极端波浪条件下深水导管架基础结构波浪总力试验研究

波浪力对海上风电深水导管架基础结构的稳定性和安全性至关重要。通过波浪物理模型试验对极端波浪条件下深水导管架基础结构的波浪总力进行了试验研究,试验水深包括50 m和70 m两种,在1 000 a一遇波浪条件下,分别分析了深水导管架结构所受的波浪总水平力和垂直力。研究结果表明：相同重现期极端波浪作用下,70 m水深情况下的导管架结构波浪总水平力小于50 m水深的结果,但是70 m水深的导管架结构波浪总水平力弯矩大于50 m水深的结果;相同水深、水位和波浪条件下,导管架结构受到的波浪总垂直力明显小于波浪总水平力;在相同重现期极端波浪作用下,低水位情况时70 m水深的导管架结构波浪总垂直力与50 m水深的结果差别不大,但是在高水位时,由于在70 m水深的极端波浪条件下波峰可冲击作用到上部平台底面,70 m水深的导管架结构波浪总垂直力明显大于50 m水深的结果。     

台风作用下海上风机基础结构安全评价

海上风机结构在运营期内可能面临极端风浪、地震等荷载作用。因此,极端工况作用下海上风机局部和整体结构反应将成为结构设计以及安全评价的重要参数。采用半整体方法,以桩基泥面最大位移、结构杆件极端承载力以及桩基抗压、抗拔承载力为判定指标,基于塑性可靠度理论,系统研究台风条件下运营期内海上风机基础结构可靠度指标变化规律,得出潜在的基础结构失效模式及相应判定指标。由研究可得,台风条件下运营期内海上风机基础结构各可靠度将显著受到基础冲刷、海生物生长和结构腐蚀的影响,并且结构失效模式将由单一模式破坏发展为多种模式联合失效。     

风压作用下非线性极端波浪的数值模拟

本文在时域非线性数值波浪水槽中，研究了不同风速条件下极端波浪的特性。采用推板造波的方式生成非线性波浪，基于Jeffrey遮蔽理论将风压项引入自由面动力学边界条件来模拟风压作用，通过高阶边界元法和混合欧拉-拉格朗日时间步进法来求解初边值问题。通过与已发表的聚焦波群实验结果对比验证了该数值模型的准确性，并研究了风压对极端波浪的最大波高、聚焦位置的偏移和波浪谱的演变等波浪性质的影响。本文进一步在数值波浪水槽中引入均匀水流，来模拟风生流对波浪演变的影响。结果表明，风压的存在会少量增大极端波浪的最大波高，波浪的聚焦和解焦过程伴随着明显的能量传递，并且风生流进一步导致了波浪聚焦位置的偏移。     

极端波浪对海洋导管架平台的作用及其模型试验研究

通过极端波浪对海洋导管架平台作用力的模型试验,对极端波浪的作用进行了探讨。首先在常规波浪力计算公式的基础上,提出了极端波浪作用下的简易计算方法,并结合国外相应研究成果,提出了三个简易计算表达式;在对模型试验数据的分析基础上,给出了上述三个简易计算公式中的系数,从而得到极端波浪作用下的波浪力计算表达式。     

支撑刚度对水平板波浪冲击压力影响

上部结构位于浪溅区及由弹性桩腿支撑的海洋结构物,如海上栈桥和海洋平台等,在恶劣海况下会受到强烈的波浪冲击作用并产生振动响应。通过物理模型实验研究了波浪对三种不同支撑刚度的结构物冲击作用。分析了不同支撑刚度结构物底面冲击压力和冲击力的变化特性。讨论了支撑刚度对结构波浪冲击力的影响,给出了冲击压力和冲击力随相对净空(s/H)和相对板长(B/L)的变化规律。实验分析结果表明:水平板底面波浪冲击压力与冲击力均随弹性支撑刚度K的增大而增大;随相对净空(s/H)的增大先增大后减小;随相对板长(B/L)的增大而减小。     

DWS19微型捷联惯性波浪传感器

惯性波浪传感器在动态波浪环境中的姿态保持,以往多通过机械/电式等稳定结构实现。本文创新性采用捷联姿态解算/补偿的方法实现"数字稳定平台"的功能,可消除波浪传感器对机械/电稳定结构的依赖,实现独立捷联工作,是波浪传感器向小型化、低功耗、低成本方向发展的关键技术突破。文中介绍了DWS19微型捷联惯性波浪传感器的系统硬件组成、捷联姿态解算/补偿、频域数值积分、谱波浪特征反演等关键技术、标准转台及海上测试情况。研究结果表明:(1)捷联姿态校正后的垂直方向加速度和位移均有明显改变;(2)频域数值积分比时域数值积分的精度更高;(3)谱波浪特征反演结果与时域跨零结果基本吻合。经国家海洋标准计量中心波浪转台测试表明,DWS19高度、周期实测精度均达到目前惯性波浪传感器的优秀指标等级。长时间的海上观测应用也验证了DWS19在海洋环境下的可靠性和稳定性,满足工程使用。     

南海某导管架海洋平台倒塌分析

针对在役老龄导管架平台进行倒塌计算分析,确定极限承载力进而评估老龄导管架的安全裕度。采用非线性有限元方法,考虑平台的波流载荷及桩-土的非线性相互作用,利用SACS软件建立导管架整体三维有限元计算分析模型,并用逐步加载的方式,对南海某导管架平台进行了全过程非线性倒塌分析。计算分析表明,该导管架平台极限强度很高,具有较大的安全裕度;导管架倒塌过程呈逐步破坏形式,先是撑杆屈服,造成局部结构破坏,然后是钢桩发生屈服,降低结构承载力,最后节点逐步失效,造成结构倒塌。揭示了导管架平台结构失效倒塌的机理,给出了倒塌分析的可行方法和步骤。     

半潜式平台结构整体可靠性分析方法

针对海洋环境中的半潜式平台多方面不确定性,基于半潜式平台结构整体强度分析方法,考虑多种波浪荷载作用的结构响应,采用非线性逐步垮塌分析方法,研究平台在不同控制工况下的极限承载力模型,建立相应的功能函数.根据结构体系可靠度理论和失效模式之间的关系,采用串联体系的可靠度计算方法.最后,对一座具体半潜式平台在100年重现期波浪荷载作用下进行了体系可靠性计算.计算结果表明平台整体可靠度水平由波浪引起的主要结构响应形式决定.通过计算,验证可靠度计算方法具有高效性和可行性,可以为大型深水浮式平台结构的设计、维护和评估提供理论依据.     

基于四阶完全非线性Boussinesq水波方程二维波浪传播数值模型

建立基于四阶完全非线性Boussinesq水波方程的二维波浪传播数值模型。采用Kennedy等提出的涡粘方法模拟波浪破碎。在矩形网格上对控制方程进行离散,采用高精度的数值格式对离散方程进行数值求解。对规则波在具有三维特征地形上的传播过程进行了数值模拟,通过数值模拟结果与实验结果的对比,对所建立的波浪传播模型进行了验证。同时,为了考察非线性对波浪传播的影响,给出和上述模型具有同阶色散性、变浅作用性能但仅具有二阶完全非线性特征的波浪模型的数值结果。通过对比两个模型的数值结果以及实验数据,讨论非线性在波浪传播过程中的作用。研究结果表明,所建立的Boussinesq水波方程在深水范围内不但具有较精确的色散性和变浅作用性能,而且具有四阶完全非线性特征,适合模拟波浪在近岸水域的非线性运动。     

单点系泊海洋导管架平台结构体系可靠性分析

采用非线性逐步倒塌分析方法,考虑桩-土-结构的非线性相互作用,研究了单点系泊海洋导管架平台在极端荷载作用下的承载能力计算模型,在此基础上结合蒙特卡洛随机抽样法,提出了单点系泊海洋导管架平台结构体系可靠度计算方法。最后对工程实例BZ28-1SPM单点系?白海洋导管架平台结构在20年设计基准期和50年重现期进行了体系可靠性分析：研究结果表明：用50年重现期的环境荷载参数来进行BZ28-1SPM单点系泊海洋导管架平台结构的设计是合理的;在环境荷载中起主导作用的是由波浪引起的系泊力;在海洋平台结构的设计及对已服役平台结构的评估中运用体系可靠度理论,可以为海洋平台结构的设计、维护和评估提供理论依据。     

海上风电嵌岩桩水平抗力影响因素研究

桩基础是我国海上风电工程中应用最为广泛的基础形式,其中嵌岩桩因其施工难度大,承载力高备受关注。与其他类型的桩基础不同,嵌岩桩的水平承载力不仅受到围岩强度的影响,更与其成桩质量与灌浆材料的强度相关。采用有限元方法分析了嵌岩深度、桩基直径与壁厚、桩身倾斜度等多种因素对嵌岩桩水平承载力的影响,提出了确定嵌岩桩水平极限抗力的标准。研究表明：桩与围岩间的灌浆环会先于桩身发生破坏,因此可将灌浆环受拉破坏作为判断嵌岩桩达到水平极限承载力的标准;桩身倾斜度对嵌岩桩的水平极限承载力影响较大,直径和壁厚的增加,均能提高桩基的水平承载力。     

A Global Refiability Assessment Method on Aging Offshore Platforms with Corrosion and Cracks

Corrosion and fatigue cracks are major threats to the structural integrity of aging offshore platforms.For the rational estimation of the safety levels of aging platforms,a global reliability assessment approach for aging offshore platforms with corrosion and fatigue cracks is presented in this paper.The base shear capacity is taken as the global ultimate strength of the offshore plaffoms,it is modeled as a random process that decreases with time in the presence of corrosion and fatigue crack propagation.And the corrosion and fatigue crack growth rates in the main members and key joints are modeled as random variables.A simulation method of the extreme wave loads which are applied to the structures of offshore platforms is proposed too.Furthermore,the statistics of global base shear capacity and extreme wave loads are obtained by Monte Carlo simulation method.On the basis of the limit state equation of global failure mode,the instantaneous reliability and time dependent reliability assessment methods are both presented in this paper.Finally the instantaueous reliability index and time dependent failure probability of a jacket platform are estimated with different ages in the demonstration example.     

海上风电升压站平台高程确定标准的合理性研究

为保证海上风电升压电站建设的经济合理与安全可靠,合理确定海上风电升压电站平台高程十分必要。文中从波浪与潮位的遭遇组合、最大波高取值与现行相关标准的比较、最大波峰高度计算的合理性等方面,全面分析了确定海上风电升压站平台高程各组成项取值标准的合理性,研究认为现行标准明显偏高。建议海上升压站平台底部高程按"100年一遇极端高水位+重现期50年波列累积频率1%的最大波峰高度+安全超高"确定。结合工程实例计算分析,按本文建议可使海上升压站平台高程明显降低,从而节省工程造价,还可减轻升压站工程对周边风机的遮蔽影响,以达到多发电量的效果。     

Study of the Bearing Capacity at the Variable Cross-Section of A Riser-Surface Casing Composite Pile

Reducing the cost of offshore platform construction is an urgent issue for marginal oilfield development.The offshore oil well structure includes a riser and a surface casing.The riser,surface casing and oil well cement can be considered special variable cross-section piles.Replacing or partially replacing the steel pipe pile foundation with a variable cross-section pile to provide the required bearing capacity for an offshore oil platform can reduce the cost of foundation construction and improve the economic efficiency of production.In this paper,the finite element analysis method is used to investigate the variable cross-section bearing mode of composite piles composed of a riser and a surface casing in saturated clay under a vertical load.The calculation formula of the bearing capacity at the variable section is derived based on the theory of spherical cavity expansion,the influencing factors of the bearing capacity coefficient N_c are revealed,and the calculation method of N_c is proposed.By comparing the calculation results with the results of the centrifuge test,the accuracy and applicability of the calculation method are verified.The results show that the riser composite pile has a rigid core in the soil under the variable cross-section,which increases the bearing capacity at the variable cross-section.     

桩式离岸堤保滩促淤工程消浪效果试验研究

在上海奉贤南北港保滩促淤工程中，采用了一种新型结构型式－桩式离岸堤，并通过物理模式试验进行了桩式离岸堤消浪效果研究。针对离岸堤通常建于近岸水区破波带的特点，重点研究水深，堤高以及堤身结构对波浪衰减的影响，同时对桩式离岸堤堤后水域的波浪底流速 分析探讨。研究结果表明，桩式离岸堤不仅具有良好的消浪效果。而且可在较大范围内改变波态，即由引起水体剧烈紊动的破波转变为浅水推进波，从而有效地改善海滩上的动力条件，促进海滩免受侵蚀，是一种具有广泛应用前景和新型保滩促淤结构。     

Stability analysis of suction bucket foundations under wave cyclic loading and scouring

Suction bucket foundation is a typical type for offshore turbines. Scour caused by wave and current can reduce the stability of foundation and then endanger the whole structure. This paper details a series of suction bucket model tests performed in sand under wave cyclic loading. The model tests investigate the effect of scour on stability of bucket foundation by artificially excavated scour hole around the foundation. It is revealed that the behavior of foundation bearing capacity can be divided into two stages: the initial cyclic stage and the final stage (showing either cyclic stability or cyclic failure). When the wave circulation is stable, the sand on the front and back sides of the foundation is suspected to be liquefied. With the increase in scour depth, the stability of foundation is gradually reduced, the behavior of foundation gradually changes from a state of cyclic stability to cyclic failure, and the number of waves that can be withstood is drastically reduced. Finally, the height of the center of rotation of the suction bucket was observed to descend with the increase in scour depth.     

Effect of wave nonlinearity on fatigue damage and extreme responses of a semi-submersible floating wind turbine

Floating wind turbine has been the highlight in offshore wind industry lately. There has been great effort on developing highly sophisticated numerical model to better understand its hydrodynamic behaviour. A engineering-practical method to study the nonlinear wave effects on floating wind turbine has been recently developed. Based on the method established, the focus of this paper is to quantify the wave nonlinearity effect due to nonlinear wave kinematics by comparing the structural responses of floating wind turbine when exposed to irregular linear Airy wave and fully nonlinear wave. Critical responses and fatigue damage are studied in operational conditions and short-term extreme values are predicted in extreme conditions respectively. In the operational condition, wind effects are dominating the mean value and standard deviation of most responses except floater heave motion. The fatigue damage at the tower base is dominated by wind effects. The fatigue damage for the mooring line is more influenced by wind effects for conditions with small wave and wave effects for conditions with large wave. The wave nonlinearity effect becomes significant for surge and mooring line tension for large waves while floater heave, pitch motion, tower base bending moment and pontoon axial force are less sensitive to the nonlinear wave effect. In the extreme condition, linear wave theory underestimates wave elevation, floater surge motion and mooring line tension compared with fully nonlinear wave theory while quite close results are predicted for other responses.     

Reliability Analysis for Offshore Platform Structural Systems

A system reliability estimation method for spatial jacket platforms is developed in this paper,The jacket platform is modeled into three-dimensional assembly of spatial beam and plate elements in Fi-nite Element Method(FEM).The limit failure states correspond to collapse of a series of structural mem-bers which are identified by engineering design criteria.In this paper the following aspects are taken intoaccount:the punching shear and buckiing failures in member failure modes for the tubular joints and tubu-lar columns respectively;incremental loading approach for establishment of the safety margin equations ofsystem failure;the algorithm of enumerating significant failure modes for the structural systems and otherconcepts,such as the false failure mode and the virtual limit state.The final work is devoted to the reliabili-ty analysis for a practical jacket platform presently put into operation on the Bohai Sea.The computed re-sults shows that method suggested in this paper is feasible and effective for     

Design wave method for the extreme horizontal slow-drift motion of moored floating platforms

The present study introduces a design wave method for estimating the extreme horizontal slow-drift motion of moored floating offshore platforms under extreme conditions. Here, the design wave refers to an irregular incident wave of short duration that induces the extreme response of the desired return period. The present method is composed of the following four steps: linearization of the dynamic system, probabilistic analysis of the second-order Volterra series, generation of the irregular design waves, and the fully-coupled nonlinear simulations. For generating the design waves, two different conditioning methods are presented and compared: the conditioning of the extreme response amplitude and the conditioning of the most likely extreme response profile. The procedure was applied to a deep-water semi-submersible, and the results appeared to be promising compared to the full-length nonlinear simulations.