福建省万寿岩遗址船帆洞植硅体组合特征及其环境意义

万寿岩遗址位于福建省三明市,遗址之一的船帆洞中曾生活过两期古人类（40～37 kaBP和30～29 kaBP）。在第一期古人类的文化层中发现的人工石铺地面在我国旧石器考古中属重要发现,对研究末次冰期古人类生存环境具有重大意义。对船帆洞沉积物的植硅体分析显示,尖型植硅体和棒型植硅体数量比较占优势,扇型和块状植硅体含量其次,短细胞植硅体形态中鞍型的含量较多。结合聚类分析结果可将剖面至下而上划分为5个气候带,气候环境依次为凉干-冷干-冷偏干-凉偏干-温凉偏干。第一期古人类生活于带I底部,为凉干背景下较温暖的气候环境;第二期古人类生活于带Ⅳ上部,为凉偏干背景下较温暖的气候环境。植硅体的变化特征较好地指示了H4和H3事件,分别对应两期文化层。两次Heinrich事件改变了古人类的生存环境,推测是两期古人类离开船帆洞的主要原因。     

周口店田园洞MIS3阶段古人类生存环境

周口店田园洞遗址是2001年新发现的一处重要的更新世晚期古人类遗址,年代测定表明古人类在该遗址活动时间发生在40~38.5 kaBP前,属MIS3阶段。对田园洞洞穴堆积物的哺乳动物群、磁化率、黏土矿物和氧化物等进行分析和测试,结果表明,田园洞堆积物总体上为在重力作用下,洞穴围岩崩塌充填而成;洞穴发育和充填经过了洞穴发育—快速充填—稳定沉积—充填完成4个阶段,对应的气候环境经历了冷湿—温暖—干冷—温暖湿润的变化过程。古人类活动于快速充填期,气候比较温暖湿润,动植物资源丰富,有利于古人类生存活动。田园洞古人类生存环境研究对揭示北京周口店地区MIS3阶段古人类生存环境具有重要意义。     

泥河湾盆地许家窑遗址古人类生存环境

许家窑遗址是中国重要的早期智人遗址,在研究东亚现代人及其行为起源和人类生存行为领域具有重要意义。对遗址74093地点地层剖面的粒度、磁化率、碳氧同位素和有机碳分析表明,遗址代表了晚更新世早期至MIS3阶段的梨益沟第三级基座阶地沉积序列,总体显示由牛轭湖逐渐转为河漫滩沉积环境,沉积水动力条件相对较弱。粒度大小和磁化率呈正相关关系,粗颗粒对应较高的磁化率值。剖面沉积经历了由相对温暖湿润→相对稳定的干燥寒冷→波动的干燥寒冷→逐渐转暖4个阶段;古人类集中活动于剖面下部,年代为晚更新世早期,大致对应于MIS5阶段,气候由相对温湿而转为稳定的寒冷环境。动物群指示的古人类活动时期的气候相对冷湿,古植被为疏林草地型景观。     

安徽东至华龙洞洞穴发育与古人类生存环境

安徽东至华龙洞是2006年新发现的一处重要的中更新世古人类遗址,因出土直立人头盖骨化石和相关石制品及哺乳动物化石而为学术界所关注。对华龙洞遗址的区域地质与洞穴发育特征进行解析,对堆积物蕴含的哺乳动物群、黏土矿物和氧化物等进行分析和测试,结果表明,华龙洞位于扬子地层区内,处在下扬子地层分区和江南地层分区过渡地带。遗址发育于下古生界中寒武统团山组条带状微晶灰岩岩系内,周边地貌以低山-丘陵-湖泊平原为主。洞穴发育初期由沿围岩裂隙运移的裂隙水引起,溶蚀方式以垂直渗流为主,后期逐渐转为水平流向的溶蚀方式。洞口开口方向为南偏西,洞内堆积物较少,洞外为一岩溶洼地,其间富含以下部角砾层和上覆红色黏土为主的堆积物,堆积营力主要为重力作用。遗址形成于北亚热带季风气候区北缘,总体为温暖湿润环境,堆积物充填早期气候相对晚期较为干凉,后期逐渐转为相对温暖湿润环境,动植物资源繁盛,有利于古人类生存、活动。华龙洞古人类生存环境的研究对揭示长江下游中更新世古人类适应行为与生存环境具有重要意义。     

泥河湾盆地麻地沟遗址地层易溶盐沉积及其环境意义北大核心CSCD

麻地沟遗址地处泥河湾盆地东部岑家湾台地古人类活动集中区,是近年来新发现和发掘的早更新世古人类活动遗址之一。对遗址湖滨相沉积物易溶盐类的测试和分析表明,此剖面代表的泥河湾古湖易溶盐为SO_4^(2-)-Na^+-HCO_3^--C^l-型,剖面平均含盐量为11.41‰,属于半咸水湖,处于半干旱区湖泊演化中后期的硫酸盐湖向氯化物湖的过渡阶段。K^+、Na^+、Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)、SO_4^(2-)和Cl^-等6类离子的变化曲线表现出较大的相似性,且它们与含盐量的变化大体一致。地层含盐量的变化和沉积物中细颗粒含量变化具有一致性,细颗粒含量较高对应含盐量相对较高时期。根据含盐量和各主要离子比值并结合平均粒径和磁化率的变化将湖泊气候演化划分为5个阶段,古人类在该遗址活动时期对应于湖泊演化的第2—4阶段,处于气候相对较为温湿、动植物资源丰富、湖水含盐量较低时期。该项研究对探讨麻地沟遗址利用者的生存行为与环境的关系具有重要意义。     

泥河湾盆地麻地沟遗址地层易溶盐沉积及其环境意义

麻地沟遗址地处泥河湾盆地东部岑家湾台地古人类活动集中区,是近年来新发现和发掘的早更新世古人类活动遗址之一。对遗址湖滨相沉积物易溶盐类的测试和分析表明,此剖面代表的泥河湾古湖易溶盐为SO_4~(2-)-Na~+-HCO_3~--C~l-型,剖面平均含盐量为11.41‰,属于半咸水湖,处于半干旱区湖泊演化中后期的硫酸盐湖向氯化物湖的过渡阶段。K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)和Cl~-等6类离子的变化曲线表现出较大的相似性,且它们与含盐量的变化大体一致。地层含盐量的变化和沉积物中细颗粒含量变化具有一致性,细颗粒含量较高对应含盐量相对较高时期。根据含盐量和各主要离子比值并结合平均粒径和磁化率的变化将湖泊气候演化划分为5个阶段,古人类在该遗址活动时期对应于湖泊演化的第2—4阶段,处于气候相对较为温湿、动植物资源丰富、湖水含盐量较低时期。该项研究对探讨麻地沟遗址利用者的生存行为与环境的关系具有重要意义。     

上海地区全新世植被、环境演替与古人类活动关系探讨

通过对上海地区新石器遗址文化层的研究，古人类活动可划分为三个文化期：马家滨文化期（５６００—６４００年或７０００年）；崧泽文化期（５２００—５６００年）；良渚文化期（３８００—５２００年）。据此得出各文化层先人活动和植被、环境变化的相互关系。讨论了上海地区作物的起源。     

黄海南部海底风成砾石的发现

于1992年5—6月在南黄海海底打捞到大量海底砾石。通过对这些砾石的形态和表面特征的研究,结合其它证据,发现其形成原因可能与冰期低海面时期陆架上的风力作用有关,因此将这些砾石命名为“风成砾石”。     

基于数字图像的山东长山岛砾石海滩表层砾石形貌特征研究

天然砾石海滩作为一种高能环境下的海岸堆积体,因其粒径粗、孔隙度大等特征,是良好的海岸防护屏障。了解砾石海滩形成过程离不开砾石形貌这一重要参数,但要快速、准确获得大量砾石的定量参数比较困难。本文对山东北长山岛3个砾石海滩(九丈崖、月牙湾、长滩)、南长山岛的4个砾石海滩(仙境源、林海、长山尾和明珠广场)进行现场剖面测量并采集砾石样品及砾石图像,应用ImageJ软件对砾石进行原位无干扰数字图像测算,可以快速大量分析砾石粒径、磨圆度等形貌参数。结果显示:砾石的粒径范围为4～79 mm,主要集中在中砾,各海滩分选较好;其中,北长山岛海滩的砾石平均粒径略小于南长山岛,北长山岛九丈崖海滩的砾石平均粒径最大,南长山岛的仙境源海滩砾石平均粒径最小。向海方向从滩肩到高潮线平均粒径逐渐减小,但在水边线处增大。砾石磨圆度介于0.59～0.75之间,等级均为圆状,砾石海滩均已达到较成熟阶段;其中北长山岛的月牙湾海滩砾石磨圆最好,长滩海滩砾石的磨圆最差,由陆向海磨圆度值呈增大的趋势。形状比率范围介于1.36～1.77之间,与磨圆度呈明显负相关(R2=0.98),砾石由陆向海从长条状渐变为椭圆状。南、北长山岛的砾石海滩的砾石形貌受到物源、动力条件和人为活动的影响。研究区砾石海滩坡度范围为16%～35%,海滩坡度与沉积物粒径呈正相关。     

全新世以来福建宁德地区环境演变及人类活动的孢粉记录

分析了福建省宁德市东部海岸带地区NDQK2钻孔的42个孢粉样品。3个光释光和9个14C测年结果显示,钻孔沉积物年代跨越了末次冰消期晚期和全新世阶段。本文试图通过孢粉分析来重建宁德地区全新世以来的古环境演化,探讨古人类活动对天然植被演替的可能影响。本钻孔与该区域已发表的NDGK2和NDQK5孔的孢粉组合共同显示,深海氧同位素(MIS)5a阶段(约85 kaBP)至早全新世,周边陆地一直被亚热带常绿阔叶林和松林所覆盖,然而,约7 770～4 970 aBP期间以禾本科(Poaceae)为主的草本植物花粉和以芒萁属(Dicranopteris)为主的蕨类孢子含量剧增,孢粉组合与MIS5a以来的其他时段明显不同,类似于现代山地和海域表土孢粉组合。考虑到当地亚热带阔叶林被破坏后可形成以芒萁和禾本科为主的植被群落,我们认为宁德地区在7 770～4 970 aBP前就存在人类活动,并开始强烈影响森林组成,古人类砍伐树木导致分布于林缘与荒地的芒萁和禾本科等次生植被迅速扩张。基于东南沿海考古证据的时空分布对比,认为中、晚全新世本研究区周边古人类活动的出现可能与长江中下游古文明的迁移存在某种关联。     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,