ALLOZYME VARIATION IN SCAPHARCA SUBCRENATA FROM QINGDAO COASTAL WATERS

采用淀粉凝胶电泳技术研究了青岛近海毛蚶自然群体的等位基因酶遗传变异。在十二种等位基因酶中共检测到了二十七个基因座位，多态位点比例为５１．８５％，位点有效等位基因数分布从１．０３０…２．５７７（平均值１．３８１±０．３４５），位点杂合度观察值分布为０．０２９…０．６１２（平均杂合度０．１３３±０．０３６），在六个基因座位上存在相当明显的杂合子缺失现象。文中讨论了杂合子缺失的原因。     

中国卤虫种群α—淀粉酶同工酶的基因表达特征

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板电泳法,对中国卤虫种群中２０个品系的α－淀粉酶（α－ＡＭＹ）同工酶基因的表达特征进行了分析。实验结果显示：Ａｒｔｅｍｉａｓｉｎｉｃａ和Ａ．ｐａｒｔｈｅｎｏｇｅｎｅｔｉｃａ各自有其独特的酶谱和基因型,Ａ．ｓｉｎｉｃａ的主要基因型为：０／ａｂ／ｂｂ和ａｂ／ａｂ／ａｂ,而Ａ．ｐａｒｔｈｅｎｏｇｅｎｅｔｉｃａ的主要基因型为０／ｂｂ／ａｂ和０／ｂｂ／ｂｂ,这可以作为区分两个种的重要生化指标;各品系间、品系内存在多态现象,并且平均杂合度值较高,与卤虫为了更好地适应不良的生活环境而积累大量有利基因和变异有关;从遗传距离和遗传相似系数可知Ａ．ｓｉｎｉｃａ和Ａ．ｐａｒｔｈｅｎｏｇｅｎｅｔｉｃａ有共同的祖先,两者分化时间大约在距今５７６万年至１００万年左右。     

大鹏湾几种赤潮甲藻的分类学研究

对采自深圳大鹏湾的５种赤潮甲藻进行了分类学研究。其中海洋原甲藻属ｐｒｏ－ｒｏｃｅｎｔｒｕｍ２种：Ｐ．ｍｉｃａｎｓ Ｅｈｒｅｎｂｅｒｇ，Ｐ．ｍｉｎｉｍｕｍ（Ｐａｖｉｌｌａｒｄ）Ｓｃｈｉｌｌｅｒ；亚历山大属Ａｌｅｘａｎｄｒｉｕｍ２种：Ａｔａｍａｒｅｎｓｅ（Ｌｅｂｏｕｒ）Ｂａｌｅｃｈ，Ａ．ｃａｔｅｎｅｌｌａ（Ｗｈｅｄｏｎ＆Ｋｏｆｏｉｄ）Ｂａ－ｌｅｃｈ；施克里普藻属Ｓｃｒｉｐｐｓｉｅｌｌａ１种：Ｓ．ｔｒｏ     

珠江口红拟石首鱼的池养生长与饲养

对新引进的红拟石首鱼Ｓｃｉａｅｎｏｐｓ ｏｃｅｌｌａｔｕｓ进行咸水池养生长特性与饲养技术研究,结果表明,其生长旺盛期在２龄。应用ｖｏｎ Ｂｅｒｔａｌａｎｆｆｙ方程求得人工饲养条件下其体长、体重生长方程分别为Ｌ１＝６５６．２７２２〗１－ｅ＾－０．５９９８ｔ＋０．０８２３）【和Ｗｔ＝４１９３．９０２１〖１－ｅ＾－０．５９９８（ｔ＋０．０８２３）〗＾２．８８３４。体重生长拐点于１．７龄处。面积为６．５ｈ     

掺铝氧化锌厚膜制备及其对三甲胺和海产品鲜度的敏感性

用烧结法制备掺铝氧化锌厚膜，把氧化锌粉末分别同０％，１％，３％，５％的Ａｌ２Ｏ３粉末机械研磨混合均匀，在１１００℃下烧３ｈ，再同粘合剂，有机溶剂混合制成浆料，用刮刀法在氧化铝基片上浆料制成膜，在１００℃下烘干后再经１１００℃烧结２ｈ。膜的灵敏度的测量方法是将膜放在玻璃管内加热到测量温度，测量膜暴露在一定浓度ＴＭＡ气体或由牡蛎放出的气体时电阻值的变化。测量温度为２００，２５０，３００℃和４００℃，Ｔ     

福建和广东南部葡萄牙牡蛎养殖群体和野生群体遗传多样性分析

选取10对高多态性、非遗传连锁的微卫星引物对分布于广东和福建南部海区若干葡萄牙牡蛎(Crassostrea angulata)养殖群体和野生群体种群进行遗传变异分析。3个养殖群体分别采样于福建漳浦(zp1)、广东饶平(zp2)和广东惠州大亚湾(zp4),一个野生群体采样于福建漳浦(zp3)。结果表明无论养殖群体还是野生群体,其种群遗传多样性均较高:3个葡萄牙牡蛎养殖群体期望杂合度为0.769~0.857,野生群体期望杂合度为0.878;3个养殖群体的观测杂合度为0.410~0.518,野生群体为0.641;3个养殖群体基因多样性为0.769~0.820,野生群体为0.878,表明尚未存在种质衰退问题。4个群体间出现显著分化,表明这几个群体间基因交流有限。养殖群体的遗传多样性低于野生群体,提醒要提防葡萄牙牡蛎资源的种质衰退。     

空间因子分析与沉积地球化学旋回元素组合的确定

１９９５年５月,引用地矿部“七五”东北太平洋ＣＣＡ１２１柱状沉积物的８个元素地球化学分析数据,利用空间因子分析方法确定两种周期度（Ｄ１＝６５ｃｍ,Ｄ２＝１０５ｃｍ）内的沉积地球化学旋回元素组合,并据此探讨多金属结核成矿与物源环境的关系,研究表明,与小尺度周期（Ｄ１＝６５ｃｍ）对应的元素组合：Ｕｄ１（Ｍｎ,Ｃｏ,Ｃｕ,Ａｌ２Ｏ３,ＳｉＯ２和Ｕｄ２（Ｆｅ,Ｃａ,Ｃｏ,Ｃｕ）与大尺度周期对应的元素组合为     

三倍体太平洋牡蛎生产性育苗与养成初报

本文总结了１９９８～１９９９年三倍体太平洋牡蛎育苗与养成情况。９８年在荣成三个８６３中试基地利用６－ＤＭＡＰ、冷休克及ＣＢ抑制表卵第二极体释放的方法诱导太平洋牡蛎三倍体,其中以６－ＤＭＡＰ效果较好,诱导三倍体率为６０．９％～９０．５％。共培育三倍体群牡蛎苗种４．１３亿,海上养殖２０００亩。三倍体群牡蛎的生长明显快于二倍体对照群体,体重增加１５．６５％～４１．８９％。１９９９年４～８月收获,三倍体群     

牡蛎幼虫光照实验提示复杂遗传背景下基因互作的多样性

为研究光照对牡蛎幼虫生长成活率的影响,使用6组牡蛎幼虫家系,前三组为长牡蛎家系(GG1、GG2、GG3),后三组为长牡蛎与葡萄牙牡蛎杂交家系(GA1、GA2、GA3),其中GG1与GA1母本相同,GG2与GA2母本相同,GG3与GA3母本相同;每个家系分别在6个光照梯度下从1日龄饲养到10日龄,然后测量记录10日龄幼虫在各个光照梯度下的壳高和成活率。结果表明,在各个光照梯度下,牡蛎幼虫的壳高都没有显著差异,长牡蛎幼虫与杂交牡蛎幼虫之间的壳高也都没有显著差异,但长牡蛎幼虫和杂交牡蛎幼虫均在58 lx的光照强度下,表现出最高的成活率,这提示牡蛎育苗生产的前10天应当保持这样的光照强度,而杂交牡蛎幼虫在269 lx和58 lx两个光照梯度下的成活率均极显著的高于长牡蛎幼虫,提示了长牡蛎与葡萄牙牡蛎之间具有亲和性并且其杂交后代存在杂种优势,也在一定程度上支持长牡蛎与葡萄牙牡蛎同属一个物种的假设。而以壳高和成活率作为指标进行聚类分析和主成分分析后发现,长牡蛎3个家系幼虫的表型比较接近,而杂交牡蛎幼虫的表型虽然具有靠近各自同母本长牡蛎幼虫的趋势,但杂交家系之间差异非常大,提示了高杂合度高异质性遗传背景下基因互作的多样性。     

雄性三倍体长牡蛎繁殖潜力的初步研究

国内外很多人做过三倍体长牡砺的诱导工作，但在三倍体性腺发育及配子活力方面的研究，目前仅见Ａｌｌｅｎ等１９８６年和１９９０年对三倍体的海螂和长蛎异常配子的发生报道。Ｃｏｘ１９９６年研究了悉尼岩牡蛎三倍体性腺发育情况，姜卫国等对三倍体合浦珠母贝的生殖腺进行了观察，李霞［１］对三倍体长牡蛎的性腺发育做了较系统的分析和总结。作者用流式细胞仪对长牡蛎Ｃｒａｓｓｏｓｔｒｅａ　ｇｉｇａｓ二、三倍体的性腺细胞进行了初步分析，回答了三倍体长牡蛎生殖潜力及性比方面的一些问题，为进一步研究三倍体长牡蛎的生长、繁殖、杂…     

太平洋牡蛎中大肠杆菌净化的实验研究

静水中人工感染太平洋牡蛎,使其体内埃希氏大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)浓度达到105 MPN/100g,然后放入紫外线循环系统中对其进行净化,研究贝水质量比(1∶3,1∶6,1∶10,1∶50)、水交换频率(1,3,5次/h)、温度(10,15,20,25℃)及净化层数(上层,中层,下层)等不同环境因子对牡蛎体内大肠杆菌净化的影响。在前6h大肠杆菌净化迅速,之后速度减慢,至36h时能净化2～3个对数值。不同环境因子的净化实验结果表明,当贝水比为1∶6,水交换律为3次/h,温度为15或25℃,净化层数为上层时净化效果最佳。     

Scales of recruitment variability in warming waters: Comparing native and introduced oysters in Hood Canal,Washington, USA

The effect of climate change on natural oyster recruitment has the potential to disrupt many of the ecosystem services oysters provide. Due to the temperature‐sensitivity of reproduction, oyster recruitment may shift as water temperatures rise. A biological imprint of climate change was revealed in a multi‐decadal time series of recruitment of non‐native Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in the main stem of Hood Canal, Washington, USA, extracted from historic fishery documents. Water in July and August warmed significantly from 1945 to 1995 (0.028 ± 0.004°C per year [±SE]) and accounted for an increase in Pacific oyster recruitment (7% per year, 0.028 ± 0.006 spat per year on log scale [±SE]); recruitment also strongly tracked inter‐annual variability in summer water temperature. Methods used to collect historical data were repeated in 2013–2015 when recruitment of both Pacific oysters and native Olympia oysters (Ostrea lurida) were recorded in main stem and lower Hood Canal. Both historic and modern data show large variation within and between years for temperature as well as recruitment. The modern data add information regarding spatial variation, in that recruitment patterns in the two regions of Hood Canal were decoupled. As temperatures continue to increase, non‐native Pacific oysters are likely to be favored over Olympia oysters, which recruit earlier at lower temperatures and presently contribute less than half of total oyster recruits. Future recruitment, however, may be limited by environmental factors other than temperature, a point indicated particularly in Hood Canal where many subtidal species already respond strongly to gradients in dissolved oxygen.     

辽宁沿海巨蛎属牡蛎的分布

作者采用多重种特异性PCR(multiplex species-specific PCR)技术,研究了巨蛎属(Crassostrea)牡蛎在辽宁沿海的分布。从辽宁沿海的共11个采样点共采集802个牡蛎样本,通过对COI基因的扩增,随机检测了其中的531个牡蛎样本,结果517个个体为长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas),14个为近江牡蛎(Crassostrea ariakensis),未发现其他巨蛎属牡蛎。结果表明,辽宁沿海有长牡蛎和近江牡蛎等2种巨蛎属牡蛎分布,其中长牡蛎为优势种,分布于潮间带和潮下带,近江牡蛎为稀有种,分布于潮下带,而且在黄海和渤海海域均有分布。     

两种方法诱导太平洋牡蛎三倍体在生产上的应用效果

本文就太平洋牡蛎三倍体育苗中，常用的低温休克法和6－DMAP法进行了生产性试验比较。其结果为：在三倍体诱导率方面，低温休克的三倍体率低且不稳定，6－DMAP法诱导三倍体率高且稳定；在生长方面，低温休克法诱导的三倍体在养成期的生长和成活均差于6－DMAP法诱导的，三倍体率差异明显，但在幼虫期二者差异不显著。     

Introduced Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas in South Africa: demographic change,genetic diversity and body condition

Successful aquaculture species are often chosen for their fast growth rates and fecundity, which are also characteristics of invasive species. The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, which constitutes 80% of global oyster trade, has been confirmed as invasive in 17 of the 66 countries where it is cultured. The single study of its status in South Africa reported populations in six South Coast estuaries in 2001, dropping to three sites in 2003. We resurveyed these estuaries, visited others in the Eastern and Western Cape provinces, and sampled oyster tissue for molecular analyses of population structure. Pacific oysters have disappeared from Knysna and, following our collections, possibly also from the GouKou Estuary. Between 2003 and 2012, the Breede Estuary population decreased by 87%, from an estimated 184 206 to 23 760 individuals. Within this estuary, oysters 12 km upriver had denser shells and higher body condition indices than did those within 1.4 km of the river mouth, presumably reflecting higher availability of suspended organic matter. However, low salinity over most of the species’ range in the estuary probably inhibits recruitment. New populations of Pacific oysters in the Swartkops and Kaaimans estuaries urgently require monitoring and eradication. Haplotype (h) and nucleotide (π) diversities across all oyster populations sampled (h = 0.2300 [SD 0.0595], π = 0.0006 [SD 0.0007]) were lower than those of co-occurring indigenous Cape rock oysters Striostrea margaritacea from the GouKou and Breede estuaries (h = 0.9076 [SD 0.0386], π = 0.00589 [SD 0.00347]). Pacific oysters either have been introduced to South African estuaries infrequently, or have experienced genetic bottlenecks following river floods or human exploitation, or both. Populations growing outside culture infrastructure are restricted to estuaries in the Eastern and Western Cape provinces, with no evidence of occurrence in fully marine shelf environments. Given the species’ considerable socio-economic importance, estuarine and coastal surveillance coupled with aquaculture zoning are required to integrate biodiversity and food security considerations.     

Effects of short-term environmental disturbances on living benthic foraminifera during the Pacific oyster summer mortality in the Marennes-Oléron Bay (France)

Sediment cores were collected from April to August 2004 on tidal mudflats of the macrotidal Marennes-Oléron Bay (SW France), famous for the cultivation of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas). The response of living (stained) benthic foraminifera to short-term biogeochemical disturbances in the sediment and overlying water, which may be involved in oyster summer mortality, was monitored. Short-term hypoxia occurred in early June, in conjunction with a sudden rise in temperature. In mid-June, the ammonia content of sediment porewater increased, leading to potentially maximal flux towards overlying waters. Foraminiferal assemblages, particularly in the topmost layer, were altered. Ammonia tepida was the most tolerant to temperature increase and hypoxic conditions whereas Brizalina variabilis and Haynesina germanica were sensitive to organic degradation and hypoxia. Cribroelphidium gunteri was the most opportunistic during recolonisation. Benthic foraminifera showed that short-term biochemical changes in the sediment are toxic and may be involved in the summer mortality of Pacific oysters.     

近江牡蛎与太平洋牡蛎的同工酶鉴别

福建省罗源湾于上世纪80年代初先后引进来自日本、台湾和澳大利亚的太平洋牡蛎．该品种引进后不久就开始出现养殖品质退化的现象；对此，有人怀疑是与本地近江牡蛎杂交所致。本文通过同工酶分析，确认罗源湾太平洋牡蛎被测样品中不舍与近江牡蛎杂交的个体．苹果酸脱氢酶电泳可作为鉴定相关种群的技术手段．但是，本项调查结果也显示罗源湾太平洋牡蛎很可能不是纯系品种，培育纯化品系、加强种质管理对振兴福建牡蛎产业具有重要意义。     

二倍体和三倍体太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)繁殖前后生化成分及氨基酸组成的比较研究

对太平洋蛎二倍体和三倍体在繁殖前后的几种生化成分和氨基酸组成进行了比较研究，为牡蛎的生理生化研究提供了基础数据。结果显示：太平洋牡蛎的总糖，糖原，脂肪和蛋白的含量与其繁密切相关，二倍体牡蛎在繁殖后的总糖，糖原，脂肪的含量比繁殖前分别降低了24．31％，30．37％，14．91％，三倍体分别降低了9．45％，7．17％，20．29％，而二倍体和三倍体牡蛎粗蛋白的含量在繁殖后较繁殖前分别增高了14．91％，12．285，表明了糖类和脂肪是牡蛎殖能量的主要来源，繁殖前三倍体牡蛎的糖原含量比二倍体高23．30％，繁殖后二倍体糖原含量明显降低，三倍体的糖原含量比二倍体高了73．83％，表明三倍体牡蛎由于可育性低而体内一直保持较高水平的糖原含量，从而在繁殖季节也保持了鲜美的口味。二倍体太平洋牡蛎与三倍体的氨基酸组成和含量的分析比较也表明，二倍体牡蛎的氨基酸组分在繁殖前后变化较大，而三倍体的氨基酸组分相对稳定。     

The potential food poisoning hazard of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in New Zealand Pacific oysters

The level of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was generally very low in Pacific oysters sampled from 4 New Zealand oyster farms between November 1982 and May 1983. Of the 149 samples collected, only one was found to contain greater than the 1000 organisms g^‐1regarded as the maximum allowable by international standards (International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods 1982: Micro‐organisms in Foods, Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York). V. parahaemolyticus was detected in 57% of the oyster samples, but 95% of these contained less than 10 organisms g^‐1. Maximum levels appeared to coincide with high water temperatures at the farm sites. Chilling, freezing, and depuration reduced V. parahaemolyticus numbers in oysters after harvest. However, holding at ambient temperatures (19–25°C) resulted in up to a 35‐fold increase in organism numbers with a maximum after one day. The food poisoning hazard from V. parahaemolyticus in New Zealand‐grown Pacific oysters thus appears to be minimal. Recommendations are made to keep harvested shellfish cool and to chill them as soon as practical.     

近交对壳金长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)幼虫期与稚贝期生长和存活的影响

以2014年构建的壳金长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)全同胞家系为亲本,通过近交和设置对照组的方法,研究了近交对壳金长牡蛎家系幼虫期与稚贝期生长和存活的影响。结果表明,在整个实验期间,壳金F1家系的壳高、壳长和存活率均小于对照组。壳金F1家系的壳高和壳长仅在1日龄、190日龄与对照组差异不显著(P0.05),存活率仅在20日龄时与对照组差异显著(P0.05)。幼虫期,壳金F1家系壳高的近交衰退率范围为0.85%—13.70%,壳长的近交衰退率范围为0.75%—10.83%,存活率的近交衰退范围为4.24%—27.44%。稚贝期,壳金F1家系壳高的近交衰退率范围为6.16%—9.90%,壳长的近交衰退率范围为1.76%—14.21%,存活率的近交衰退范围为1.92%—4.18%。