半叶马尾藻多糖对γ射线氧化损伤小鼠的保护作用

采用检测小鼠血浆和肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和丙二醛(MDA)的方法，观察半叶马尾藻多糖[Sargassum hemiphyllum(Turner)C．Ag．polysaccharides，sHP]对2Gy γ射线损伤小鼠氧化自由基的影响。结果发现20mg／kg和40mg／kg的SHP不仅能明显降低辐射损伤小鼠血清和肝脏的MDA含量，而且能够提高辐射损伤小鼠SOD和CAT的活性，并呈剂量依赖性增强。10mg／kg的SHP对辐射损伤小鼠肝脏SOD、小鼠血浆和肝脏CAT也有明显的促进作用。提示半叶马尾藻多糖具有清除γ射线所致自由基和抑制脂质过氧化的作用。     

玻璃海鞘多肽的分离纯化及其抗血管生成活性

利用丙酮沉淀，SephadexG25柱层析、Superdex75快速蛋白纯化系统（FPLC）等分离手段，采用活性追踪的方法，从玻璃海鞘（Coina intestinalis）中分离纯化出抗血管生成多肽PCI，据保留时间计算其分子质量为1．8ku。PCI在50～90℃范围内有良好的热稳定性，多肽水解酶处理可引起活性丧失。四甲基偶氮唑盐比色（MTT）检测表明其对人脐静脉血管内皮细胞（HUVEC）具有强烈的抑制作用，IC50为7．5mg／L。在斑马鱼（Danio rerio）胚胎体内实验中进一步表明，PCI在40mg／L的浓度下作用12h，斑马鱼胚胎新生血管生成受到显著抑制，肠下静脉血管长度为正常组的30％，斑马鱼胚胎血管生成率为正常组的45％。     

岩藻聚糖硫酸酯低聚糖降压作用的初步研究

采用两肾—夹型建立肾血管性高血压大鼠模型。探讨岩藻聚糖硫酸酯低聚糖对肾血管性高血压大鼠的血压、呼吸及血浆中血管紧张素Ⅱ(Ang Ⅱ)含量的影响。用GY-6088型多道生理参数分析记录仪和张力传感器测定、记录血压和呼吸；用均相竞争法测定Ang Ⅱ的含量。实验表明，12．5，25，50mg／kg的岩藻聚糖硫酸酯低聚糖均能显著地降低肾血管性高血压大鼠的动脉血压。其中，高剂量(50mg／kg)的降压效果与14mg／kg的卡托普利相当；给药大鼠的呼吸频率随血压的变化呈正相关变化；12．5，25，50mg／kg剂量的岩藻聚糖硫酸酯低聚糖均能降低高血压大鼠血浆中Ang Ⅱ的含量。其中，高剂量(25，50mg／kg)组的Ang Ⅱ水平同卡托普利组(14mg／kg)相当。岩藻聚糖硫酸酯低聚糖对肾血管性高血压大鼠有显著的降压作用，抑制AngⅡ生成可能是其降压机制之一。     

海脉冲营养素(HMC)研究——HMC对小鼠免疫功能的影响

研究海脉冲营养素“ＨＭＣ”对小鼠免疫功能的影响。结果表明：小鼠口服ＨＭＣ３００ｍｇ／ｋｇ·ｄ，连续７～１０ｄ，可增加小鼠免疫器官的重量（Ｐ＜０．０５）；提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬率和吞噬指数（Ｐ＜０．０１）；促进ＰＨＡ刺激的淋巴细胞转化反应（Ｐ＜０．０１）和提高ＡＮＡＥ＋淋巴细胞百分率（Ｐ＜０．０５）；对小鼠血清溶血素和ＰＦＣ数目的生成无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５），对ＨＰＡ和ＣＴＸ引起的免疫抑制有拮抗作用。提示：ＨＭＣ是一种有效的免疫调节剂。     

纤细角毛藻培养条件优化

采用正交实验的方法，对影响纤细角毛藻(Chaetoceros gracilis)生长的主要营养因素进行了优化，获得了以海水为基础的优化培养基配方：NaHCO30．15g／L，NazSiO3(9H2O0．20g／L，NANO3 1．00g／L，KH2PO4 0．02g／L，VB1 2．7mg／L，VB12 1.5μg/L。实验表明，用该优化配方培养纤细角毛藻具有生长速度快、产量高的显著优势，为该微藻在光生物反应器中的进一步高密度培养提供了良好条件。     

苯并（a）芘对大弹涂鱼肝脏超氧化物歧化酶活性的影响

在实验生态条件下，研究了在苯并（a)芘（BaP)胁迫下大弹涂鱼肝脏超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性的变化，结果显示：暴露3d时，不同BaP含量组大弹涂鱼肝脏SOD活性无显著差异（P＞0．05），而暴露7d时，随着B aP含量的升高，0.5mg/dm^3 BaP含量组SOD活性被显著诱导（P＜0．05），为对照组的1．87倍；随着暴露时间的延长，各含量组肝脏SOD的活性均表现出不同程度的下降趋势，其中对照组肝脏SOD活性显著降低，表明SOD活性易受污染以外的因素，如水体容量、铒料、光照等的影响。污染解除后，0.5mg/dm^3含量组SOD活性显著升高，表明大弹涂鱼肝脏仍具有较强的生理调节机能，也可能表明SOD活性的变化相对于环境因子改变的“迟滞性”。以上这些结果表明SOD有可能作为大弹涂鱼受BaP胁迫的生物指标。     

四种重金属对刺参幼参的急性致毒效应

采用静水试验法,在水温18.5℃~20℃的条件下,用Cu2 ,Zn2 ,Cd2 和Cr6 四种重金属对刺参幼参进行了单一急性毒性试验。结果表明:Cu2 对刺参幼参的24h,48h,72h和96hLC50分别为0.299,0.176,0.133和0.120mg/L;Zn2 的24h,48h,72h和96hLC50分别为6.700,3.624,2.577和1.951mg/L;Cd2 的24h,48h和72hLC50分别为4.246,2.588和2.137mg/L;Cr6 的24h,48h和72hLC50分别为31.974,7.499和3.808mg/L;Cu2 ,Zn2 ,Cd2 和Cr6 对刺参幼参的安全浓度分别为0.018,0.362,0.259和0.750mg/L。四种重金属对刺参幼参的毒性大小依次为Cu2 >Cd2 >Zn2 >Cr6 。     

海洋中β-二甲基巯基丙酸内盐降解过程的研究进展

二甲基硫(DMS)是海水中一种最重要的、含量最丰富的还原态挥发性生源有机硫化物,前体β-二甲基巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP)的降解过程受各种因素影响。其中主要包括温度、DMSP的浓度、氧气、盐度、酸度、颗粒粒度、藻类生长期、季节变化、氧化压力、抑制剂等。它们均与DMSP降解速率呈一定的函数关系,并对DMSP的降解产物产生影响。藻类是DMSP的主要来源,因此着重讨论了温度、盐度、酸度等对不同浮游植物细胞内DMSP与DMS生物生产和转化过程的影响。结合海洋硫循环的研究现状和海洋化学发展的趋势,探究了用颗粒态DMSP与Chla的比率来量化碳和硫通量的方法及DMSP裂解酶活性的检验技术。大气中CO2压力持续增加导致的海洋酸化对藻类中DMSP降解过程的影响也是进一步研究的重点。     

Tracing dissolved organic matter cycling in the eastern boundary of the temperate North Atlantic using absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy

Apparent oxygen utilization (AOU), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption spectra, and CDOM fluorescence characteristic of aromatic amino acids (excitation/emission 280 nm/320 nm; F(280/320)) and marine-humic like substances (320 nm/410 nm; F(320/410)) were measured in full depth during a cruise in the temperate Eastern North Atlantic (ENA). An optimum multi-parameter (OMP) inverse method was run to calculate water mass proportion-weighted average (archetypal) concentrations of these chemical parameters for all water masses and samples. Archetypal concentrations retain the variability due to water mass mixing and basin scale mineralization from the water mass formation sites to the study area. Conversely, the difference between measured and archetypal concentrations, retain the variability due to dissimilarities in mineralization processes within the study area. Our analysis indicates that DOC supported 26±3% of the AOU in the dark temperate ENA and that basin scale processes occurring at and from the formation area of the water masses explained 63% of the total DOC variability. Our data also suggests that DOC remineralized at the basin scale was of lower molecular weight, and with a lower proportion of fluorescent aromatic amino acids than found within the study area. The relationship between the absorption coefficient at 254 nm (a_CDOM(254)) and AOU indicates that a_CDOM(254) was consumed during organic matter remineralization in the dark ocean, with 55% of the variability being explained by basin scale processes. The relationships of F(320/410) with AOU and DOC confirmed that marine humic-like substances are produced by microbial degradation processes, at a rate of 6.1±0.9×10⁻³ mg equivalents of QS mol AOU⁻¹. Our results also indicate that basin-scale remineralization processes account for 85% of the total variability of F(320/410), emphasizing that large scale processes control the formation of humic-like substance in the dark ENA.     

莱州湾海域水体中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的浓度水平和分布特征

以固相萃取/气相色谱法测定了莱州湾海域水体中22种有机氯农药和多氯联苯类化合物的浓度水平和分布特征。结果表明,莱州湾海域表层水体中有机氯农药浓度范围为N.D.~32.7ng/L,底层水中的浓度范围为N.D.~11.7ng/L。在该海域水体中共检出有机氯农药3种,β-666是水体中主要的有机氯农药污染物。多氯联苯类在底层水样中检出2种,总浓度范围在4.5~27.7ng/L之间。该海域有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分布特征是近岸高,离岸低,由近岸向湾外延伸方向依次递减。并对莱州湾表层水中总有机氯农药与海水盐度、氯度、溶解氧和pH间的关系作了初步探讨,得出总有机氯农药与盐度、氯度间有一定的相关关系,相关系数均为0.59。方法测定5种有机氯农药化合物的空白加标回收率为97.3%~126.0%,相对标准偏差为2.8%~8.6%;测定5种多氯联苯类化合物的空白加标回收率为88.6%~151.8%,相对标准偏差为6.7%~10.4%。     

Dissolved organic matter cycling in the confluence of the Atlantic and Indian oceans south of Africa

The boundary between the Atlantic and Indian sectors of the Southern Ocean is a key spot of the thermohaline circulation, where the following water masses mix up: Indian Central water (ICW), South Atlantic Central Water (SACW), Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW), Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW), North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), Weddell Sea Deep Water (WSDW) and Antarctic Winter Water (WW). An optimum multiparameter analysis based on the distributions of potential temperature, salinity, NO (=O₂+9.3×NO₃) and silicate during the GoodHope 2004 (GH04) cruise allowed us to (i) define the realms of these water masses; (ii) obtain the water mass proportion weighted-average (archetypal) apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations of each water mass; and (iii) estimate the contribution of DOC to the oxygen demand of the study area. WW represented only 5.2% of the water volume sampled during GH04, followed by WSDW with 10.8%, NADW with 12.7%, SACW with 15.3%, AAIW with 23.1% and CDW with 32.8%. The distributions of DOC and AOU were mainly explained by the mixing of archetypal concentrations of these variables, 75±5% and 65±3% respectively, which retained the variability due to the basin-scale mineralization from the formation area to the barycentre of each water mass along the GH04 line. DOC accounted for 26±2% and 12±5% of the oxygen demand of the meso- and bathypelagic ocean, respectively. Conversely, local mineralization processes, retained by the residuals of the archetypal concentrations of DOC and AOU, did not contribute to improve significantly the mixing model of DOC.     

光子晶体光纤带隙及模场的一种综合模拟分析方法

提出直接由MATLAB读入光纤端面图实现复杂结构光子晶体光纤(PCF)模型的快速建立,并综合平面波法(PWM)和频域有限差分(FDFD)法,模拟分析带隙型光子晶体光纤(PBG-PCF)的带隙和模场分布.利用PWM计算得到了在PBG-PCF中传输的光波频率及模式有效折射率范围;基于FDFD法在给定波长及模式有效折射率范围情况下,模拟得到了PBG-PCF中可能存在的模场分布及其他特性.以市售的PBG-PCF为例,验证了数值模拟的正确性,随后系统地分析了结构参数(晶格结构、"原子"占有率、背景材料折射率及"原子     

Sources and implications of particulate organic matter from a small tropical river——Zuari River,India

Transitional ecosystems,estuaries and the coastal seas,are distinctively affected by natural and anthropogenic factors.Organic matter(OM)originating from terrestrial sources is exported by rivers and forms a key component of the global biogeochemical cycles.Most previous studies focused on the bulk biochemical and anthropogenic aspects affecting these ecosystems.In the present study,we examined the sources and fate of OM entrained within suspended particulate matter(SPM)of the Zuari River and its estuary,west coast of India.Besides using amino acid(AA)enantiomers(L-and D-forms)as biomarkers,other bulk biochemical parameters viz.particulate organic carbon(POC),δ13C,particulate nitrogen(PN),δ15N and chlorophyll a were analyzed.Surprisingly no significant temporal variations were observed in the parameters analyzed;nonetheless,salinity,POC,δ13C,PN,δ15N,glutamic acid,serine,alanine,tyrosine,leucine and D-aspartic acid exhibited significant spatial variability suggesting source differentiation.The POC content displayed weak temporal variability with low values observed during the post-monsoon season attributed to inputs from mixed sources.Estuarine samples were less depleted than the riverine samples suggesting contributions from marine plankton in addition to contributions from river plankton and terrestrial C3 plants detritus.Labile OM was observed during the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons in the estuarine region.More degraded OM was noticed during the pre-monsoon season.Principal component analysis was used to ascertain the sources and factors influencing OM.Principally five factors were extracted explaining 84.52%of the total variance.The first component accounted for 27.10%of the variance suggesting the dominance of tidal influence whereas,the second component accounted for heterotrophic bacteria and their remnants associated with the particulate matter,contributing primarily to the AA pool.Based on this study we ascertained the role of the estuarine turbidity maximum(ETM)controlling the sources of POM and its implications to small tropical rivers.Thus,changes in temporal and regional settings are more likely to affect the natural biogeochemical cycles of small tropical rivers.     

Material selection for the gas containment system of a compressed natural gas carrier fleet

In this work, the possible exploitation of fiber-reinforced composites in the context of maritime transportation of compressed natural gas (CNG) is investigated. In addition to a more conventional steel configuration, two different fiber materials, carbon and glass, are considered as construction materials for pressure vessels (PVs) to be stored on board ships, with thickness optimized by FEM analysis.The considered scenario is represented by the transportation of CNG from an offshore well to a terminal on shore. Fleets of ships carrying CNG in pressure vessels manufactured with the investigated materials are generated by means of a ship synthesis model (SSM) software and compared on the basis of technical and economical indicators.The choice of the construction material influences considerably the weight of the PVs, which represent a major item of total ship weight and reflects directly on the general transport performances in terms of resistance, seakeeping and reliability in the service. On the other hand, capital as well as operating expenditures are considerably affected by the choice. When exploring the design space, the ship synthesis model is able, at a preliminary stage of the design, to account for the various technical and economical aspects, their implications and relationships. Results are presented of computations carried out in a specific case, identified by the annual gas production and other characteristics of the well terminal and a cruising route for the ships. The comparison is carried out on the basis of the cost per transported unit of gas and of the percentage of success in the transportation process. The computations show that the choice of the PV material has a key influence on the results in terms of optimal number, dimensions and speed of the ships.     

南海名浅考

根据历史文献分析，已知南海海名最早出现于周宣王（827BC--782BC在位）时的《江汉》诗中。秦汉之间214BC—111BC时著的《山海经·海内东经》篇，记述了现时广东省三水和广州以南地区当时为海，称南海。这可从《史记》和《汉书》的记述，以及现代珠江三角洲的考古学、第四纪地质学和河口演变的研究成果所证实。南海古时别名涨海，明清时期外国人称为大明海和大清海。清朝以来，外国人把它翻译成（或称作）英文“South China Sea”，而近代某些中国人再把这个英文名词直译成汉文“南中国海”，忽视“南海”固有的中文名称。民国和中华人民共和国政府先后出版的地图和其他正式出版物，皆只用“南海”名。     

VE对河蟹血清和组织中超氧化物歧化酶及磷酸酶活性的影响

通过投喂添加VE 量分别为 0、0 .1× 1 0 - 3 、0 .2× 1 0 - 3 、0 .4× 1 0 - 3 、0 .6× 1 0 - 3(m m)的 5种实验饲料饲养河蟹 6 0d ,以探讨VE 对其体内SOD、ALP和ACP等酶活性的影响 .结果表明 ,饲料中未添加VE 时 ,河蟹血清、肝胰腺、卵巢和肌肉各组织中SOD、ALP和ACP活性各异 ,其中SOD的活性从高到低依次为肝胰腺 >卵巢 >血清 >肌肉 ,ALP活性的为肝胰腺 >血清 >卵巢 >肌肉 ,而ACP活性则是肝胰腺 >血清 >肌肉 >卵巢 .饲料中添加VE 时 ,与对照组相比 ,各组织中SOD活性随着VE添加量的升高而显著降低 ( p <0 .0 5或 p <0 .0 1 ) ;ALP和ACP活性则随着VE 添加量的增加而显著升高 ( p <0 .0 5或 p <0 .0 1 ) .这表明VE 作为天然抗氧化剂在河蟹体内发挥了很大的作用 ,并促进机体的新陈代谢 ,从而增强机体的非特异性免疫力 .VE 作为免疫刺激剂能有效地增强河蟹的非特异性免疫能力 ,能有效发挥其增强河蟹免疫功能的VE 适宜添加量为 ( 0 .2～ 0 .4)× 1 0 - 3(m m) .