基于双阶段特征匹配的非同源SAR船只跟踪方法

开展星载合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)船只匹配跟踪研究是海上船只监测的重要内容,对提升海上目标监测管控能力有重要意义.当前利用SAR卫星进行船只目标匹配跟踪时,由于船只目标尺寸小且船只目标的运动会在SAR图像中产生几何畸变,导致船只目标在SAR图像中难以准确实现匹配跟踪.基于此...     

高分辨率SAR影像在海岛监视监测中的应用

高分辨率合成孔径雷达(SAR)是先进的成像微波遥感器,可全天候和全天时工作,在海岛监视监测中发挥特殊作用。文章概述高分辨率SAR的成像原理和国际应用进展,通过介绍海岛礁在高分辨率SAR影像上的表现,直观展示高分辨率SAR在小海岛识别和海岛开发工程监视监测等方面的应用,尤其提出利用SAR影像特征区分小海岛和船只的方法,同时提出将高分辨率SAR影像与中分辨率光学影像相结合的应用建议,助力我国海岛保护管理和监视监测工作。     

基于面向对象和模糊逻辑的SAR溢油检测算法

星载合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)具有全天时、全天候的工作能力,已被众多学者认为是非常适合探测海面溢油污染的遥感器。然而在SAR影像中经常出现"类油膜"现象,这严重干扰了SAR溢油检测的精度。因此,如何有效区分SAR影像中的油膜和类油膜,对提升溢油检测精度具有重要意义。本文利用面向对象图像分析的方法,从20景ENVISAT ASAR影像中提取了较多的溢油和类油膜样本,对其基于对象的形状、物理和纹理特征进行了综合分析,找出了适合区分溢油和类油膜的特征量。利用特征分析的结论,本文建立了一种基于模糊逻辑的溢油检测算法。该算法可以有效区分SAR影像中的溢油和类油膜,还可以给出暗斑被判定为溢油的概率。溢油检测实验说明,本文方法能够得到令人满意的效果。     

基于G0分布的高海况SAR船只目标检测方法

高海况条件下船只目标检测一直是SAR船只检测的难点之一,选用何种分布来精确描述强海杂波对目标检测效果有重要影响.文章将常用于陆地城区SAR图像建模的G0分布应用于高海况条件下杂波建模,分析了G0分布对不同星载SAR数据的建模效果,验证了其用于海面杂波拟合的适应性,得出G0分布对极不均匀区域海杂波建模能力要优于常用分布;...     

基于散射相似性参数的全极化合成孔径雷达船只检测

全极化合成孔径雷达(SAR)数据提供了丰富的散射信息,目前被广泛应用于海上船只目标的检测。本文首先利用一种方便有效的极化散射信息分析法-散射相似性参数统计分析了船只目标与海面的散射特性,重点分析了两者散射机制间的差异,并基于该差异提出了一个新的全极化SAR船只目标检测量(SSM),该检测量同时考虑了极化SAR数据的空间信息,有效提高了船海对比度。然后基于核密度估计提出了对检测量SSM的模型估计方法,结合恒虚警率(CFAR)检测方法实现了对船只目标的检测。利用RADARSAT-2全极化数据对本文的方法进行验证,并与典型的极化SAR船只目标检测方法比较,实验结果表明了本文方法对船只目标检测的有效性。     

基于HAC的溢油SAR图像分割算法

图像分割是SAR溢油检测中的关键步骤,但由于SAR影像中存在斑点噪声,使得一般的图像分割算法难以收到理想的效果,严重影响溢油检测的精度.发展一种基于凝聚层次聚类(Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering,HAC)的溢油SAR图像分割算法.该算法利用多尺度分割的思想,能够有效保持SAR影像中溢油斑块的形状特征,并能减少细碎斑块的产生.利用2010年墨西哥湾的Envisat ASAR影像开展了溢油SAR图像分割实验,并将该算法和Canny边缘检测、OTSU阈值分割、FCM分割、水平集分割等方法进行了对比.结果显示,HAC方法可以有效减少细碎斑块的产生,有助于提高SAR溢油检测的精度.     

海上船只目标多角度成像技术

将斜视滑动聚束合成孔径雷达(SAR)应用于海上船只目标的成像。利用斜视角的变化,斜视滑动聚束SAR可高频次地得到同一船只在不同斜视角下的多幅高分辨率微波图像,有利于船只目标的分类与识别。将斜视滑动聚束SAR高效成像算法与船只目标逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)重聚焦算法相结合,针对计算机仿真数据开展了成像处理实验,取得了较好的成像效果,验证了斜视滑动聚束SAR应用于船只目标成像时可高频次地获得多幅高分辨率图像的独特优势。     

C波段紧缩极化合成孔径雷达船只目标检测性能分析

本文全面分析了C波段紧缩极化SAR 40种极化特征的船只目标检测性能。首先利用船只目标和海面的欧式分类距离统计分析了各极化特征的船只目标检测性能,结果表明,极化特征圆极化比、圆极化度、椭圆方位角、圆度、相对相位、平均散射角和紧缩极化散射角的船只目标检测性能最好。在此基础上,针对上述7个紧缩极化特征,进一步分析了船海对比度、入射角、窗口大小和船长对紧缩极化SAR船只目标检测性能的影响。     

星载SAR在上海沿海溢油监测中的应用

开展了星载SAR遥感影像的上海沿海溢油监测应用研究,建立了SAR影像的快速订购,数据预处理,SAR溢油特征和干扰因素分析、溢油信息提取的监测流程。研究过程中通过人工干预下的SAR溢油半自动检测方法提取历史SAR影像溢油信息,应用在油膜漂移预测预报模型检验案例中,两者结果吻合较好。在历史溢油事故案例中,利用SAR和光学遥感影像对油膜同时进行监测,结果在离岸海域,SAR溢油监测具有明显优势,但在长江口或近岸海域的岸滩地带需光学遥感进行辅助监测。从获取的上海沿海历史SAR遥感影像溢油监测初步统计结果来看,该海域溢油主要发生在长江口锚地和主要航线附近。     

利用浅水地形及其SAR影像确定海面风向的一种方法

利用浅水地形的SAR影像以及基于浅水地形SAR仿真模型计算得到的仿真SAR影像,基于仿真SAR影像与真实SAR影像之间的相关性提出了一种确定海面风向的方法——最大相关系数法.以南沙双子礁海域为例,利用最大相关系数法确定出了一幅RADARSAT SAR影像成像时刻的海面风向,通过对结果的比较分析可以看出对于包含浅水地形的SAR影像应用该方法探测海面风向是可行的.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,