季风的区域变化。多指标综合分析表明,晚冰期以来临汾盆地的气候演变经历了4个阶段：晚冰期东亚冬季风较强,气候干冷;早全新世东亚夏季风强化,气候向暖湿转变;早中全新世东亚夏季风达到峰值,为最暖湿的适宜期;中全新世晚期东亚夏季风减弱,气候再次转向干冷;临汾盆地的气候变化主要受控于北半球太阳辐射强度和冰量的变化。     

8000 a以来东海内陆架化学风化过程及其对气候事件的响应

中国边缘海陆架泥质体是全新世高海平面以来形成的重要沉积单元,沉积速率高和连续性好的特征使其成为研究高分辨率气候和环境变化的理想载体。通过对东海内陆架泥质区中部的浅钻岩芯MZ02孔进行粒度、常量与微量元素、AMS~(14)C分析,获得粒度和常微量元素随时间变化的高分辨率演化序列。结果表明,全新世早期沉积物为较粗颗粒的粉砂为主,且粒度参数变化明显,指示了沿岸流、潮流、波浪综合作用下的前滨-近滨沉积环境;8 000 a以来陆架区沉积物以细颗粒黏土质粉砂为主,沉积环境稳定,以沿岸流控制的浅海沉积为主。沉积物化学蚀变指数(CIA),w_(CaO)/w_(K_2O),w_(CaO)/w_(MgO)和w_(Ba)/w_(Sr)比值反映8 000 a以来化学风化过程可分为4个时期,包括8000～6000 a B.P.的缓慢减弱期、6000～2200 a B.P.的频繁波动期、2200～1050 a B.P.的迅速减弱期及1050 a B.P.以来的逐渐增强期。地球化学指标同时指示的9次极值揭示东亚季风驱动的降温事件分别发生于7200 a B.P.,6000 a B.P.,4200 a B.P.,3600 a B.P.,2300 a B.P.,800～120 a B.P.时期。相应的降温证据亦存在于其他区域的不同介质中,揭示气候变化的区域性乃至全球性联系;频谱分析结果显示所选择地球化学指标存在79～200 a周期变化规律,指示太阳活动对中国东部区域沉积物化学风化及气候变化的控制作用。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,