广西近海海底地形图测绘的启示

广西壮族自治区为了广西沿海海洋开发与管理的需要,于1994—1995年对广西近海海域进行了1:5万海底地形图测绘工作。本文介绍了广西近海海域海底地形图测绘的目的与测绘工作概况,它为开展全国近海海域海底地形图测绘开创了先例,提供了借鉴经验。     

后处理DGPS在海域调查中的研究与实践

通过分析后处理差分全球定位系统（differential global positioning system,DGPS）测量原理和其在海域调查中应用的具体事例,说明DGPS不仅使用方便、定位精度高,而且价格低廉,对其在海洋测绘领域的应用很有必要。     

DGPS测深技术在海底管道工程中的应用

简要介绍了差分全球定位系统(DGPS)的基本定位原理、DGPS测深技术中水深测量系统的硬件组成。重点分析了福建LNG站线湄洲湾海底管道工程成功采用DGPS测深技术进行勘测作业,使测量精度和工程效率得到极大地提高。这一工程实践经验说明,DGPS测深技术逐步为海底管道工程所采用,但其是一个不断探索、不断完善的过程,对今后我国沿海地区的海底管道工程的勘测建设具有一定的借鉴作用。     

关于实时差分GPS测量规范化问题

GPS测量正在推动着海洋测绘技术的迅速发展,其中实时差分GPS(即Real Time DGPS,以下简称DGPS)测量把我国80年代以来发展起来的电子定位技术推向了更加简便、高效、全天候、自动化的阶段。石油、水运、海洋及军队等测绘系统,经过近年来对DGPS的消化吸收、试用和总结,先后制定了DGPS测量技术规定和规范。例如国家标准《海道测量规范》、海军《GPS海洋测量规定》、交通部《水运工程测量规范》等都把DGPS测量技术要求纳入了规范内容。这些规范和规定     

WILD全站仪海上动态定位精度分析

1994年4、5月间,我部会同海军海洋测绘研究所,在福建某海区,首次使用新近研制的多功能差分GPS测绘自动化系统(以下简称差分GPS系统)进行1:1万沿岸水深测量定位试验,同时投入T2002/DI3000/GRE4a全站式电子速测仪系统(以下简称全站仪系统)配合定位试验。从定位精度、定位自动化程度、工作效率到成果质量方面,都取得了令人满意的效果,为沿岸测量1:1万乃至更大比例尺的水深图工作带来了新的生机和活力。正如GPS定位系统在中、近海测量和全站仪系     

水下地貌调查测量精度提高方法研究

海洋调查中,为确保调查信息与实际位置相匹配,提高调查成果的可信度,必须提高作业船拖曳调查设备的定位精度。论述了基于超短基线（USBL）水声定位与差分全球定位系统（DGPS）组合的新方法,消除了因作业船频繁变向、潮流的流向及流速等造成的调查设备位置的测量误差,成功地解决了调查信息错位,提高了海底地貌调查的定位测量精度,实用性较强。     

《海洋测绘》1995年1～4期总目录

综述多船台海用微波测距仪海上动态定位精度分析关于PS一60。测深仪在扫海测量中若干问题的探讨谈我国沿海基本比例尺水深测公定位方法的改革差分GPS和广域差分GPS(译)(3一41)资源卫星在海洋测绘中的应用研究“海洋测绘高新技术研讨会”纪要九十年代海洋测绘科技发展动态第七次海洋测绘综合性学术交流会暨四届二次专业委员会议纪要关于实时差分GPS测量规范化问题对建立我国海洋测绘GIS数据库的几点设想(1一43) (2一2) (2一3)(3一45)(3一54)(3一58) (4一2)(4一25)海洋专题测量(4一之人7)海洋大地测量卫星测高数据处理中海面地形与大地…     

廉价GPS接收机在海洋测绘中应用的研究

本文研究了廉价GPS接收机用于海洋测绘的可行性,分析并改进了伪距平滑的方法,对Navsymm接收机的测试结果表明,98％的时间里可达到3m的差分定位精度,可以应用于小比例尺的海底地形测量、管线测量等。     

一种新型多功能海洋浮标

介绍一种多功能海洋考察与观测用浮标的结构、性能。浮标带有短波无线电遥控和数据传输功能、可外挂多种传感器;该浮标采用小水线结构,在较高海况下,具有较好的安定性。浮标配置了差分型全球定位（DGPS）接收机和短波电台,可对浮标的位置和工作状况实施实时监测,对浮标的工作程式实时遥控并进行必要的数据传输。浮标电子舱内具有大容量多通道数据采集记录系统,DGPS的lpps（1 pulse per second）信号被用于多浮标数据采集的精确同步。浮标可用于海洋监测、考察;也可用于水下目标高精度大地坐标测量等海洋工程。     

GPS技术在海洋开发中的作用

基于ＧＰＳ技术的新近研究成果，本文主要论述了ＧＰＳ信号在以下四方面的应用：（１）精确测定海洋测高卫星的运行轨道，为全球海洋学研究和灾害性海况信息探测提供数据处理基准；（２）建立陆地一海洋大地测量基准，为海洋划界和海洋国土建设奠定基础；（ ３）建立海底大地测量控制网，为海底工程建设和海底动力学研究提供测量基准，（４）测定海洋平台等海上设施的实时位置，确保海上设施的动态平衡。     

The navigational chart and marine positioning in the 1990s

Abstract

The historical development of positioning in relation to the nautical chart is described. Present nautical charts are largely based on geodetic surveys which date from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This gave rise to the use of many local datums and there has been a need to provide the mariner with information to enable him to transfer his position from one chart to an adjacent one on a different datum. The availability of the Global Positioning System (GPS) and the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84) datum enables positioning on a single worldwide datum to become a reality. The important factors affecting the adoption of WGS84 as the datum for nautical charts—namely, data availability and the practical and political considerations—are discussed.

New developments in the use of nautical charts, the electronic chart display and information systems, and the delineation of international boundaries and territorial limits all give rise to the requirement for improved positional accuracies.

Recent experience in the use of GPS both in the provision of control for shore stations of electronic position‐fixing systems and the provision of position for hydrographic surveys is briefly discussed.     

Performance of Real-Time Precise Point Positioning

The IGS Real-time Pilot Project (IGS-RTPP) provides real-time precise orbits and clocks, which support real-time positioning for single stations over large areas using the Precise Point Positioning (PPP) technique. This paper investigates the impact of real-time orbits, network configuration, and analysis strategies on real-time PPP implementation and demonstrates the real-time PPP performance. One month of data from the IGS network is analyzed in a real-time simulation mode. Results reveal the following: (1) In clock estimation, differential approaches are much more efficient than the zero-differenced approach. (2) The precision of IGS Ultra rapid (IGU) orbits could meet the IGS-RTPP requirement for precise clock estimation and PPP positioning. (3) Considering efficiency and precision, a network with 50 stations is recommended for the IGS-RTPP. It is demonstrated that the real-time satellite clock precision is 0.1 ns supporting hourly static PPP with a mean precision of 2–3 cm in the North component and 3–4 cm in the other components. Kinematic PPP assessed with onboard GPS data collected from a buoy provided mean coordinate precision of 2.2, 4.2, 6.1 cm in the North, East and Up directions, compared to the RTK solutions.     

海上动态测量中的偏心改正

本文对动态测量中偏心改正的原理、方法及其精度进行了探讨.在大比例尺工程水深测量定位中,若测深仪换能器与定位系统接收天线不处于同一铅垂线上,并且偏心过大,超过定位精度要求时,必须进行偏心改正.经过偏心改正后的定位精度才能保证大比例尺测图定位要求.     

Structure and development of the southern Moroccan continental shelf

The structure of the continental shelf off southern Morocco was studied by means of 2,100 km of seismic reflection profiles, magnetic and bathymetric surveys, and dredge samples. The research area lies off four geologic divisions adjacent to the coast: the Atlas Mountains; the Souss Trough; the Anti-Atlas Mountains; and the Aaiun Basin. The continental shelf, along with the western Atlas Mountains, the western Souss Trough, and the entire Aaiun Basin, has subsided along a normal fault-flexure system. This system runs along the shore at the Anti-Atlas Mountains, and cuts off this cratonic block from the shelf subsidence. The shelf is narrow and characterized by out-building off the Anti-Atlas range, whereas it is broader and characterized by upbuilding to the north and south. Deposition was essentially continuous at least from Early Cretaceous through Eocene time. Published work suggests that the last cycle of sedimentation began during Permian rifting. After Eocene time, most sediments carried to the shelf must have bypassed it and gone to construct the slope and rise or to the deep sea. Tertiary orogenies caused extensive folding of Mesozoic and early Tertiary deposits off the Atlas Mountains.     

基于“发现”号ROV的近海底综合声学调查系统及其在台西南冷泉调查中的应用

随着海洋调查技术的发展和海洋研究的深入,基于深潜器平台的近海底调查在海洋调查与研究中的综合应用日趋常态。基于这一背景,本文介绍了搭载于"发现"号缆控水下机器人(remotely operatedvehicle,ROV)的近海底综合声学调查系统及其在台西南冷泉区的应用实例。基于"发现"号ROV平台的近海底综合声学调查系统主要由R2Sonic2024多波束测深系统,模块一体化的侧扫声纳-浅地层剖面系统和水下综合定位与导航系统构成。该系统的配置极大地扩展和完善了"发现"号ROV的近海底调查能力,实现了近海底多波束、侧扫和浅剖等声学数据的同步采集和快速融合处理。基于本套系统在南海冷泉区的综合应用,本文对其工作流程进行了介绍,并对所获得一系列成果进行了初步分析。结果表明,近海底综合探测系统的应用为南海冷泉区的识别、海底地形地貌特征分析以及空间规模量化研究等内容提供了不可或缺的基础资料。本套系统的配置和成功应用,有效地提高了我国的近海底调查和作业能力。     

南海岛礁航空摄影常见问题及对策

为解决远离大陆的海岛礁地形测绘的技术难题,在西沙群岛应用IMU/DGPS辅助海岛礁无控航空摄影技术进行了作业,经实测成果检验,影像精度满足大比例尺航测要求。基于试验分析,对在南海岛礁进行航空摄影常见问题提出了解决建议,有助于航空摄影测量技术在海岛礁测绘中的应用推广。     

舟山岩相潮间带动物群落结构的研究

本文应用数理统计方法研究了舟山海区岩岸潮间带中26个测站的春季动物群落结构。根据26个站的位置分为近岸区、近外海区和外海区3个区域。各站均以软体动物和甲壳动物为群落主要组成成分,群落种类组成数从近岸到外海呈增长趋势,且优势种亦从低盐种类向高盐种类演替。近岸区群落主要优势种为短滨螺Littorina brevicula、粗糙滨螺L.scabra、僧帽牡蛎Ostrea cucullata、白脊藤壶Balanus albicostatus等;近外海区为短滨螺、粒结节滨螺Nodilittorinaexigua、僧帽牡蛎、鳞笠藤壶Tetraclita squamosa squamosa、白脊藤壶等;外海区为粒结节滨螺,疣荔枝螺Purpura clavigera、条纹隔贻贝Septifer virgatus、日本笠藤壶T.japonica及藻类等。但群落个体密度和生物量从近岸到外海呈减少趋势。从近岸到外海,群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H和Pielou均匀度J均增加,而McNaughton优势度D减少。群落结构从近岸到外海渐趋复杂。但整体上,舟山海区岩岸春季动物群落结构是比较简单的(绝大多数断面H值小于2.50,J值小于0.5。而D值大于0.6)。近外海区的群落结构比较相似于外海区的群落。根据平均聚类分析,这26个群落可以分为三个生态类型,即隐蔽性岩岸群落,半隐蔽性岩岸群落及开敞性岩岸群落。     

Improved Method to Detect and Repair Cycle Slip for GNSS Medium–Long Baseline in Real-Time Marine Surveys

Distance-related errors complicate the resolution of real-time ambiguity in medium–long baseline marine surveys. Therefore, detection and recovery of cycle slips in real time is required to ensure high accuracy of global navigation satellite system positioning and navigation in marine surveys. To resolve this, an improved method was presented, where linear combinations of the triple-differenced (TD) between carriers L₁ and L₂ were formed for a wide lane and free ionosphere. To overcome severe ill-conditioned problems of the normal equation, the Tikhonov regularization method was used. The construction of a regularized matrix by combining a priori information of known coordinates of reference stations, followed by the determination of the corresponding regularized parameter are suggested. A float solution was calculated for the TD ambiguity. The search cycle slip (TD integer ambiguity) was obtained using the least-squares ambiguity decorrelation adjustment (LAMBDA) method. Using our method, cycle slips of several reference station baselines with lengths of a few hundred to one thousand kilometers were detected in real time. The results were consistent with professional software, with a success rate of 100%.     

Precision of high-resolution multibeam echo sounding coupled with high-accuracy positioning in a shallow water coastal environment

Over 4 years, repetitive bathymetric measurements of a shipwreck in the Grådyb tidal inlet channel in the Danish Wadden Sea were carried out using a state-of-the-art high-resolution multibeam echosounder (MBES) coupled with a real-time long range kinematic (LRK?) global positioning system. Seven measurements during a single survey in 2003 (n=7) revealed a horizontal and vertical precision of the MBES system of ±20 and ±2 cm, respectively, at a 95% confidence level. By contrast, four annual surveys from 2002 to 2005 (n=4) yielded a horizontal and vertical precision (at 95% confidence level) of only ±30 and ±8 cm, respectively. This difference in precision can be explained by three main factors: (1) the dismounting of the system between the annual surveys, (2) rougher sea conditions during the survey in 2004 and (3) the limited number of annual surveys. In general, the precision achieved here did not correspond to the full potential of the MBES system, as this could certainly have been improved by an increase in coverage density (soundings/m²), achievable by reducing the survey speed of the vessel. Nevertheless, precision was higher than that reported to date for earlier offshore test surveys using comparable equipment.