美军水下无人作战力量发展趋势及启示

美军凭借强大技术优势,领跑新型无人作战装备发展,其水下无人作战力量建设经验和发展趋势对世界各国海军有着重要启示和借鉴作用。简述了美军水下无人作战力量发展规划,重点从美军水下无人作战能力建设、装备发展以及部队建设 3 个方面研究了美军水下无人作战力量发展趋势,从装备发展方向、 顶层设计思路、军民融合途径、建用结合方法以及人才培养体系 5 个层面归纳总结了 5 点启示。     

外军水下特种作战装备体系研究

自第二次世界大战以来，以战斗蛙人特种破袭为代表的水下特种作战受到越来越多国家军队的重视。水下特种作战装备向什么方向发展、装备体系如何构建是亟待研究的问题。在分析几种典型水下特种作战样式的基础上，对外军水下特种作战装备体系典型组成进行了初步探讨，并对体系内各类装备种类、形态和基本能力需求进行了初步分析，可为构建水下特种作战装备体系提供决策参考。     

面向体系作战的水下无人攻防装备发展构想

着眼于我国海军战略转型时期水下作战能力不足的问题及水下无人装备体系化发展需求，分析了美国水下无人装备发展特点。按照装备体系设计方法，从作战任务、能力需求、能力差距、装备需求等方面进行分析研究，提出了一种由“近海、中远海、舰/艇载”等几类装备构成的水下无人攻防装备体系构想。     

各国海军水下作战能力一瞥

水雷是诸多海军兵器中较为廉价的一种,是重要的水下防御武器。一般国家,都可以获得水雷,并通过简单的方式进行布设。同样,潜艇也是重要的水下武器,既可进攻,又可防御。实践证明,未来的水下作战将会和水面、空中一样,是多元化的。因此,各国海军都十分注重发展自己的水下作战能力。东南亚韩国正在发展一支大规模的远洋海军,并不断全面提高其水下作战能力。日前,潜艇和反水雷舰的建造已在韩国居主导地位,并很快将补充一项新的 KDX-2000型护卫舰计划,该舰将具有反潜作战能力。韩国在声纳领域的很大部分水下侦察能力是由欧洲厂商,尤其是德     

水下无人作战平台作战试验任务剖面设计

紧密依据水下无人作战平台的典型使命任务，分析确定了水下无人作战平台作战效能、作战适用性和体系适用性的作战试验指标。依据水下无人作战平台作战试验基本作战过程，构设了水下无人作战平台作战试验任务剖面和水下无人作战平台作战试验检验流程。为水下无人作战平台作战试验分解形成试验科目、运用试验设计形成试验样本和确定作战试验实施流程提供了支撑。     

超空泡射弹对反鱼雷作战体系贡献率的评估

超空泡射弹具有水下高速打击能力,在应对来袭鱼雷攻击时,可以选择精准点射或密集发射形成弹幕的方式有效拦截目标。超空泡射弹与其他反鱼雷武器一同构成水下防御网,为作战样式提供更多选择。 首先利用层次分析法,确定反鱼雷作战的各项能力指标权重;然后针对不同武器的作战能力,分别设计不同的品质效用函数,由此计算出具体的能力赋值。最后,通过模型计算出超空泡射弹在反鱼雷作战中的体系贡献率,以此推动与之相关的超空泡发生器、水下制导和水下高速推进系统等关键技术得到足够的重视和发展, 为后续研制生产和尽快投入部队形成战斗力提供参考。     

海洋水下作战仿真系统的设计研究

水下作战对抗已经成为信息化海战的重要方面,但水下战场的特殊性和复杂性使对水下作战对抗的论证评估、演示分析和实验研究等都面临着更多的困难,设计研究水下作战仿真系统,对于水下作战对抗体系构成的验证、水下作战对抗模式的演示以及对抗效能分析和关键技术发展导向等都具有重要价值。在水下作战对抗的应用背景下研究设计了水下作战仿真系统,分析了系统的总体架构,重点从节点对象类、节点运动模式属性类以及功能属性类等方面对系统的模型体系进行设计,给出了系统的接口关系设计和驱动机制实现,仿真实例表明系统并能够为水下作战提供有效的论证评估手段和演示分析研究平台。     

基于水下预置系统的深远海水下作战体系

通过分析强敌对我不断加大防范遏制力度，且水下装备技术朝信息化、智能化方向的快速发展， 提出构建基于水下预置系统的深远海水下作战能力对根本扭转我海上战略安全形势、在深远海有效拒止强敌的重大意义和难得机遇。在此基础上，进一步分析了基于水下预置系统的深远海水下作战体系担负的主要作战任务、基本构成及能力优势。选取东海方向大规模军事行动中，位第二岛链内外实施拒止作战作为典型场景，初步探索了体系基本兵力部署及总体运用，并对未来开展体系建设提出了思考建议。     

基于态势时变的水下作战体系设计与优化

水下安全事关国家核心安全和利益。对海战场作战态势相关概念进行简要描述，根据我水下兵力遂行作战任务面临日趋复杂的安全威胁，分析了水下作战体系设计的必要性。在作战需求分析基础上，研究了水下作战体系设计的常规方法并给出了相应的体系构建方案。通过分析海战场水下作战态势的实时、动态特性及其对水下作战指挥、决策的重要影响，探讨了常规设计方法的局限性。借鉴海战场态势时变动态生成概念，设计仿真实验对常规方法进行改进与优化，给出了基于海战场态势时变动态生成的水下作战体系设计与优化方法。     

无人水下航行器在反水雷中的应用探讨

随着海军无人作战平台技术的快速发展,各种武器系统的智能化和无人化是必然的趋势。无人水下航行器将是未来作战最重要的装备,其集成了探测、导航、定位、能源、推进、新材料、新工艺以及智能控制等高科技,可充当现代海战的力量倍增器,提升体系作战能力。由于反水雷作业的危险性,将无人水下航行器与反水雷技术相结合,是未来反水雷的重要发展方向。     

高精度和高分辨率水下地形地貌探测技术综述

为提高我国水下地形地貌探测技术水平,促进对海洋的科学认知和高效开发利用,文章综述高精度和高分辨率水下地形地貌探测技术研发进展,并分析关键技术发展方向。研究结果表明:采用机载激光、多波束、侧扫声呐、浅地层剖面、双频识别声呐、合成孔径声呐和水下三维扫描声呐等探测技术以及无人船、水下机器人和海底观测网等探测平台,可获取高精度和高分辨率水下地形地貌信息;应在提高设备性能、减小探测误差和完善数据算法等方面加大研究力度,重点发展综合探测技术,从而全面和清晰地反映水下地形地貌。     

面向典型海洋现象观测的水下滑翔机应用综述

水下滑翔机是一种浮力驱动的无人水下自治观探测平台, 具有持续性、鲁棒性、自主性等特点, 是构建海洋观测技术体系重要的水下航行器之一。文章从水下滑翔机发展历程、运行方式和专用传感器展开, 基于国内外海洋学文献综述研究, 重点对水下滑翔机在典型海洋现象观测应用方面进行总结。水下滑翔机的运行稳定性、长时续, 观测高分辨率、低成本的特点, 满足了对海洋中尺度涡、内波、湍流、环流/边界流和锋面的长时间、精细化立体观测要求; 鲁棒性、自主性的特点使其能够适应台风过境、地震、原油泄漏前后等紧急恶劣海洋状况的监测; 运行平稳、低噪声的特点使其成为声学监测与探测的良好平台。对比分析国内外的水下滑翔机(组网)应用状况可以发现, 国内水下滑翔机在传感器、数据处理和组网技术方面都需要进一步完善。最后总结并展望了国内外水下滑翔机面向海洋现象观测的应用。     

一种基于视觉的水下机器人动力定位方法

以7 000 m载人潜水器的工程需求为背景,以水下单目摄像机为视觉传感器,进行了水下机器人动力定位方法研究。该动力定位方法利用视觉系统测量得到水下机器人与被观察目标之间的三维位姿关系,通过路径规划、位置控制和姿态控制分解,逐步使机器人由初始位姿逼近期望位姿并最终定位于期望位姿,从而实现了机器人的4自由度动力定位。通过水池实验验证了提出的动力定位方法,并且机器人能够抵抗恒定水流干扰和人工位置扰动。同时,该动力定位方法还可以实现机器人对被观察目标的自动跟踪。     

传感器测量衰减下的水下目标纯方位跟踪算法

为解决多传感器水下目标纯方位跟踪中的传感器测量衰减问题,建立水下目标静态多传感器纯方位跟踪模型,将传感器测量衰减建模为统计特性已知的随机变量,基于融合中心接收到的各水声传感器的原始测量值,设计了一种集中式状态估计器结构,利用最小方差方法推导出最优的集中式目标状态估计增益。通过算例仿真可以得出,所提出的算法能够在水声传感器不做机动的前提下跟踪目标,弥补了单个水声传感器观测性不足的缺点,对比传统的集中式Kalman估计器,具有更高的精度,能够有效解决传感器测量衰减问题。     

A Marine Environment Early Warning Algorithm Based on Marine Data Sampled by Multiple Underwater Gliders

This study analyzes and summarizes seven main characteristics of the marine data sampled by multiple underwater gliders. These characteristics such as the big data volume and data sparseness make it extremely difficult to do some meaningful applications like early warning of marine environment. In order to make full use of the sea trial data, this paper gives the definition of two types of marine data cube which can integrate the big marine data sampled by multiple underwater gliders along saw-tooth paths, and proposes a data fitting algorithm based on time extraction and space compression(DFTS) to construct the temperature and conductivity data cubes. This research also presents an early warning algorithm based on data cube(EWDC) to realize the early warning of a new sampled data file.Experiments results show that the proposed methods are reasonable and effective. Our work is the first study to do some realistic applications on the data sampled by multiple underwater vehicles, and it provides a research framework for processing and analyzing the big marine data oriented to the applications of underwater gliders.     

A conceptual design of an underwater vehicle

The paper presents a conceptual design of an underwater star wars’ system, which will be more difficult to detect by the enemy than a recently proposed ‘surface’ star wars’ system.The paper suggests that for the proposed structures needed for the underwater star wars’ system, the material of construction should be a composite and not a metal, as use of the latter for large deep diving underwater vessels will result in such structures sinking to the bottom of the ocean like stones, due to the fact that they will have no reserve buoyancy. The paper also shows that composites have better sound absorption characteristics, thereby making the underwater structures difficult to detect through sonar equipment. It is proposed that these underwater structures should operate up to a depth of 7.16 miles (11.52 km), as at this depth, all of the oceans’ bottoms can be reached.The author shows that current technology can be used to construct and operate such vessels, but more progress needs to be made with metal matrix and ceramic composites, so that the hulls of underwater missiles and torpedoes can be constructed in these materials.     

Motion Analysis and Trials of the Deep Sea Hybrid Underwater Glider Petrel-II

A hybrid underwater glider Petrel-II has been developed and field tested. It is equipped with an active buoyancy unit and a compact propeller unit. Its working modes have been expanded to buoyancy driven gliding and propeller driven level-flight, which can make the glider work in strong currents, as well as many other complicated ocean environments. Its maximal gliding speed reaches 1 knot and the propelling speed is up to 3 knots. In this paper, a 3D dynamic model of Petrel-II is derived using linear momentum and angular momentum equations. According to the dynamic model, the spiral motion in the underwater space is simulated for the gliding mode. Similarly the cycle motion on water surface and the depth-keeping motion underwater are simulated for the level-flight mode. These simulations are important to the performance analysis and parameter optimization for the Petrel-II underwater glider. The simulation results show a good agreement with field trials.     

Motion Analysis and Trials of the Deep Sea Hybrid Underwater Glider Petrel-Ⅱ

A hybrid underwater glider Petrel-II has been developed and field tested. It is equipped with an active buoyancy unit and a compact propeller unit. Its working modes have been expanded to buoyancy driven gliding and propeller driven level-flight, which can make the glider work in strong currents, as well as many other complicated ocean environments. Its maximal gliding speed reaches 1 knot and the propelling speed is up to 3 knots. In this paper, a 3D dynamic model of Petrel-II is derived using linear momentum and angular momentum equations. According to the dynamic model, the spiral motion in the underwater space is simulated for the gliding mode. Similarly the cycle motion on water surface and the depth-keeping motion underwater are simulated for the level-flight mode. These simulations are important to the performance analysis and parameter optimization for the Petrel-II underwater glider.The simulation results show a good agreement with field trials.     

Study on Structure of Arched Longitudinal Beams of Deep-Water Wharf

High-pile and beam-slab quays have been widely used after several years development.They are mature enough to be one of the most important structural types of wharves in China coastal areas. In order to accommodate large tonnage vessels, wharves should be constructed in deep water gradually. However, conventional high-pileand beam-slab structures are hard to meet the requirements of large deep-water wharf.According to arch''s stresscharacteristics, a new type of wharf with catenary arched longitudinal beams is presented in this paper. The new wharf structure can make full use of arch''s overhead crossing and reinforced concrete compression resistance, improve the interval between transverse bents greatly, and decrease underwater construction quantity. Thus, the construction cost cab be reduced. Take the third phase project of the Yangshan Deep-water Port for example, comparative analysis on catenary arched longitudinal beams and conventional longitudinal beams has been made. The result shows that with the same wharf length and width, the same loads and same longitudinal beam moment, catenary arch structure can improve the interval between bents up to 28 m, decrease the number of piles and underwater construction quantity.     

水声通信中基于小波变换的图像编码研究

提出了一种高误比特率传输条件下的图像编码方法，它适用于水声信道的图像传输。针对水下图像的特点，选取合适的小波基和变换参数对图像进行离散小波变换；依据小波系数的能量分布特性，对不同的子带采用不同的量化和定长编码，编码率为0．8比特／像素。水声通信试验表明，在传输误比特率达到10^-2时，仍能得到可接受的图像质量。