2021年5月江南持续强降水的准双周振荡及可能成因

2021年5月江南地区降水量是近40年最多的,达到常年的2倍,严重影响了人民的生产和生活。基于逐日的降水和NCEP再分析资料,本文对2021年5月江南地区的异常降水事件进行分析,并重点分析了降水的准双周振荡特征及可能机制。结果表明,乌拉尔山阻塞和异常偏西、偏北的西北太平洋副热带高压(简称为副高)为持续性强降水提供了稳定的大气环流形势。来自北大西洋的Rossby波的能量向欧亚大陆频散,维持欧亚遥相关(Eurasian teleconnection, EU)稳定的正位相,使冷空气不断南下影响江南地区。异常偏西、偏北的副高有利于来自孟加拉湾、南海和西北太平洋的暖湿空气输送至江南地区。来自热带的暖湿气流与高纬度南下的冷空气在长江流域及其以南地区形成锋面,产生降水。副高脊线和西伸脊点的准双周振荡引起江南地区降水的南北摆动,造成降水量和降水落区的准双周振荡。此外,海洋大陆(Maritime continent, MC)附近对流活动也具有显著的准双周振荡特征,可能通过激发东亚遥相关波列影响副高位置和强度的准双周振荡,进而造成江南降水的准双周振荡。     

京津冀地区暖季降水日变化特征分析

使用2007—2017年京津冀地区156个气象站暖季(5—9月)逐小时降水观测数据,根据地形将研究区域分为6个分区,分析各分区降水量季节内变化和日变化特征,结果表明:1)京津冀的多雨区主要位于沿燕山南麓到太行山,存在多个降雨中心。2)各分区降水量季节内特征总体表现为单峰型,即7月降水量最大,7月第3候至8月第4候是主汛期,8月降水量次之,5月最少。3)降水呈夜间多,白天少的特点,7月初之前的前汛期降水多发生在16—21时;主汛期降水呈双峰型,峰值在17—22时,次峰值出现在00—07时; 8月中旬以后的后汛期多夜间降水,峰值多出现在00—08时。4)高原山区多短历时降水,长历时累计降水对季节降水贡献率大值区位于平原地区,而持续性降水贡献率大值位于太行山区和燕山迎风坡的西部。     

2021年秋季海洋天气评述

2021年秋季(9—11月)北半球大气环流特征为:极涡整体呈单极型,中高纬环流呈5波型分布,欧亚地区西风带环流形势季节内调整大,副热带高压(以下简称"副高")偏强,西伸明显.秋季我国近海大风过程主要由冷空气、温带气旋和热带气旋影响造成.在12次8级以上大风过程中,冷空气影响8次,温带气旋影响6次,台风影响4次.西北太平...     

用南海西沙站观测资料诊断研究南海季风季节内振荡

应用Lanczos滤波和小波变换方法,对1958~2000年南海北部西沙站降水和1980~2001年850hPa风场观测资料进行分析,发现西沙站每日降水和850hPa风场都存在谱长度10~50d左右其峰值为10~20,30~50d的季节内振荡,降水和850hPa风场的季节内振荡都有明显的年变化.降水季节内振荡开始于5月中旬结束于10月中旬,与南海夏季风的爆发时间和终止时间一致.850hPa风场谱长度10~50d左右其峰值为10~20,30~50d的季节内振荡在一年中的大部分时间都存在.降水和850hPa风场季节内振荡的强弱年与南海夏季风的强弱年并不一致.研究表明南海夏季风存在季节内振荡,而南海夏季风与季节内振荡的关系比较复杂.     

中国雨季降水主模态季节演变的时空特征

利用1960～2000年全国436个地面测站的逐日降水量资料,将中国雨季分为江南春雨期(3月16日～5月15日)、夏季风主汛期(5月16～7月15日)、夏季风后汛期(7月16日～9月15日)3个时段,应用S-EOF(Season-reliant Empirical Orthogonal Function)分解的方法研究了中国雨季旱涝型主模态季节演变的空间分布及其时间变化特征.主要分析了前3个主模态的时空分布特征,第一模态(S-EOF1)的旱涝分布为江南初夏旱涝型,主要显示出江南地区在夏季风主汛期以整个长江以南地区的旱或涝为主要特征,具有20～30 a的年代际振荡周期.第二模态(S-EOF2)空间向量集中体现了夏季风主汛期长江中下游流域和华南地区形成南北相反的旱涝分布,为南北跷跷板型,且这种分布在夏季风后汛期发生转变,这种南北旱涝急转型以2～4 a的年际变化为主.第三模态(S-EOF3)主要体现了夏季风后汛期长江中下游地区与华北和华南地区降水异常呈负相关关系,即自南向北呈现三明治夹心型的旱涝分布,以低频年际振荡为主,显著周期为6～8 a,同时还具有准30 a的年代际变化.     

基于TRMM卫星资料的渤海降水遥感估算研究

降水是全球能量平衡和水分循环中的关键要素,但海洋区域实时、准确的降水观测资料难以获取,因此,遥感卫星资料在海洋降水及全球能量和水分循环研究领域具有十分重要的应用前景。本文基于1998~2012年6个气象站点(岛屿或海岸带)的实测降水资料,评估TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission)V7版本3B42、3B43两个降水产品对渤海降水量的估算精度,在此基础上,分析并揭示渤海区域年、季和月降水量的时空特征。结果表明:在日尺度,3B42产品对渤海降水量的估算效果总体较差,而在月、年尺度,3B42、3B43产品与实测降水量比较接近,而且,3B43产品的估算精度稍高;总体上,TRMM表现出低估降水的特点,且当实测月降水量大于300 mm时,这种特征尤为显著;1998~2012年,渤海年降水量表现出明显的年际丰枯变化特征,多年均值为631.6 mm;夏季降水量占年降水总量的62.0%,7月是降水量最丰富的月份;空间上,渤海中南部降水量相对较高,而近岸区域降水量相对较低;受大气环流等因素的影响,夏季降水量重心向西北方向偏移,冬季则向东南方向偏移。     

Impact of anomalous latitudinal position of western pacific subtropical high on climate change in midsummer in China

利用1951-2008年全国160站盛夏(7-8月)气温和降水资料、北半球500hPa高度场和北太平洋海温场资料及相关环流特征指数资料,分析了盛夏(7-8月)西太平洋副高东西位置异常变化对我国气候的影响及其与北半球500hPa大气环流和北太平洋海温的关系.发现:盛夏副高东西位置异常偏西年主要集中出现在上世纪90年代和60年代,异常偏东年则集中出现在80年代、70年代和90年代.盛夏副高东西位置与长江流域及其以南地区气温存在着很好的负相关关系,与长江流域及其以北地区降水表现为负相关,与江南和华南地区降水表现为正相关.盛夏副高东西位置异常变化与北半球大范围环流形势调整相联系;前期春季(4-5月)北半球各副高单体强度变化,对盛夏副高东西位置变化具有很好的预测指示性.前期9-3月NINO4区和NINO3区海温,尤其是前期3月NINO4区海温,前期1月NINO3区海温对盛夏副高东西位置异常变化也具有很好的指示意义.     

近60年山东省降水时空格局及其对不同环流因子的响应

为揭示近60年山东省降水的时空格局规律及其对不同环流因子的响应关系,基于山东省61个气象站1959—2017年的逐日降水数据,利用Mann-Kendall趋势检验、CEEMDAN、EOF及交叉小波变换等方法,对山东省降水的趋势性、时空演变特征以及多尺度特征进行了研究,并探究了降水与不同大气环流因子在不同时频域下的共振周期和相干性。结果表明：(1)近60年来,山东省月降水呈现出显著的季节、年际以及年代际尺度特征,其中以年际周期振荡为主,累积方差贡献率达48.2%;同时,降水整体呈减少趋势。(2)经EOF分解表明,前3个模态的累积方差贡献率为68.1%,第一模态呈现全省降水变化趋势一致性,第二、三模态分别呈现西东和南北“+,-”反向分布特征。(3)大气环流因子MEI和PDO与山东省降水的关系较为密切,且主要作用于降水的年际周期尺度。     

山西近40年极端降水特征分析

利用山西108个国家级地面气象观测站1979—2018年日降水量资料,采用百分位法定义极端降水事件,应用气候趋势系数、Mann-Kendall (M-K)检验等方法,研究山西极端降水特征及其变化规律。结果表明:(1)山西极端降水出现在3—10月之间,发生频次呈现“山区多、盆地少”的特点,平均强度表现为“北中部小、南部大”的空间分布特征。(2)山西极端降水持续时间以1 d为主,局地性特征明显,发生大范围极端降水事件的概率较低。(3)近40年,山西极端降水事件呈明显增多趋势,影响范围不断扩大,强度略有增强,没有突变发生。各区域极端降水的长期变化差异较大;北部强度显著增强,范围明显扩大且在1986年发生突变;中部极端降水日数和强度显著增多增强,并分别在2001、1992年发生突变;南部极端降水变化趋势微弱。     

渤海海冰的年际和年代际变化特征与机理

根据1951-2013年间的渤海冰情等级资料,利用最大熵谱分析、相关分析和合成分析等方法,研究了渤海冰情等级的年际和年代际变化特征,探讨了局地气候、大气环流、ENSO(El Nio-Southern Oscillation)和太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)对海冰的影响。结果表明,渤海海冰具有明显的年际和年代际变化特征,并在1972年前后发生了一次由重到轻的气候跃变,在跃变后冰情较跃变前平均降低了0.7级。相关分析与合成分析结果显示,渤海冰情的年际变化除受局地气候的影响外,还受西太平洋副热带高压(副高)、极涡和欧亚环流的共同调控,特别在1972年以后,秋季副高、冬季欧亚和亚洲纬向环流对渤海冰情的年际变化均有重要影响,可作为渤海海冰预报的重要因子,而春季PDO、ENSO、冬季副高及欧亚和亚洲经向环流则是渤海冰情年代际变化的影响因素。     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,