下刚果盆地油气成藏条件及勘探潜力分析

下刚果盆地油气资源非常丰富,有较大勘探前景。但由于其储层是碳酸盐岩储层,受复杂的盐岩活动影响,其构造特征及油气成藏特征也非常复杂,因此给地质认识带来了很大的困难。此文通过对该区区域地质背景、油气成藏条件和勘探潜力的综合分析,认为下刚果盆地构造演化经历了前裂谷期、同裂谷期、过渡期和漂移期四个时期。主要发育盐下和盐上两套主力烃源岩。盐上及盐下地层均具有良好的储盖组合。盐上地层构造经历了三期构造演化和两个演化序列。研究区主要发育盐下生-盐下储、盐下生-盐上储、盐上生-盐上储共三种成藏组合。认为白垩系碳酸盐岩构造具有良好的勘探前景,盐上地层是下一步勘探需要重点关注的区域,盐下构造也是较好的潜在勘探领域。研究成果对我国石油公司参与下刚果盆地或类似盆地的研究和油气勘探具有一定的借鉴意义。     

下刚果-刚果扇盆地东南部基底断裂复活及其与油气的关系

下刚果-刚果扇盆地位于西非被动大陆边缘,是典型的裂谷与被动陆缘叠合盆地。该区以往的研究多集中于盐上层系,对基底断裂研究较少。以构造分析为基础,探讨了基底断裂复活及其对盐上层系构造变形和油气分布的影响。结果表明,研究区盐下裂谷层系具有"两坳夹一隆"的构造格局,大西洋枢纽带夹持于内裂谷带和外裂谷带之间;基底断裂复活主要发生在紧邻大西洋枢纽带西侧、呈狭长带状分布的基底断裂复活带,断裂复活形式主要表现为继承性,其次为构造反转;基底断裂复活不仅对盐上层系的构造变形具控制作用,而且为油气从盐下层系向盐上层系运移提供了良好的垂向通道条件,是外裂谷带盐下油气向盐上层系运移的关键部位。     

古气候事件对刚果扇浊积水道发育的控制作用

刚果扇是渐新世以来快速堆积的巨型深水扇体,浊积水道广泛发育,油气成藏条件优越。精细标定水道集中发育的年龄、期次及其与同期地质事件之间的关联,对认识水道发育的主控因素和分布规律具有重要意义。基于测井、地震和古生物资料的综合分析,将盆地北部渐新统—中新统划分为2个二级层序、8个三级层序;通过微体古生物带和海平面变化旋回精细确定了各层序界面的年龄;进而在层序格架内明确了刚果扇北部浊积水道的发育期次和演化规律,认为刚果扇在盆地北部可划分为3个演化期次,即渐新世晚期快速填充期、中新世早—中期稳定沉积期和中新世晚期大规模水道发育期。实验研究发现,盆地中新统孢粉化石由早到晚出现水藓孢属-栎粉属、光面球藻属-盘星藻属-单束松粉属、拟桫椤孢属-凸瘤水龙骨单缝孢属、粗肋孢属-水龙骨单缝孢属-拟桦粉属4种组合类型,表明盆地中新世气候变化频繁,且大规模水道发育期与降温事件及海平面快速下降期高度吻合。此外,3次大规模水道发育期与西非海岸3次构造抬升事件关系密切。由此认为,刚果扇浊积水道的发育直接受控于降温事件,而构造隆升是源头性的触发因素。     

下刚果盆地油气勘探策略

西非被动大陆边缘诸盆地是目前油气勘探的重点和热点地区。通过对各个含油气盆地的基本石油地质特征和勘探潜力研究表明，下刚果盆地富含油气，资源潜力及勘探潜力极大。通过对下刚果盆地油气成藏特点的分析，探讨了对下刚果盆地的勘探策略，指出宏观上应重点关注下刚果盆地，平面上和纵向上应该对不同的地区和层系采取不同的勘探策略。平面上重点关注深水区，兼顾浅水区；纵向上，深水区以盐上勘探层系为主，浅水区以盐下勘探层系为主。     

苏门答腊裂谷盆地带构造分带及其成藏模式

苏门答腊弧后裂谷盆地带是印尼乃至东南亚最大的油气产区,由于勘探程度高,近十年来勘探成效差,盆地油气发现进入瓶颈期。为了指明苏门答腊弧后裂谷盆地带勘探方向,以盆地带构造演化为主线,以构造带为研究对象,在构造特征、构造对成藏模式控制作用等多方面研究的基础上,预测了苏门答腊盆地带有利勘探领域。根据构造特征分析,苏门答腊弧后裂谷盆地带可划分为近岛弧带、中央反转带和远岛弧带3个构造带。近岛弧带以继承性隆起为构造特征,油气主要通过断裂垂向运移,聚集在局部构造高部位生物礁和背斜之中,近岛弧带为旁生侧储型成藏模式,基底潜山圈闭是近岛弧带未来的勘探方向;中央反转带构造样式为挤压反转的半地堑、铲式正断层,中央反转带油气来自底部深凹陷,上部多层系做储层,垂向断层或侧向砂体发育,沟通烃源岩与圈闭,具有近水楼台的优势成藏条件,为下生上储型成藏模式,该带基底潜山圈闭和源内构造—岩性圈闭也具有较好的烃—运—储匹配关系,可能形成好的油气藏;远岛弧带以单斜构造背景为主,局部发育深洼陷,远岛弧带局部洼陷具有一定的生烃能力,该构造带钻井揭示了地层超覆油气藏,但目前勘探程度较低,尚存在较大勘探潜力。     

西非毛塞几比盆地油气成藏差异性分析

从毛塞几比盆地构造演化特征分析入手,明确中大西洋的演化控制了毛塞几比盆地的形成,盆地经历了裂陷期、过渡期和漂移期3个演化阶段。受过渡期和漂移期构造和沉积差异演化的控制,盆地划分为南次盆和北次盆,南次盆具有"宽陆架、陡陆坡"、北次盆具有"窄陆架、缓陆坡"的结构特征。漂移期发育Cenomanian—Turonian和Aptian—Albian 2套海相烃源岩,其热演化程度具有"北高南低"的分布特征。盆地发育多种有利沉积储层类型,盆地结构控制了沉积储层的差异分布,南次盆以陆架边缘三角洲砂岩和浊积扇砂岩储层为主,北次盆以浊积水道和浊积扇砂岩储层为主。盆地主要发育3种典型的油气成藏模式,北次盆主要发育"自生自储、近源成藏"和"下生上储、盐相关断裂运移"2种成藏模式,而南次盆主要发育"旁生侧储、断裂+不整合面运移"和"自生自储、近源成藏"2种成藏模式。     

西非塞拉利昂—利比里亚盆地深水岩性油气藏成藏特征

立足于大西洋的构造演化,划分了盆地构造演化阶段,明确了不同演化阶段的构造、沉积特征,分析了漂移期岩性油气藏的成藏特征,建立油气成藏模式,指出了油气勘探的方向。研究表明,塞拉利昂—利比里亚盆地经历了裂陷期和漂移期两个演化阶段,早白垩世裂陷期,构造活动强烈,以陆相沉积为主;晚白垩世至今的漂移期构造活动弱,以海相沉积为主。赛诺曼—土伦阶海相烃源岩是漂移期岩性油气藏的主要油气来源,是油气成藏的基础;盆地漂移期广泛发育大型深水沉积体,深水沉积体是漂移期储层和岩性圈闭形成的关键;油气运移控制了岩性油气藏的成藏模式,漂移期构造活动弱,缺少油源断裂,赛诺曼—土伦阶成熟烃源岩生成的油气就近运移至烃源岩层内的岩性圈闭中聚集成藏,形成自生自储的油气成藏模式;寻找赛诺曼—土伦阶烃源岩灶内大型沉积体是盆地未来深水区油气勘探的重要方向。     

珠江口盆地珠三坳陷断裂特征与油气成藏

珠江口盆地珠三坳陷为南海北部陆缘拉张型含油气盆地。受区域构造应力场变化控制,盆地在构造演化过程中主要经历了三期断裂活动,发育了3种类型断裂,古新世-早渐新世发育NE向伸展断裂,晚渐新世-早中新世发育近EW向走滑伸展断裂,中中新世至今发育NW向走滑伸展断裂。主干断裂和次级断裂的平面组合样式主要有平行式、羽状、雁列式、帚状,剖面组合样式主要有Y字形、阶梯状、负花状。断裂活动对珠三坳陷的油气生成、运移、聚集具有重要的控制作用。控凹的主干断裂活动控制了生烃凹陷的分布和烃源岩的热演化,断裂活动控制形成了多种类型圈闭,长期继承性活动断裂是浅层油气藏形成的主要运移通道。主干断裂带是珠三坳陷油气复式富集成藏的有利区带,文昌凹陷北坡断阶带和琼海凸起、阳江低凸起披覆背斜带也是珠三坳陷油气有利成藏区带。     

高邮凹陷南断阶许庄—竹墩地区断层发育演化和油气成藏

为了揭示高邮凹陷南断阶许庄—竹墩地区复杂断裂系统的成因、演化与油气成藏的关系,通过对不整合面地层剥蚀量计算、构造演化剖面分析等方法,系统地总结了许庄—竹墩地区断层的发育演化规律。吴堡运动和三垛运动时期是断裂活动最强烈的时期,许庄—竹墩地区的地层受到较强的剥蚀作用。本区主要断层的发育顺序依次为真①断层、纪③断层、真②’断层和真③断层,同一断层在不同的地质时期和平面上的不同位置,发育强度有明显的差异性。断层的活动一方面形成了一系列的断块圈闭,另一方面是油气垂向运移的主要通道,因此在本区形成了一系列的断块圈闭油藏。     

南堡凹陷4号构造带蛤坨断层特征与油气成藏关系

南堡凹陷4号构造带断裂发育,既发育沟通烃源岩的深断裂,也发育沟通浅层圈闭的次级断裂。综合利用地震、测井、岩性等资料分析断层的空间展布,计算蛤坨断层的生长指数和断层泥比率（SGR）,分析断层的活动性、封堵性,评价其输导性能,并结合其与烃源岩生排烃期的匹配关系研究断裂与油气运移、聚集的关系及控制规律。在典型油气藏剖面解剖的基础上,建立了4号构造带油气运聚成藏模式。     

东海陆架盆地南部构造演化及对油气的控制作用

通过对东海陆架盆地形成的动力学机制研究,分析了动力学机制控制下的盆地南部构造演化特征,提出构造演化对油气成藏的四个控制作用：（1）构造运动控制了盆地演化阶段与凹陷结构;（2）构造运动控制了盆地沉降中心迁移与地层分布;（3）构造运动决定了油气成藏关键时期和油气分带的差异性;（4）构造运动控制了油气聚集与分布。构造运动是盆地演化及油气成藏的主导因素,盆地构造演化结合油气地质综合研究是东海陆架盆地南部油气勘探工作的重点。     

Impacts of the tectonic stress field on natural gas migration and accumulation: A case study of the Kuqa Depression in the Tarim Basin,China

Stress, fluid and temperature are three of the major factors that impact natural gas migration and accumulation. In order to study the influences of tectonic stress field on natural gas migration and accumulation in low-permeability rocks, we take the Kuqa Depression as an example and analyze the evolution of the structure and tectonic stress field at first. Then we study the influences of tectonic stress field at different tectonic episodes on fractures and fluid potentials through the numerical simulation method on the section across the KL2 gas field. We summarize two aspects of the impact of the tectonic stress field on natural gas migration and accumulation. Firstly, under the effects of the tectonic stress field, the rock dilation increases with the added stress and strain, and when the shear stress of rock exceeds its shear strength, the shear fractures are well developed. On one hand, the faults which communicate with the hydrocarbon source rocks become the main pathways for natural gas migration. On the other hand, these positions where fractures are well developed near faults can become good reservoirs for natural gas accumulation. Secondly, because fluid potentials decrease in these places near the faults where fractures are well developed, natural gas can migrate rapidly along the faults and accumulates. The impact of tectonic stress fields on natural gas migration and accumulation allows for hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in the low-permeability rocks in an active tectonic compressive setting.     

Cold seeps at the salt front in the Lower Congo Basin II: The impact of spatial and temporal evolution of salt-tectonics on hydrocarbon seepage

This study investigates the distribution and evolution of seafloor seepage in the vicinity of the salt front, i.e., the seaward boundary of salt-induced deformation in the Lower Congo Basin (LCB). Seafloor topography, backscatter data and TV-sled observations indicate active fluid seepage from the seafloor directly at the salt front, whereas suspected seepage sites appear to be inactive at a distance of >10 km landward of the deformation front. High resolution multichannel seismic data give detailed information on the structural development of the area and its influence on the activity of individual seeps during the geologic evolution of the salt front region. The unimpeded migration of gas from fan deposits along sedimentary strata towards the base of the gas hydrate stability zone within topographic ridges associated with relatively young salt-tectonic deformation facilitates seafloor seepage at the salt front. Bright and flat spots within sedimentary successions suggest geological trapping of gas on the flanks of mature salt structures in the eastern part of the study area. Onlap structures associated with fan deposits which were formed after the onset of salt-tectonic deformation represent potential traps for gas, which may hinder gas migration towards seafloor seeps. Faults related to the thrusting of salt bodies seawards also disrupt along-strata gas migration pathways. Additionally, the development of an effective gas hydrate seal after the cessation of active salt-induced uplift and the near-surface location of salt bodies may hamper or prohibit seafloor seepage in areas of advanced salt-tectonic deformation. This process of seaward shifting active seafloor seepage may propagate as seaward migrating deformation affects Congo Fan deposits on the abyssal plain. These observations of the influence of the geologic evolution of the salt front area on seafloor seepage allows for a characterization of the large variety of hydrocarbon seepage activity throughout this compressional tectonic setting.     

Structure and evolution of the Northeastern German Basin and its transition onto the Baltic Shield

The post-Permian sequence stratigraphical and structural evolution of the Northeastern German Basin and its transition onto the Baltic Shield has been studied in the Bay of Mecklenburg (SW Baltic Sea) by means of seismic interpretation. Five major sequences have been identified: Middle Triassic, Upper Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous and Cenozoic. Time–isochore maps allowed the identification of several phases of salt pillow growth. The contemporaneity of active salt tectonics and the well studied tectonic evolution of the Northeastern German Basin suggest a causative correlation. The E–W directed extension during the Triassic-Early Jurassic marking the beginning break-up of Pangaea is seen as the trigger process for the first period of salt movement. A fault system outside the limit of the Zechstein evaporates is understood as the consequence of thin-skinned faulting and brittle thick-skinned deformation that accompanied this extension. The observed pronounced erosion of Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic strata is considered to result from the uplift due to the Mid North Sea Doming event in Middle Jurassic times. The seismic data show an undisturbed Late Cretaceous succession which reflects a period of rising sea level, tectonic quiescence and no salt movement. In contrast to the salt pillows which emerged above Triassic fault systems in the westernmost Baltic and western North German Basin, the Cenozoic salt movement activity is the most pronounced. This period of reactivated salt pillow growth started coevally with the onset of the Alpine orogeny at the Cretaceous/Cenozoic transition when the Africa-Arabian plate collided with Eurasia. Generally, no significant faults were identified in the overburden of the salt floored southern Bay of Mecklenburg where ductile Zechstein salt decouples deep rooted faulting from supra-salt deformation.     

下刚果盆地北部海域海相碳酸盐岩沉积储层特征

西非下刚果盆地为一典型被动大陆边缘含盐盆地,下刚果盆地北部海域在白垩系海相碳酸盐岩层系获得丰富油气发现。研究区海相碳酸盐岩领域油气勘探面临的核心瓶颈问题,即白垩系碳酸盐岩的沉积模式、演化规律、储层特征以及沉积储层发育控制因素。综合钻井、地震、区域地质等资料,分析认为自下向上相对海平面的上升控制了沉积演化,沉积体系演化模式为浅海碳酸盐岩台地→浅海混积陆棚→半深海-海底扇。下刚果盆地碳酸盐岩储层展布在纵向及平面上均可以划分为内中外3个储层发育带,碳酸盐岩储层最主要发育于下白垩统Albian阶下Sendji组。该时期研究区整体发育浅海碳酸盐岩混积缓坡台地沉积体系,沉积亚相可进一步划分为混积滨岸、后缓坡、浅水缓坡以及深水缓坡4种类型,其中浅水缓坡亚相颗粒滩微相与后缓坡亚相台内浅滩、砂质浅滩微相储层最为发育。碳酸盐岩储层岩性组合主要包括颗粒灰岩、砂岩、砂质灰岩、白云岩4种类型;储层发育主要受沉积相带的控制,并受成岩作用的影响。     

莱州湾西构造带断裂特征及其对油气成藏的控制

受古近纪莱州湾凹陷大规模断陷、郯庐断裂右旋走滑和垦东凸起大规模隆升三方面因素共同作用,莱州湾西构造带断裂系统发育,根据断裂性质及发育规模将断裂划分为3组不同方向的断裂组合,对油气的运移、聚集及保存都产生重要影响。根据莱州湾地区油气成藏规律并结合渤海其他区域近年勘探成果综合分析,莱北1号断层、斜坡区东西向反向正断层和走滑末端雁行式断层三类大规模调节断层对于油气成藏影响作用较大,这三类断层所控制的圈闭也是莱州湾凹陷及围区下一步勘探获得突破的重点区域。     

Shallow plumbing systems inferred from spatial analysis of pockmark arrays

This study describes and analyses an extraordinary array of pockmarks at the modern seabed of the Lower Congo Basin (offshore Angola), in order to understand the fluid migration routes and shallow plumbing system of the area. The 3D seismic visualization of feeding conduits (pipes) allowed the identification of the source interval for the fluids expelled during pockmark formation. Spatial statistics are used to show the relationship between the underlying (polarised) polygonal fault (PPFs) patterns and seabed pockmarks distributions. Our results show PPFs control the linear arrangement of pockmarks and feeder pipes along fault strike, but faults do not act as conduits. Spatial statistics also revealed pockmark occurrence is not considered to be random, especially at short distances to nearest neighbours (<200 m) where anti-clustering distributions suggest the presence of an exclusion zone around each pockmark in which no other pockmark will form. The results of this study are relevant for the understanding of shallow fluid plumbing systems in offshore settings, with implications on our current knowledge of overall fluid flow systems in hydrocarbon-rich continental margins.     

渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷断裂控藏特征研究

南堡凹陷为渤海湾盆地的一个新生代富生烃凹陷，内部断层十分发育，大量的油气藏都围绕断裂分布。根据断裂平面及剖面组合特征，断裂平面组合样式可分为4种：平行状、交织状、梳状和帚状；剖面组合分为3种：复“y”形组合、花状组合及阶梯式组合。根据断裂、砂体及油气藏的分布特征，发现二级和三级生长断层凹面储集厚度较大、且砂体孔渗性较好，是油气运移的主要方向。反向旋转断层组合的断层下盘和同向旋转断层组合的断层上盘是油气聚集的有利部位。但由于断层带的分带性，上诱导裂缝带相对下诱导裂缝带渗透性好。上诱导裂缝带利于油气运移，下诱导裂缝带利于封堵油气，油气的最有利聚集部位为反向旋转断层组合的下盘。     

Superposed deformation straddling the continental-oceanic transition in deep-water Angola

The Angolan margin is the type area for raft tectonics. New seismic data reveal the contractional buffer for this thin-skinned extension. A 200-km-long composite section from the Lower Congo Basin and Kwanza Basin illustrates a complex history of superposed deformation caused by: (1) progradation of the margin; and (2) episodic Tertiary epeirogenic uplift. Late Cretaceous tectonics was driven by a gentle slope created by thermal subsidence; extensional rafting took place updip, contractional thrusting and buckling downdip; some distal folds were possibly unroofed to form massive salt walls. Oligocene deformation was triggered by gentle kinking of the Atlantic Hinge Zone as the shelf and coastal plain rose by 2 or 3 km; relative uplift stripped Paleogene cover off the shelf, provided space for Miocene progradation, and steepened the continental slope, triggering more extension and buckling. In the Neogene, a subsalt half graben was inverted or reactivated, creating keystone faults that may have controlled the Congo Canyon; a thrust duplex of seaward-displaced salt jacked up the former abyssal plain, creating a plateau of salt 3–4 km thick on the present lower slope. The Angola Escarpment may be the toe of the Angola thrust nappe, in which a largely Cretaceous roof of gently buckled strata, was transported seawards above the thickened salt by up to 20 km.