南海北部陆架区海域蓝圆鲹产卵场的研究

根据1997年12月到1999年6月在南海北部陆架区进行1a的4个季度共9个航次的底拖网渔业资源调查的资料,采用统计分析的方法分析了南海北部陆架区蓝圆鲹Decapterus maruadsi性腺成熟度的组成及分布、季节变化和水深变化。结果表明,南海北部陆架区海域蓝的产卵场位于海南岛东部近岸海区和北部湾湾口海区;产卵期主要集中在春季,和历史资料相比产卵期有明显缩短;产卵水深增加,有外移的趋向。     

南海赤潮的时空分布特征及其与南海环境关系的综合分析

利用历史数据和卫星观测,系统分析20多年来(1980年-2003年)在南海海域发生的赤潮事件与环境特征,详细比较赤潮在南海四大区域(北部、东部、南部和西部海区)的区域分布、多发藻种和季节变化等特征。研究结果表明南海海域赤潮发生具有以下特点:(1)区域性:赤潮多发区域集中在珠江口附近(中国),马尼拉湾和马辛洛克湾(菲律宾)和沙巴州的西海岸(马来西亚);(2)季节性:在北部海区,赤潮的发生时间主要集中在3-5月份,东部海区在5-7月份,西部海区在7月份,而南部海区在全年都会发生;(3)藻种差异性:主要赤潮藻种在北部海区是夜光藻(Noctiluca scintillans),东部海区和南部海区是扁甲藻(Pyrodinium bahamense);(4)年际变化:不同海域赤潮的多发年份不同,对于整个南海而言,1991-1998年是赤潮的多发年。赤潮发生受到环境条件的影响,如季风、河流的排放、上升流、以及沿岸海域水体富营养化。     

台湾海峡和北部湾二长棘鲷种群鉴别研究

二长棘鯛(Parargyrops edita Tanka)为暖水性的底层鱼类,分布于日本南部、东海、南海北部、台湾海峡以及印度尼西亚沿海,为我国东南沿海和北部湾底拖网渔业的主要捕捞对象之一。台湾海峡二长棘鯛的两个产卵场位于澎湖列岛北面和台湾浅滩内缘海区;南海北部的三个产卵场即粤东的汕尾近海、珠江口近海和粤西的电白近海;涠洲岛西北面和珍珠港附近是北部湾一个主要的产卵场。近年来二长棘鯛在南海北部近海底拖网中已很少渔获;在南海北部大陆架边缘则更少出现。由于滥捕幼鱼十分严重,台湾海峡和北部湾二长棘鲷的渔获量也已明显下降。     

日本海的锋面分布特征及其季节变化

基于1980—2015年的SODA(Simple Ocean Data Assimilation)数据,采用绝对梯度方法提取了海洋锋信息,分析了日本海锋区的空间分布特征、锋轴线位置和锋出现频率,研究了日本海温度锋、盐度锋的分布特征和季节变化规律。结果表明:日本海温度锋总体上呈SW—NE走向,季节变化特征显著;锋轴线没有随季节变化发生明显摆动,但随着深度的增加向日本沿岸移动。盐度锋季节性变化规律显著,但轴线位置相对稳定;在整体空间分布上和季节变化上均与温度锋截然不同;整个盐度锋可分为对马海峡锋和日本海北部锋两部分,其中对马海峡锋位于对马海峡附近,具有和当地温度锋相同的特征,日本海北部锋位于日本海最北部,沿着俄罗斯海岸分布。     

利用卫星遥感资料对南海北部陆架海洋表层温度锋的分析

利用7年(1993～1999)月平均的SST卫星遥感资料，分析了南海北部陆架区域海洋表层温度锋在一年中的逐月变化特征，表明南海北部陆架海洋表层温度锋存在明显的季节内变化。结合风场的卫星遥感资料，分析了东北季风对南海北部陆架温度锋的影响，表明东北季风风速的增加有利于温度锋强度的增强。通过对黑潮南海流套入侵较强的1999年2月与流套入侵较弱的1998年2月的SST卫星遥感资料的对比分析，考察了黑潮南海流套的入侵对南海北部陆架温度锋的影响，结果表明黑潮流套的较强入侵能够增加陆架温度锋的强度，对温度锋的走向也会产生一定的影响。     

南海盐度锋的年际变化特征分析

为了探究南海表层5 m盐度锋的年际变化特征,应用50年(1958—2007年)的SODA月平均资料,采用均方差和经验正交函数进行研究。结果表明,盐度锋年际变化显著的区域集中在北部湾、海南岛以东、南海北部、吕宋海峡、东马来西亚西北部和越南最南端;第一模态和第二模态时间系数变化趋势均表明南海盐度锋强度在逐渐减小;前者呈单极子型空间分布,后者空间分布型则为偶极子型。第一模态时间系数功率谱分析表明该模态存在3—5年和7—16年的周期,Morlet小波分析显示1965—2000年该模态主要存在4年、9年和12年左右的周期。第一模态确立的3个负位相中心区域(海南岛以东、吕宋海峡和越南最南端)的均值变化趋势一致,强度都在逐渐增大,具有同位相变化特征;第二模态时间系数功率谱分析表明该模态存在3年、5年和8—12年的周期。Morlet小波分析表明1962—2001年期间该模态存在3年、5年和9—12年的周期。第二模态找出的两个正负位相中心分别在东马来西亚西北部和南海北部,前者盐度锋强度在逐渐减小,而后者强度却在持续增大,强度的年际变化呈现反位相变化特征。     

经略21世纪海上丝路之海洋环境特征:海流特征

海流对于海洋渔业、海洋表层初级生产力分布、海洋物质输运等理化生现象有着重要影响。文章利用海洋再分析流场资料,简要分析印度洋海区和南海海区(20°S—30°N,30°E—130°E)的流场年平均以及季节变化特点,得出以下结论:1南海海区流场的季节变化显著,受到季风、黑潮和地形的共同影响作用,在东北季风期间存在沿粤东沿岸至海南岛南侧转向沿越南沿岸的一支流系,该流系的强度变化影响爪哇海等南海南侧海区流场变化。2苏拉威西岛东侧和加里曼丹岛西侧流系有明显的季节变化,在流动强盛的时期这两支流系均是偏南向流动;从爪哇海流出的海流常年存在,夏季附近流速最大,最大流速分布在1.0m/s。3赤道印度洋海区和非洲东岸的沿岸流存在明显的季节变化,上层海区流动的低流速区存在流向切变;沿岸流最大流速在5-9月出现,可达1.8m/s以上,而赤道流系则在11月,可达0.8m/s以上。     

北部湾温度锋的季节与年际变化

采用8a(1991—1998)的卫星遥感海水表面温度资料(AVHRR SST)对北部湾温度锋的季节变化与年际变化规律进行了探讨。北部湾海区温度锋的季节态强弱趋势为春季最强，夏季、冬季次之，秋季最弱。在年际时间尺度上，温度锋强度与SST距平(SSTA)存在响应关系，表现在：1)SST正距平对应较弱的锋面产生，负距平对应较强的锋面产生，这种相关性在冬季表现得最为明显；2)锋面的强弱与SSTA绝对值存在正相关关系，即SSTA变化越大，锋面越强。在冬季，温度锋强度与海面风经向分量相关，在偏北风异常情况下，锋面较强；反之，锋面较弱。     

1998年冬季南海环流的三维结构

利用1998年11月28日至12月27日南海的调查资料,采用三维海流诊断模式,计算了冬季南海三维海流,所得结果如下:(1)冬季南海环流系统方面:1)南海北部,在吕宋西北海域分别存在一个气旋式、反气旋式涡.2)南海中部,在越南近岸存在较强的、南向的西边界射流.其以东海域出现较强的气旋式环流.南海中部东侧海域存在一个较弱的反气旋式环流.3)南海南部,一般流速较弱.在112°E以西受反气旋式环流所控制,加里曼丹岛西北海域存在气旋性环流.由于受调查海域所限,这两个环流只部分出现.(2)上述环流系统与200 m层水平温度、密度分布对应较好.(3)南海冬季环流垂向速度分布方面:1)表层,南海北部,在吕宋西北为范围较大的上升流海区.而在东沙群岛附近海域出现了下降流.海南岛以南及东南海域也存在下降流.南海中部,越南以东海域出现范围较大的下降流,其以东为上升流海域,而在巴拉望岛西北海域又出现下降流.南海南部,基本上被上升流海域所控制.2)次表层与表层不同,例如在次表层,海南岛东南部海域出现上升流.中层和深层垂向速度分布与次表层相似.(4)关于南海垂向速度分量分布的动力原因:在表层,风应力旋度场起着主要作用;在次表层,β效应与斜压场相互作用是重要的动力因子,而风应力旋度场和β效应与正压场相互作用也有一定影响;在南海中部等区域的中层以及在南海的深层,主要受B效应与斜压场相互作用和B效应与正压场相互作用的共同作用.     

南海海洋温度锋面时空特征遥感分析

使用2010–2020年微波和红外融合SST数据,利用温度梯度法计算总温度梯度,获取了南海海面温度的水平变化梯度,开展了锋面位置、锋面平均强度及中心线长度的研究。利用锋面信息结果,开展了南海锋面气候态分布特征和年际变化分析和锋面强度与海面风场的相关性分析。结果发现：南海区域探测到的8个锋面多为河口锋和陆架锋,均有明显的季节态变化。1–2月检测到的锋面数量最多,所有锋面均可被检测;3–4月有较小幅度地减少,主要体现在马来西亚–菲律宾西侧沿岸锋和泰国湾锋的消失;5–9月呈现持续减少的趋势,并在9月达到最小值,仅检测到台湾海峡及广东福建沿岸锋和越南沿岸锋;10–12月开始有所回升,南海北部沿岸锋面开始被检测到。台湾海峡及广东福建沿岸锋平均梯度全年与风速的相关程度都在0.48以上,越南沿岸锋与纬向风相关系数最低为0.021。相比较夏季来说,冬季平均梯度与风速的相关程度较高。     

2004年9月南海北部移动船载温盐剖面仪观测结果初步分析

在2004年9月南海北部开放航次中,中国科学院南海海洋研究所首次引进使用了民用移动船载温盐剖面仪（Moving Vessel Profiler,MVP）,并在珠江口外海和越南东岸外海2个断面进行了拖曳测量。通过对MVP和定点温盐深仪所测数据的比较分析,发现MVP下降阶段数据较为可信。对所获温、盐、深数据进行处理分析,发现2个断面的水团性质存在明显差异。越南东岸外海断面的混合层平均深度（27m左右）深于珠江口外海断面（17．5m左右）;在表层和近40m深度处,珠江口外海的盐度值都高于越南东岸外海,呈现高盐的特性。     

南海上层环流季节变化的诊断计算

通过一个全球的二维诊断模型,采用Levitus温盐资料和COADS风应力资料,并结合动力计算来研究南海上层环流的季节变化。计算结果与其它模式结果和观测结果非常相似。南海北部(南部)全年存在一气旋式(反气旋式)环流。在冬季气旋式环流几乎占据了整个南海,夏季则以反气旋式环流为主。泰国湾的环流在冬季(夏季)是气旋式的(反气旋的)。南海的西边界流有明显的季节变化,其在冬季从卡里马塔海峡流出南海,夏季部分西边界流从台湾海峡流出南海。越南离岸流在春季就开始出现,其位置比夏季的越南离岸流的位置偏北。     

Seasonal and interannual variations in the velocity field of the South China Sea

A three-dimensional numerical model is used to simulate sea level and velocity variations in the South China Sea for 1992–1995. The model is driven by daily wind and daily sea surface temperature fields derived from the NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. The four-year model outputs are analyzed using time-domain Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF). Spatial and temporal variations of the first two modes from the simulation compare favorably with those derived from satellite altimetry. Mode 1, which is associated with a southern gyre, shows symmetric seasonal reversal. Mode 2, which contributes to a northern gyre, is responsible for the asymmetric seasonal and interannual variations. In winter, the southern and northern cyclonic gyres combine into a strong basin-wide cyclonic gyre. In summer, a cyclonic northern gyre and an anticyclonic southern gyre form a dipole with a jet leaving the coast of Vietnam. Interannual variations are particularly noticeable during El Niño. The winter gyre is generally weakened and confined to the southern basin, and the summer dipole structure does not form. Vertical motions weaken accordingly with the basin-wide circulation. Variations of the wind stress curl in the first two EOF modes coincide with those of the model-derived sea level and horizontal velocities. The mode 1 wind stress curl, significant in the southern basin, coincides with the reversal of the southern gyre. The mode 2 curl, large in the central basin, is responsible for the asymmetry in the winter and summer gyres. Lack of the mode 2 contribution during El Niño events weakens the circulation. The agreement indicates that changes in the wind stress curl contribute to the seasonal and interannual variations in the South China Sea.     

南海海洋环流季节变化的数值模拟研究

基于POM(Princeton Ocean Model)海洋模式,对南海不同深度环流的季节性变化进行了数值模拟研究。模拟结果表明:南海表层和上层环流受季风影响,在夏季西南季风驱动下,南海表层环流在南部呈现强反气旋式结构,在南海北部则是一个弱的气旋环流;在冬季东北季风驱动下,南海表层环流结构呈气旋式,并且明显加强了沿越南沿岸向南流动的西边界流;春季和秋季为南海季风的转换期,其对应的环流特征也处于冬季环流与夏季环流的过渡流型,流速与冬季和夏季相比较弱。南海200m层环流的季节变化与表层相似。在500与1 000m层,则出现许多处中尺度漩涡,流场也变得较为紊乱。     

南海上升流研究概述

本文对近40a来南海上升流研究结果进行了概述，重点介绍了南海北部陆架区上升流的时空分布特征，及其消长和形成机制等研究成果．这些研究成果揭示上升沈是整个南海北部陆架区夏季的普遍现象，具有南海海盆的空间尺度．引起南海北部陆架区夏季上升流存在的动力因素是盛行的西南季风．该上升流在空间和时间上的分布是不均一的，海南岛东北和闽、粤边界海域是上升流中心区；台湾浅滩周围的上升流呈多元结构，各上升流区海水的理化性质存在看明显差异；在粤东，上升流的影响可达沿海港湾内部，并支配看这些港湾的夏季水文条件．南海除了在其北部陆架区存在看夏季上升流外，夏季在越南东部沿岸和冬季在吕宋岛沿岸均存在看上升流。     

基于观测的南海越南沿岸次表层涡旋

In this study, subsurface eddies near the Vietnam coast of the South China Sea were observed with in situ observations, including Argo, CTD, XBT and some processed and quality controlled data. Based on temperature profiles from four Argo floats near the coast of Vietnam, a subsurface warm eddy was identified in spring and summer. The multi-year Argo and Global Temperature and Salinity Profile Programme(GTSPP) data were merged on a seasonal basis based on the data interpolating variational analysis(DIVA) method to reconstruct the three-dimensional temperature structure. There is a warm eddy in the central subsurface at 12.5°N, 111°E below300 m depth in spring, which does not exist in autumn and is weak in winter and summer. From CSIRO Atlas of Regional Seas(CARS) and Generalized Digital Environment Model(GDEM) reanalysis data, this subsurface warm eddy is also verified in spring.     

Sea level change and beach process — A case study in south Zhejiang beach -

This paper describes changes in sea level off the coast of China in history and at present. The evidence concerning low sea level during the last glacial phase, Holocene marine transgression which was discovered from sea bottom in East China Sea and China's bordering seas, and their adjacent coastal areas, where, by drilling, relic sediment, peat deposite, and mollusc shell fossils have been obtained, and their dates are deduced through measurement of radiocarbon (C¹⁴), identified that low sea level about 15000 years ago stood in the depth of 150 m below the present level in East China Sea, and that the subsequent transgression carried the sea up to the present sea level 6000 years ago, when the present China's coast and other continent's coasts were outlined. Due to a number of factors, the sea level oscillates seasonally in the border sea of China. Averagely speaking, the annual range of the seasonal changes in sea level is about 35 m off the south Zhejiang coast, where the highest value of 20 cm occurs in September, and the lowest of-15 cm occurs in March. The reason may be mainly due to the seasonal variations of climate and river run-off, as well as the Taiwan Warm Current. Similar seasonal oscillations in sea level also occur in Bohai Gulf, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and the South China Sea. The beach process of south Zhejiang is strongly affected by the seasonal oscillations in sea level. The width of beach is 4 to 6 km, the slope is approximately in 1 : 1000. If the sea level rises or falls 1 cm, the beach submergence or emergence is led to be about 10 m in width. As a result, the relative equilibrium of beach will be changed by the seasonal oscillations in sea level.     

南海周边相对海平面变化特征及2004年苏门答腊地震影响分析

利用南海周边1989-2014年的潮汐资料和GPS长期观测资料,分析了南海周边相对海平面变化特征,以及2004年苏门答腊地震对该区域相对海平面变化的影响。研究结果表明,南海周边的相对海平面变化以上升为主,平均上升速率（4.53±0.20） mm/a,高于全球平均速率,且2004年后上升趋势加剧;南海周边相对海平面呈现6类较典型的变化特征,并存在与板块构造相对应的分区聚集现象,形成了中国东南和越南沿海、马来半岛、加里曼丹岛北部、菲律宾群岛等4个变化特征区。受2004年苏门答腊大地震的影响,马来半岛、南沙和西沙海域的地壳形变由上升趋势转为下沉,加剧了相对海平面的上升;中国东南沿海和菲律宾群岛受地震影响较小;越南沿海和加里曼丹岛北部区域的地震影响还有待进一步研究。     

Seasonal and spatial distributions of phytoplankton biomass associated with monsoon and oceanic environments in the South China Sea

Seasonal variations of phytoplankton/chlorophyll-a （Chl-a） distribution, sea surface wind, sea height anomaly, sea surface temperature and other oceanic environments for long periods are analyzed in the South China Sea （SCS）, especially in the two typical regions off the east coast of Vietnam and off the northwest coast of Luzon, using remote sensing data and other oceanographic data. The results show that seasonal and spatial distributions of phytoplankton biomass in the SCS are primarily influenced by the monsoon winds and oceanic environments. Off the east coast of Vietnam, Chl-a concentration is a peak in August, a jet shape extending into the interior SCS, which is associated with strong southwesterly monsoon winds, the coastal upwetling induced by offshore Ekman transport and the strong offshore current in the western SCS. In December, high Chl-a concentration appears in the upwelling region off the northwest coast of Luzon and spreads southwestward. Strong mixing by the strong northeasterly monsoon winds, the cyclonic circulation, southwestward coastal currents and river discharge have impacts on distribution of phytoplankton, so that the high phytoplankton biomass extends from the coastal areas over the northern SCS to the entire SCS in winter. These research activities could be important for revealing spatial and temporal patterns of phytoplankton and their interactions with physical environments in the SCS.     

Numerical Study of the Upper-Layer Circulation in the South China Sea

Upper-layer circulation in the South China Sea has been investigated using a three-dimensional primitive equation eddy-resolving model. The model domain covers the region from 99° to 122°E and from 3° to 23°N. The model is forced by the monthly averaged European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model winds and the climatological monthly sea surface temperature data from National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC). Inflow and outflow through the Taiwan Strait and the Sunda shelf are prescribed monthly from the Wyrtki estimates. Inflow of the Kuroshio branch current in the Luzon Strait is assumed to have a constant volume transport of 12 Sv (1 Sv = 10⁶ m³/s), and the outflow from the open boundary to the east of Taiwan is adjusted to ensure the net volume transport through all open boundaries is zero at any instant. The model reveals that a cyclonic circulation exists all year round in the northern South China Sea. During the winter time this cyclonic eddy is located off the northwest of Luzon, coinciding with the region of positive wind stress curl in this season. This cyclonic eddy moves northward in spring due to the weakening of the northeast winds. The cyclonic circulation becomes weak and stays in the continental slope region in the northern South China Sea in the summer period. The southwest wind can raise the water level along the west coast of Luzon, but there is no anticyclonic circulation in the northern South China Sea. After the onset of the northeast monsoon winds in fall, the cyclonic eddy moves back to the region off the west coast of Luzon. In the southern South China Sea and off the Vietnam coast, the model predicts a similar flow structure as in the previous related studies. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.