多棘海盘车幽门盲囊极性脂和脂肪酸组分的研究

对多棘海盘车（Ａｓｔｅｒｉａｓ ａｍｕｒｅｎｓｉｓ）幽门盲囊中总脂、极性脂及脂仿酸组分进行了研究。结果表明，总脂含量占湿重的７．８５％。磷脂中ＰＣ、ＰＥ、ＰＳ含量较高，ＰＩ和ＤＰＧ含量较低。主要的脂肪酸是１６：０，１８：０，１８：１（ｎ＝９），２０：１（ｎ＝９）。２０：１（ｎ＝７），２０：４（ｎ＝６），２０：５（ｎ＝３），２２：６（ｎ＝３），占总脂肪酸的７４％以上。其中以２０：１（ｎ＝９）最为丰富     

南极冰藻的总脂含量及脂肪酸组成与其低温适应性的关系

通过对南极水样中分离出来的4种南极冰藻（2种硅藻和2种绿藻）在不同温度下的总脂含量和脂肪酸组成的研究，发现2种硅藻（H1和H2）通过增加胞内脂肪含量和不饱和脂肪酸的组成来提高其低温适应性，而且单不饱和脂肪酸含量远高于多不饱和脂肪酸，发挥主要的作用；绿藻L1的总脂含量变化不大，但在低温条件下，其不饱和脂肪酸的含量亦相应提高；绿藻L4的总脂含量和脂肪酸组成变化与2种硅藻相似，但2种绿藻的多不饱和脂肪酸含量远高于单不饱和脂肪酸，发挥主要的作用。研究结果还显示，低温有利于短链脂肪酸的合成。同时作为膜磷脂重要组成成分的C22：6脂肪酸在4种冰藻中均保持稳定，含量相对较高，这也是对南极低温环境条件的适应。     

饵料对培养轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)脂肪酸组成的影响

本文综述了饵料对培养输虫脂肪酸组成的影响，以利于培养轮虫作为鱼类幼体的开口饵料之用。１强化饵料对轮上脂肪酸组成的影响以面包酵母加毛鳞鱼油等１０种强化饵料［３］来喂养轮虫发现：虽然饵料总脂含量变动很大（范围：２．１～１５％），但是投喂不同饵料２４ｈ后，轮虫的总指含量几乎是不变的（范围：８．１～１１．８％）。投喂面包酵母和鳕鱼肝油以及鱿鱼粉的一组轮虫具有总脂含量最高的特点。还发现：饵料中的ｎ－３ＨＵＦＡ（高度不饱和脂肪酸）和２２：６ｎ－３含量与轮虫中的含量有显著的正相关（ｐ＜０．０５）。鲱鱼卵粉的脂…     

螺旋藻单半乳糖二酰甘油酯脂肪酸分子组成分析

采用硅胶柱层析法，从螺旋藻总脂中分离提取出单半乳糖二酰甘油酯(MGDG)，通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)分离纯化得到7个主要组分。经酶解(Lipase XI,Rhizopus arrhizus)、酯化,通过气相色谱(GC)分析MGDG及7其个主要组分中脂肪酸含量和分子组成。结果表明，MGDG中主要含有16：0，18：3,18：2以及少量20：4和20：5。MGDG中Sn-2位80％多为饱和脂肪酸16：0，Sn-1位57％以上为18：3。根据HPLC分离纯化所得7种主要组分的百分含量和Sn-1和Sn-2位脂肪酸的分析计算可得。MGDG主要脂肪酸分子组成为43．6％(18：3，16：0)，13．9％(16：0,16：0)，9．9％(18：2，16：0)，8．9％(18：3，16：1)。     

南极冰藻的总脂含量及脂肪酸组成与其低温适应性的关系

通过对南极水样中分离出来的 4种南极冰藻 (2种硅藻和 2种绿藻 )在不同温度下的总脂含量和脂肪酸组成的研究 ,发现 2种硅藻 (H1和 H2 )通过增加胞内脂肪含量和不饱和脂肪酸的组成来提高其低温适应性 ,而且单不饱和脂肪酸含量远高于多不饱和脂肪酸 ,发挥主要的作用 ;绿藻 L1的总脂含量变化不大 ,但在低温条件下 ,其不饱和脂肪酸的含量亦相应提高 ;绿藻 L4的总脂含量和脂肪酸组成变化与 2种硅藻相似 ,但 2种绿藻的多不饱和脂肪酸含量远高于单不饱和脂肪酸 ,发挥主要的作用。研究结果还显示 ,低温有利于短链脂肪酸的合成。同时作为膜磷脂重要组成成分的 C2 2∶ 6脂肪酸在 4种冰藻中均保持稳定 ,含量相对较高 ,这也是对南极低温环境条件的适应     

泥蚶血淋巴营养成分的研究

本文利用氨基酸自动分析仪和气相色谱分析仪对泥蚶血淋巴中的脂肪酸和氨基酸进行了分析测定．研究结果表明：泥蚶血淋巴含有脂肪酸和氨基酸各18种，脂肪酸总含量为0．395mg／g，其中不饱和脂肪酸含量高达0．215mg／g，约占脂肪酸总量的54．2％；氨基酸总含量为1、68％，其中必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的39．88％，呈鲜味游离氨基酸和呈甘味游离氨基酸占泥蚶血淋巴氨基酸总量的47．02％．     

锯缘青蟹卵黄发生期卵巢和肝胰腺脂类的变化

锯缘青蟹2次卵巢发育时的卵黄发生旺期与卵黄发生初期相比,卵巢指数和卵巢脂肪含量(%卵巢干重或湿重)均显著增加,积累了大量的脂类,而这一时期的肝胰腺指数和肝胰腺脂肪含量均无显著变化,说明在卵黄发生时期,肝胰腺吸收的脂肪均及时转运到正在发育的卵巢.卵黄发生期,卵巢或肝胰腺磷脂/总脂的百分含量,均无显著变化,肝胰腺中游离脂肪酸逐步增加,甚至在卵黄发生后期超过甘油三酯的含量.卵黄发生阶段,无论肝胰腺或卵巢,其磷脂长链多不饱和脂肪酸显著高于中性脂,而饱和脂肪酸含量相对较低;肝胰腺脂类脂肪酸组成的最主要变化是中性脂的n3系列的长链多不饱和脂肪酸,尤其是C22:6n3显著降低.卵黄发生初期,肝胰腺磷脂与卵巢中性脂的脂肪酸组成(肝胰腺转运脂肪时,首先要将吸收或储存的脂类转换成磷脂,才能运出)无显著差异,但卵黄发生旺期,肝胰腺磷脂的长链多不饱和脂肪酸显著高于卵巢中性脂的含量.文中讨论了这些变化的原因.     

南海北部神狐海域现代沉积物正构脂肪酸来源:加权平均碳同位素的建立与应用

对南海北部神狐海域表层沉积物中脂肪酸组分进行了分析,检测到的总正构脂肪酸含量为1.80~10.16μg/g(μg脂肪酸/g干沉积物),碳数分布为C12—C32,呈偶奇优势分布,以C16和C18为主峰碳。将90cm以上层位样品进行归一化,建立加权平均碳同位素讨论正构脂肪酸来源,结果表明,短链脂肪酸(n-C14~18)具有较正的碳同位素组成(加权平均为-26.7‰^-28.2‰),反映了化学自养细菌来源;大部分长链脂肪酸(n-C21~23,nC25,n-C29~32)具有偏负的碳同位素组成(加权平均为-29.6‰^-34.1‰),反映了陆源C3高等植物来源;而另外的长链脂肪酸(n-C24&n-C26~28)和n-C19~20中链脂肪酸(加权平均碳同位素为-26.1‰^-29.3‰)则可能反映了混合来源输入。沉积物75~80cm层位陆源输入和海洋输入含量达到最低,可能和Younger Dryas冷期旋回事件有关。     

环境因子对2种南极绿藻脂肪含量和脂肪酸组成的影响

通过气相色谱方法对南极冰藻的脂肪酸进行了分析,发现环境因素对2种绿藻总脂含量有一定的影响：(1)温度对Pymmixtomonas sp,总脂含量影响不大,一般为8．3％～8．9％,Chlorophyceae L-4在2℃时的总脂含量最高为10.33％;(2)光强显著地影响这2种绿藻脂肪在细胞内的积累。随着光强由限制生长的39 lx增加到3900 lx,2种绿藻的脂肪酸含量降低：(3)盐度的提高有利于2种绿藻脂肪的积累;(4)营养盐的限制也利于2种绿藻脂肪的积累。在氮源缺乏条件下,Pyramidomonas sp,和Chlorophyceae L-4细胞内脂肪大量积累,含量分别是以NH4Cl为氮源的2．2和3.2倍。环境因素对2种绿藻脂肪酸组成和含量的影响不同,其脂肪含量的改变反映了南极冰藻生长的改变。环境因子能够影响这2种绿藻的脂肪含量,同样也影响到它们的生长。在适合南极冰藻生长的条件下,脂肪酸积累降低;反之,在南极冰藻生长受到限制的条件下,脂肪合成增加。这表明2种绿藻的脂肪含量随生存环境的变化而变化。环境因子同样影响到2种绿藻的脂肪酸组成,尤其是不饱和脂肪酸的组成和含量,但组成和其生长不存在相关性。环境因子(温度、光强、盐度和营养盐)对2种绿藻脂肪酸的测定结果表明,在2种绿藻中,多不饱和脂肪酸的含量高于单不饱和脂肪酸和饱和脂肪酸。因此。这2种绿藻可望为多不饱和脂肪酸的开发利用提供藻种资源。     

黑海参脂肪酸的气相色谱／质谱法分析

黑海参（Holothuria atra）体壁经Folch法提取总脂,用HCl-甲醇进行甲酯化处理,以气相色谱／质谱法分析总脂中的脂肪酸组成。从黑海参中共分析出28种化合物,包括25种脂肪酸甲酯和3种脂肪醛二甲基缩醛。黑海参体壁中的饱和脂肪酸含量为22．93％,以C16：0（5．49％）和C18：0（4．38％）为主;不...     

Low pH affects survival,growth, size distribution,and carapace quality of the postlarvae and early juveniles of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man

Acidification of rain water caused by air pollutants is now recognized as a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems. We examined the effects of low pH (control pH 7.5, pH 6, pH 5, pH 4) on the survival, growth, and shell quality of Macrobrachium rosenbergii postlarvae and early juveniles in the laboratory. Hatcheryproduced postlarvae (PL 5) were stocked at 250 PL per aquarium, acclimated over 7 d to experimental pH adjusted with hydrochloric acid, and reared for 30 d. Dead specimens were removed and counted twice a day. After 27 d rearing, all specimens were measured for total length and body weight. Carapace quality was assessed by spectrophotometry. Survival of juveniles was highest at pH 6 (binomial 95% confidence interval 79 - 89%) followed by control pH 7.5 (56 - 68%) and pH 5 (50 - 60%) and was lowest for unmetamorphosed postlarvae and juveniles at pH 4 (43 - 49%). The final median total length and body weight of juveniles were similar at control pH 7.5 (18.2 TL, 50.2 mg BW) and pH 6 (17.7 mm TL, 45.0 mg BW) but significantly less at pH 5 (16.7 mm TL, 38.2 mg BW); at pH 4, the postlarvae did not metamorphose and measured only 9.8 mm TL, 29.3 mg BW. Length frequency distribution showed homogeneous growth at pH 6, positive skew at control pH 7.5 and pH 5, and extreme heterogeneity at pH 4. The carapace showed different transmittance spectra and lower total transmittance (i.e. thicker carapace) in juveniles at pH 7.5, pH 6, and pH 5 than in unmetamorphosed postlarvae and juveniles with thinner carapace at pH 4. Thus, survival, growth, size distribution, and carapace quality of M. rosenbergii postlarvae and early juveniles were negatively affected by pH 5 and especially pH 4. The thinner carapace of the survivors at pH 4 was mostly due to their small size and failure to metamorphose. Natural waters affected by acid rain could decimate M. rosenbergii populations in the wild.

     

Estimation of spawning area of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pisodonophis sangjuensis</Emphasis> Ji and Kim, 2011 (Pisces: Ophichthidae) based on leptocephali size and distribution

Pre-metamorphic leptocephali of Pisodonophis sangjuensis (n = 91, 10.4?90.2 mm in total length, TL) were collected in the East China Sea for the first time. Pre-metamorphic leptocephali of P. sangjuensis, which were identified using mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (mtDNA COI), are characterized by various combinations of morphological characters: 8 moderate to pronounced gut loops with the kidney terminating on the 6-7th loops; and 8 subcutaneous pigment patches on the tail just ventral to the notochord. Pisodonophis sangjuensis leptocephali were more numerously collected offshore than inshore around Jeju Island. The smallest leptocephali (< 15.0 mm TL) were collected from the south far from Jeju Island, and the largest leptocephali (> 100.0 mm TL) were collected from around Jeju Island and the southern coast of Korea. Our findings indicate that P. sangjuensis spawns offshore south of Jeju Island that is an area associated with high water temperature, and then the hatched leptocephali are transported to Jeju Island or the southern coast of Korea by the Tsushima Warm Current.     

A preliminary study on thermoluminescence characteristics of sediments from the North Pacific

Thirty-eight surficial deposit samples were collected from the equatorial North Pacific, and the natural thermoluminescence (TL) characteristics of both bulk and clay fraction samples (<2 μm fractions) were studied by the FJ427-A1 automatic TL Dosimeter for the first time. With the measurements of clay mineral composition, element composition by XRD and ICP, the correlations between TL intensity and sedimentary environment proxies were analyzed, such as water depth, ratio of FeO to Fe2O3 contents, LOI, and major clay mineral concentration, and it was found the bulk sample’s TL signal was stronger than the clay ones. Usually, increase in the clay components may result in the decrease of TL intensity. From the shape of TL curves, the pelagic sediments can be divided into two groups: the majority group has two glow peaks, in general, the first peak is broad and flat, but the second narrow and sharp; the minority group only has a single peak because the first is absent. The peak centers of TL curves are almost fixed, falling in the temperature sections 230~260 and 390~405 ℃ respectively. Lorentz model packed in the Origin 7.5 was chosen to deal with the TL curves. From the processing results, three parameters (H, C and A), corresponding to the height, center, and kurtosis of TL curve, were obtained to describe the curve characteristics. The correlations between TL curve parameters and sedimentary environment proxies were also calculated. On the basis of the above work, the relationship between TL characteristics and sediment type, mineral composition, sedimentary environment of surface sediments was discussed in the study area, and a conclusion is: sediments from the environment of shallower water, higher organic contents and weaker reductivity have stronger TL signals.     

The biology,life history and management needs of a large sciaenid fish,Argyrosomus coronus,in Angola

The West Coast dusky kob Argyrosomus coronus is an understudied yet important fishery species in Angola. During a five-year study (2005–2009), the species was recorded in all fishery sectors, but was most important in the inshore recreational fishery in southern Angola (Cunene Estuary to Namibe). Early juveniles (<300 mm total length, TL) were captured in the offshore artisanal fishery at Praia Pinda, whereas juveniles (300–600 mm TL), subadults (600–870 mm TL) and adults (>870 mm TL) were captured in all fisheries as far north as Namibe, and shoals of large adult fish (>1 000 mm TL) were occasionally captured in the offshore purse-seine commercial fishery between the Cunene Estuary and Lucira. Because some Argyrosomus species are morphologically cryptic, a DNA barcoding method was used to confirm the taxonomic status of the biological samples used in this study. The male:female sex ratio of examined samples was 1:1.4 (n = 225). The length-at-50% maturity was 823 mm and 904 mm TL for males and females respectively. Age-at-50% maturity was 4.4 and 4.3 years for males and females respectively. The periodicity of otolith ring formation was confirmed to be one year using a marginal zone and a chemical marking analysis. Growth (in mm TL) was best described by: L_t = 1 826(1—e^{?0.12(t + 1.60)}). Argyrosomus coronus fed predominantly on fish, mainly Sardinella aurita (62% frequency of occurrence). Early juveniles appeared to frequent the offshore zone (50–100 m depth), moving into the inshore region at approximately 300 mm TL. Juveniles and subadults were resident (57% recaptured at the same site) and were particularly abundant around the mouth of the Cunene Estuary as well as in central and northern Namibia. Adults undertake migrations that correspond with the movement of the Angola–Benguela frontal zone, moving north as far as Gabon in winter and returning to southern Angola in spring, when spawning appeared to take place offshore. There are currently no catch restrictions on A. coronus in Angolan waters. However, declining catches and increasing fishing effort suggest that some management intervention is required, commencing with a proposed closure of the Cunene Estuary mouth region to fishing.     

Charging of the Penglai 9-1 oil field,Bohai Bay basin,China: Functions of the delta on accumulating petroleum

The Penglai 9-1 (PL9-1) oil field, which contains China's third largest offshore oil accumulation (in-place reserves greater than 2.28 × 10⁸ ton or 1.49 × 10⁹ bbl), was found in shallow reservoirs (700–1700 m, 2297–5577 ft) within the most active fault zone in east China. The PL9-1 field contains two oil-bearing series, the granite intrusions in Mesozoic (Mz) and both the sandstone reservoirs in Neogene Guantao (Ng) and Neogene Minghuazhen (Nm) Formation. The origins of the PL9-1 field, both in terms of source rock intervals and generative kitchens, were determined by analyzing biomarker distributions for 61 source rock samples and 33 oil samples. The Mesozoic granite intrusions, which hold more than 80% of the oil reserves in the field, were charged in the west by oil generated from the third member (Es₃) of the Shahejie Formation in the Bodong depression. The Neogene reservoirs of the PL9-1 field were charged in the west by oil generated from the third member (Es₃) of the Shahejie Formation in the Bodong depression and in the south by oil generated from the first member (Es₁) of the Shahejie Formation in the Miaoxibei depression. Interactive contact between the large fan delta and the mature source rocks residing in the Es₃ Formation of the Bodong depression resulted in a high expulsion efficiency from the source rocks and rapid oil accumulation in the PL9-1 field, which probably explains how can this large oil field accumulate and preserve within the largest and most active fault zone in east China.     

嘉庚蛸(Octopus tankahkeei)基础生物学特征的研究

从2003年1月到2003年12月对浙江省象山港内嘉庚蛸的生物学指标进行了测量,共获取样品408头,分析了其基础生物学的周年变化规律和主要体型特征。结果表明,嘉庚蛸长度分布频率具有明显的季节变化,6,7月份长度分布较其他月份广,6月份分布比较均匀具两个峰值(240和360 mm,所占比例分别为13.3%和16.7%);冬季生长缓慢,3,4月份为快速生长期,体长、体重等指标增长明显,4月底即进入了繁殖季节,在6,7月份可采捕到当年孵化的幼体。嘉庚蛸体长与体重以幂函数拟合最佳,而各体征指标与全长、体重和体积的相关关系也较为显著,但相关方程在雌雄间存在着差异。雌体在体型上明显比雄体粗壮,全长/胴长、全长/胴宽以及全长/体积经统计检验发现雌雄间存在着显著差异,主要表现为若全长相等的情况下,雌体的胴长、胴宽和体积明显大于雄体,自然种群的雌体比雄体更强壮、更丰满。     

东海三疣梭子蟹雌体不同生理阶段肝胰腺的生化组成与其组织学结构的关系

通过生化分析和组织切片技术,系统研究了东海三疣梭子蟹第一次卵巢发育过程中肝胰腺指数(HSI)、主要生化成分和组织学结构的变化。结果表明:(1)三疣梭子蟹第一次卵巢发育过程中HSI呈先上升后下降趋势,最大值在Ⅳ期[(7.46±1.23)%],最低值在Ⅵ期[(4.62±0.63)%];(2)三疣梭子蟹第一次卵巢发育过程中,肝胰腺中的生化组成存在显著变化,Ⅰ期肝胰腺中水分含量高达67.91%,其他各期间无显著差异(P>0.05),肝胰腺中脂肪/湿重含量呈先上升后下降趋势,Ⅰ期最低(13.48%),Ⅳ期最高(24.24%);肝胰腺中蛋白/湿重并无显著变化(P>0.05),而总糖/湿重呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05);(3)不同生理阶段雌体肝胰腺组织学存在两个较明显的变化—生殖蜕壳及产卵前后,Ⅰ期肝小管中B细胞占优势(约50%左右),R细胞较细长,肝小管内腔中存在大量食物残渣和脱落的B细胞顶泡等,生殖蜕壳后(Ⅱ期后)的雌体肝胰腺中R细胞数量较多,随着时间的推移R细胞逐渐饱满。产卵后雌体肝胰腺中的细胞间界限变得模糊,部分肝小管的管腔开始自溶,但是此时B,F细胞数量开始增多,这说明随着春季东海海区水温的升高,雌体开始恢复摄食,以保证第二次卵巢发育的顺利进行。     

Effects of East China Sea shallow-water environment on acoustic propagation

Operational environmental acoustics experiments were conducted over the frequency range of 25 to 800 Hz in September 1997 in the East China Sea, where the water depth was about 100 m. Objectives of the data analysis reported here are to characterize this environment and to assess its complexities as they may impact acoustic propagation as measured by its transmission loss (TL). Conductivity-temperature-depths and expendable bathy-thermographs sampled the ocean, such that its spatial and temporal variability could be approximately separated. The sound-speed profiles are downward refracting, involve two water masses associated with the Kuroshio Current and Taiwan Warm Current, and have thermocline variations caused by internal tides. The bottom geoacoustic characteristics, presumed to be approximately horizontally isotropic, were based on data atlases and were estimated from the measured TL, for some interpretations. The TL data were obtained in octave bands from explosive signal underwater sound sources and sonobuoy receivers, both deployed at a depth of about 18 m. Tests were conducted in directions approximately normal and parallel to the bathymetric contours and the measured TL was, to zero order, independent of the direction of propagation. To higher order, directional differences in the TL were observed and ascribed to anisotropies in bottom properties. A state-of-the-art TL model was adopted, based on environmental idealizations typical of operational forecasting and compared with the measured TL. The comparison yields a probability density function that quantifies the uncertainty of such a TL model, caused by the stochastic variability of the environment, typically unknown a priori. For the model used, the pdf has a standard deviation of about 2 dB from 50 to 800 Hz and larger below 50 Hz.     

热释光在南黄海、东海表层沉积物研究中的应用

提出了海洋沉积物热释光的测量方法。对南黄海和东海350个表层沉积物样品进行了热释光测量,研究了它们的热释光强度和发光曲线特征,探讨了沉积物热释光强度与其他指标之间的关系,讨论了热释光作为海洋沉积物的一个研究参数的原理和可行性。研究发现,沉积物热释光强度与砂、粘土和平均粒径有很好的相关关系;根据发光曲线的特征对研究海区进行了分区,发光曲线有明显的区域特征,这与各区的沉积环境有关。因此,热释光特征有可能成为研究海洋沉积物和沉积环境的一个替代指标。     

Reproductive cycle,size at first maturation and fecundity in the golden ling,Genypterus blacodes,in Chile

Reproductive aspects of the golden ling, Genypterus blacodes, from the southern Chilean fishery are presented. Gonad samples were obtained from commercially caught fish between September 1999 and October 2000. Stage of sexual maturity, gonadosomatic index (GSI), and size of females at 50% maturation determined by logistic methods and by plotting the mean GSI by total length, are presented for both years. Batch fecundity was calculated from subsampling mature ovaries containing oocytes in advanced stages of maturity. Changes in GSI and monthly diameters of oocytes showed that ling had a spawning season which extended between August and November. The sizes at first maturity in 1999 and 2000 were 86.6 and 84.8 cm total length (TL), respectively, using the logistic model, and 84 cm for both years using the mean GSI‐size plotting method. The mean batch fecundity was 333 330 oocytes per individual for fish sized 85–120 cm TL. Fecundity increased with increasing weight and total length.