0917号台风“芭玛”折向东南向移动原因分析

利用NCEP全球数据同化系统(GDAS)1°×1°分析资料,对0917号台风"芭玛"折向东南向移动原因进行了分析。结果表明,中高纬度环流调整是"芭玛"折向东南向移动的根本原因;0918号台风"茉莉"通过改变外围环境场的强度、形状对"芭玛"台风产生间接影响,而两台风之间逆时针互旋以及台风"茉莉"外围强大的环流对台风"芭玛"的直接作用是台风"芭玛"折向东南向移动的关键。对台风"芭玛"经纬向UV最大风速变化诊断分析表明,"芭玛"经纬向UV最大风速中心的转移对"芭玛"折向东南向移动有重要影响,经纬向UV最大风速差的变化对"芭玛"转向具有预示作用,经纬向最大风速差的合成风方向与台风中心未来移动方向有一定的关系。     

台风对珠江口风暴增水的影响分析

珠江口沿岸风暴潮灾害频发,且受台风影响显著。本研究对珠江口赤湾站近30 a(1990—2019)的极端增水进行了分析。结果显示:近年来该区域年平均增水没有显著变化,但极端风暴增水(99.9%分位数)强度显著增强(1.62cm·a^–1),意味着极端风暴潮灾害强度不断变大;在这30a里,有20a的年最大增水发生于台风期间(占66.7%),2018年超强台风“山竹”引起的增水峰值达254cm,为近30a最大的风暴潮灾害事件;增水对台风的最大响应距离约为500～800km。在台风影响范围内,增水强度与台风强度呈近似的线性关系,与距台风中心距离则呈指数关系。分别利用台风强度的不同指标(台风中心最低气压、最大风速和最大风速半径),结合观测站距台风中心的距离,对增水进行拟合,发现风速与距离组合对风暴增水的刻画效果最好[S_w=3.23e^–0.0036D×(Γ_w–3.90)+4.48,R²=0.78,RMSE=9.69cm]。这些研究结果可提升对珠江口风暴潮灾害的认识,为台风风暴潮模拟提供验证资...     

西太平洋8708号台风海面风、浪结构及其关系的遥感研究

本文以Geosat卫星高度计1987年8月11日在西太平洋海域上的-上升轨道测得的风、浪资料为基础,统计分析了8708号台风影响下的海面风速和海浪特征.结果显示,此次台风影响下的海面风速和海浪波高的空间分布具有相对台风中心近似对称的结构特征,但在台风内区,台风移动方向的右方风速较左方风速增加较快,同时在台风外围,右方风速较左方风速衰减也较快;有效波高没有明显的内、外区结构,且左、右方波高随距离变化也呈不同的衰减率;风速与有效波高的关系在台风中心左右也呈现明显的不同;本文给出了台风的风速及波高随相对台风中心距离变化的经验关系式,以及合风风速与波高的经验关系式等.     

0509"麦莎"台风浪特征分析

通过对0509号“麦莎”台风浪的分析,揭示影响台风浪成长、发展、消衰的物理因素。分析结果表明:台风浪的大小、台风浪的范围、台风浪区的对称性不仅和台风的强度、移动速度、外围大尺度天气系统有关,并且也受岛屿及海底地形等环境条件的影响:其中影响台风浪主要因素是风速、风时和风区,三者之间相互影响相互制约。     

0205号台风"威马逊"北上过程中强度减弱缓慢的原因分析

0205号台风“威马逊”于7月初沿海北上影响浙江舟山。影响浙江舟山时台风中心气压仍有940hPa,在历史同期是少见的。本文初步分析认为,台风在北上过程中强度保持不变的原因是由于台风本身结构规则、尺度大,强而大的台风环流提供了广泛的辐合流入。台风外围深厚的暖湿水汽输送带为台风强度的维持提供了水汽和能量,台风强度维持与低层辐合高层辐散有关,高层辐散同时加剧了低层辐合。涡度场的对称分布,使水汽和能量向台风中心旋转,旋转风动能得以维持。弱的垂直切变和暖洋面的存在也是台风强度维持的原因之一。     

"鸣蝉"台风结构和强度变化特点

2003年第14号台风"鸣蝉"朝西北方向移到24°N以北时,中心气压下降到920hPa,近中心最大风速达60m/s,在沿125°E北上时,强度减弱很缓慢.本文对该台风的移动路径和强度变化进行分析,发现台风主要是在副热带高压和高空槽的引导下移动,路径比较规则.来自热带辐合带的深厚水汽输送通道为台风强度的维持提供了丰沛的水汽和能量.200hPa高空槽前西南急流为台风提供强流出流场.涡度场的对称分布,使水汽和能量向台风中心旋转,低层辐合加强,涡动动能得以维持,有利于台风强度的加强.弱的水平风速垂直切变和暖洋面的加热作用,也是台风维持的原因.     

0216号台风风暴潮灾害调查分析

0216号台风是近五年来登陆浙江最强的台风。本文通过对0216号台风风暴期灾害的调查、分析，基本摸清了灾害情况。经过与近十年来登陆浙江的强台风造成的灾害对比，发现此次台风风暴潮灾害造成的直接经济损失要比往年小的多，并分析了其原因。最后指出工程措施和非工程措施在防御台风风暴潮灾害中起到同等重要的作用。     

“米娜”（1918）台风浪特征及其与“利奇马”（1909）的差异

利用浙江省自动气象站、舟山和温州浮标资料以及欧洲中期天气预报中心数值模式输出产品,分析了1918号台风"米娜"影响期间浙江沿海风和海浪时空变化特征,并与同样严重影响浙江的1909号台风"利奇马"进行对比。结果表明:两个台风表现出不同的波高与波周期联合概率分布特征,在浙江北部和南部沿海海浪波型也不同,波型的不同不仅与天文大潮相关,还与风速大小有关。在台风主要影响时段,有效波高和风速在空间分布上存在较好的对应关系,但最大有效波高不一定位于台风中心区域内。     

基于高低潮的风暴增水人工神经网络预报模型

针对只有高低潮数据的情况,利用人工神经网络建立起一种预报当前台风时刻后第一个高潮时增水的模型。该模型选取台风在当前时刻、前6 h、前12 h、前18 h的中心经度、纬度、最大风速、中心气压以及当前时刻前第一个高潮时刻的风暴增水为输入单元。台风当前时刻后第一个高潮时刻风暴增水为模型输出单元。利用历史资料形成的规范化后的模式对,对模型进行训练,训练成功后,结合台风因子预报模型,即可用于风暴增水的预报。经过长江口高桥站高低潮实测资料的检验,结果表明该模型提取到了风暴增水效应,说明该模型可用于风暴增水的预报。     

0915号台风"巨爵"不同风场资料对比研究

0915号台风"巨爵(Koppu)"于2009年9月巧日07时在广东台山登陆,给受灾地区人民生命财产安全造成了巨大的损失.为研究台风风场各计算方法的准确度,本文利用多种计算模型,以及海洋站的实测风速,对各方法得到的风场结构、各站最大风速和风速过程曲线等进行了对比分析.结果表明:MM5预报风场在台风中心计算强度偏小,但比...     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Net Sand Transport Direction in a Tidal Inlet, using Foraminiferal Tests as Natural Tracers

The relationship between the flux of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests (i.e. tests which are supplied from open-sea sources alone) in a tidal inlet and that of bulk sediment was analysed, which can be expressed as two first-order linear equations. According to this relationship, in order to determine net sediment transport directions in the entrance, the test concentration in surficial sediments of the tidal basin can be compared against a ‘ critical level ’. The critical level is determined for the conditions that no net transport of bulk sediment is present within the entrance. If the observed concentration (averaged over the tidal basin) is higher than the simulated critical level, then the net sediment transport is directed to landward. This method is applied to the analysis of net sand transport at Christchurch Harbour, a tidal inlet system located in southern England. In this investigation, concentrations of exotic foraminiferal tests in the surficial sediments of the tidal basin and ebb tidal delta area were obtained from the analysis of sea-bed sediment samples. A series of probable critical levels were calculated based upon the data sets with regard to: (1) sediment discharge from the rivers; (2) magnitude of sediment discharge within the entrance during the ebb; (3) the test concentration outside the harbour; (4) the thickness of the moving layer; and (5) two parameters associated with dispersive processes. The results show that the concentration in the tidal basin sediment is higher than a number of simulated critical concentrations for representative cases. Consequently, the high level of the concentration of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests within the harbour should be explained as a result of landward net transport of sands within the entrance.     

Sea Levels and Coastal Inundation Due to Tropical Cyclones in Indian Coastal Regions of Andhra and Orissa

Coastal inundation associated with extreme sea levels is the main factor which leads to the loss of life and property whenever a severe tropical cyclonic storm hits the Indian coasts. The Andhra and Orissa coasts are most vulnerable for coastal inundation due to extreme rise in sea levels associated with tropical cyclones. Loss of life may be minimized if extreme sea levels and associated coastal flooding is predicted well in advance. Keeping this in view, location specific coastal inundation models are developed and applied for the Andhra and Orissa coasts of India. Several numerical experiments are carried out using the data of past severe cyclones that struck these regions. The simulated inland inundation distances are found to be in general agreement with the reported flooding.     

Role of Siliceous Fossil Dissolution in Downcore Variations of Grain Size and Water Content: Western Margin of Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone, NE Equatorial Pacific

Grain size and water content in box-core sediments from the Clarion-Clipperton fracture zone (C-C zone) in the northeast equatorial Pacific were analyzed in detail to understand the downcore variations across a hiatus between Quaternary and Tertiary layers. Grain-size distributions in the topmost core sediments show two modes: a coarse mode (peaked at 50 μm) and a fine mode (at 2-25 μm). The coarse mode disappears gradually with depth accompanied by the dissolution of siliceous fossil tests, whereas the fine mode coarsens due to the formation of authigenic minerals. Water content increases abruptly across a color boundary between an upper pale brown layer and a lower dark brown layer that is the hiatus between Quaternary and Tertiary layers. Abundant smectites and microvoid molds, which are created by the prolonged fossil dissolution in the underlying sediment, are attributed for the abrupt downcore variation of water content. Overall variations in grain size and water content in the topmost core sediments in the western C-C zone are possibly constrained by the dissolution of biogenic siliceous fossils. Variations in geotechnical properties related to these changes must be considered in the design of nodule collectors.     

Sea Levels and Western Boundary Flow Near a Tectonic Zone in the Northern Pacific

This article concerns an interrelation between the sea levels and the western boundary flow near a tectonic boundary in a local zone in the Northwestern Pacific. In this zone, sea level variations at stations located on the coast facing the Pacific are studied to find the interrelation between variations of the Kurosio flow as an index of the distance of the flow axis off a specific coast. The result is discussed after data processing of the monthly means of the sea levels, and a notice is taken of variations caused by active crustal upheavals during a seismic event, a local earthquake.