The Scotia Sea and the Drake Passage as an orographic barrier for the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

It is shown on the basis of the data of the Russian Academy of Sciences expeditions in 2003–2010, the historical CTD database, the WOCE climatology, and the satellite altimetry that the area of the Scotia Sea and the Drake Passage is even a greater significant orographic barrier for the eastward Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) than was previously thought. It is the current concept that this barrier is the most important for the ACC; it consists of three obstacles: the Hero Ridge with the Phoenix Rift, the Shackleton Ridge, and the North Scotia Ridge with the relatively shallow eastern part of the Scotia Sea. Despite the fact that all three obstacles are permeable for the layer of the Circumpolar Bottom Water (CBW; 28.16 < γ ⁿ < 28.26) being considered the lower part of the circumpolar water, the circulation in this layer throughout the Scotia Sea and the Drake Passage quite substantially differs from the transfer by the surface-intensified ACC jets. Herewith, the upper CBW boundary is the lower limit of the circumpolar coverage of the ACC jets. This result is confirmed by the near zero estimate of the total CBW transport according to the three series of the LADCP measurements on the sections across the Drake Passage. It is shown that the transformation (cooling and freshening) of the CBW layer, which occurs owing to the flow of the ACC over the Shackleton Ridge, is associated with the shape and location of the ridge in the Drake Passage. The high southern part of this ridge is a partially permeable screen for the eastward CBW transport behind which the colder and fresher waters of the Weddell Sea and the Bransfield Strait of the same density range as the CBW penetrate into the ACC zone. The partial permeability of the Shackleton Ridge for the CBW layer leads to the salinization of this layer on the eastern side of the ridge and to the CBW’s freshening on the western side of this ridge, which is observed across the entire Drake Passage.     

地球赤道上空地月距离的4.425a周期与厄尔尼诺、地球自转、海面变化及地裂缝的关系

文中论述了在地球赤道上空,地月距离存在4.425a 的变化周期,是由于月近地点在8.85a的周期性运移中,每到黄径0°和180°(赤道线上)在地球自转的背景下使地月距效果相同所致。而每年的地近日点(1月3日或4日)正置圣诞节过后几天,因此,日、月、地相对运动每隔4.425a 在圣诞节前后三者距离总会达到最近。本文计算了1910～1991年圣诞节前后赤道上空地月距离的变化,发现日、月、地最近时与厄尔尼诺、地球自转、海平面变化,地裂缝等自然现象的发生存在着统计上可以认可的相关性。     

海河流域主要河口闸下通道风暴潮增水研究

建立东海-黄海-渤海大范围风暴潮二维数学模型,对9216台风风暴潮过程进行模拟,分析渤海湾造陆工程前后风暴潮增水对海河流域主要河口(海河口、永定新河口和独流减河口)闸下区域最高潮位的影响,并探讨有效降低河口闸下通道内风暴潮潮位的开发方式。研究表明:渤海湾围填海工程实施后,闸下通道内维持自然地形时,通道内最高潮位高于工程前;闸下通道实施地形开挖后,通道内最高潮位依然高于工程前,但较自然地形条件下抬高幅值有所减小。闸下通道结合开发建设港池航道等工程实施地形开挖,使得通道内水深增加,可降低通道内风暴潮增水幅度。     

南海夏季风爆发时期的大气环流变化特征

利用美国国家环境预报中心和气象研究中心的42年模式再分析资料,采用合成分析的方法,考察了南海夏季风爆发时期环流季节变化的特征.研究发现:尽管采用不同指标确定的南海夏季风爆发时间在有的年份差别很大,但各种不同指标对应的南海夏季风爆发时期大气环流的变化具有某些共同的特征.通过对各种指标确定夏季风爆发时间一致年份的大气环流特征分析表明,延伸到南海北岸附近地区的海上锋区对流加热和孟加拉湾北部陆地上的对流加热、沿东亚近海向西太平洋推进的冷空气是控制南海夏季风爆发的主要因素.对南海夏季风爆发早与爆发晚的年份的合成环流特征进一步表明:爆发早的年份,影响东亚附近海区的冷空气势力和南海南部的对流活动相对强,而爆发晚的年份,冷空气和南海南部的对流活动的影响要相对弱的多.日本本岛南部黑潮海区因冷空气激发的对流活动对南海夏季风的爆发也有重要的影响.     

水声通信网及其多址接入技术

随着世界各国海洋开发步伐的加快,对水下传感器网络、水下监视系统、水声预警网络的需求愈来愈迫切,海洋水声通信网络的研究成了世界范围内的研究热点.水声通信网研究面临的主要困难是:海洋声信道的长延时、可用频带有限、严重的时变多途影响、功耗限制、网络安全性等.在分析水下无线通信的特殊环境后,针对水声通信网的多址接入技术进行了研究,选择适合的传输方式及相关协议构建基于OFDM与CDMA技术结合的水下通信网多载波CDMA系统;在matlab上实现多载波CDMA技术的水声通信网络节点对节点的数据传送,并得出了该系统的仿真结果:在帧长一定的情况下,随着信噪比的增大,系统的误码率会减小.在信噪比一定的情况下,子载波数目的进一步增大不会带来系统误码率的改善反而会使系统复杂性增加,降低系统的平均吞吐量,因此子载波数的选择应该在系统复杂性和效率之间折衷考虑.当水声信道上的信噪比一定时,可以通过控制数据帧的长度和子载波的个数来实现较高的网络平均吞吐量.     

夏季南黄海跨锋断面的生态环境特征及锋区生态系的提出

基于2006年夏季综合调查资料,分析和研究了南黄海陆架锋的分布以及跨锋断面的生态环境特征,并结合锋区的生物学和生态学现象,提出了锋区生态系的观点.结果表明:在南黄海西部冷水团边界附近海域存在因潮混合而形成的浅水陆架锋(潮汐锋),其中以长江口东北部至江苏北部外海、山东石岛外海和海州湾外侧的陆架锋最明显,而且与表层冷水区相...     

Nonlinear dynamics of phase transitions during seawater freezing with false bottom formation

This paper concerns mathematical modeling of the processes of false bottom evolution taking into account water freezing in the opposite direction from the cooled boundary with the atmosphere. The model of the crystallization process is based on the two-phase zone theory complicated by the moving boundaries of phase transitions and turbulent flows of fluid in the ocean near the false bottom boundary. Analytical solutions of the nonlinear problem are found (the distributions of the temperature and the salinity, the proportion of the solid fraction, the laws of the motion of the boundaries between the phase transitions, and the heat fluxes) and a comparative analysis of the results with the field data observations is performed. It is shown that the heat flux caused by the growing false bottom makes a significant contribution to the heat exchange processes between the ocean and the atmosphere.     

Hydrological characterization of the Ob’ Inlet in the summer and autumn seasons

The assessment of the hydrological regime under the high- and low-water conditions in the Ob’ Inlet was based on the results of two comprehensive surveys performed by the VNIRO and IO RAS in the summer and autumn of 2010. The summer hydrological regime, which is associated with the peak of the biological activity, was compared with the late autumn one, which was closely followed by the freeze up. Special attention was paid to the assessment of the interseasonal variability of the hydrological state and the processes that continued in the area of the mixing of the riverine waters (the outflux from the Ob’ Inlet) and the water of the Kara Sea. We followed the transition of the hydrologic front from the summer stratification (high waters) into the autumn distortion driven by the intensive mixing of the waters under a sharp decrease in the river discharge.     

Origin and development of the morphological structure of the rift zone of slow-spreading mid-ocean ridges

Due to the complex transformation of the Earth’s crust in the rift valley, the morphology of the newly formed crust is changed by that of the province of rift mountains. The main factors of the variability of the morphological structure are as follows: the tectonomagmatic cyclicity of the geodynamic processes at the spreading centers and the isostatic uplift of the rift valley floor. The interchange of magmatic and tectonic cycles determines the difference in the bathymetric levels of the isostatic equilibrium at the edges of the rift valley slopes and the beginning of the formation of the topography of the province of rift mountains. This relief represents an indepth system of ridges and valleys rhythmically interchanging in the lateral direction. The morphology of the province of rift mountaines becomes the morphology of the acoustic basement throughout the ocean floor, except for the continental margins and areas of intraplate tectonics and volcanism.     

季节性层结对孤立内波作用于圆柱载荷的影响

On the basis of Morison＇s empirical formula and modal separation method in estimating the force and torque exerted by internal solitary waves （ISWs） on a cylindrical pile, it is found that the loads exerted by the ISWs change largely in different seasons at the same site of the continental shelf in the South China Sea （SCS） even under the condition that the amplitudes of ISWs are the same. Thus, the effect of a seasonal water stratification variation on the force and torque exerted by the ISWs is investigated, and a three-parameter stratification model is employed. It is shown that the loads exerted by the ISWs depend largely on the wa- ter stratification. The stronger the water stratification, the larger the force and the torque; when the depth where the maximum thermocline appears is deepened, the force decreases but the torque increases; when the width of the thermocline is narrowed, the force increases but the torque decreases. The seasonal varia- tion of the force and the torque exerted by the ISWs in four seasons in the SCS is thus explained. Key words： internal solitary waves, force, torque, water stratification, South China Sea     

变分同化方法反演海气耦合模型参数的研究

采用变分资料同化技术，结合最优控制思想，对一个海气耦合模型的模式参数和强迫项进行了反演，结果表明，采用该方法对模式进行优化，既可以补偿模式参数不准确性给预报带来的误差，又可以对模式参数本身进行修正和估计，为将来在实际应用中改善更复杂的预报模式、提高预报准确率提供了一个可借鉴的思路。     

低速运动船只撞击埋置框架结构动力分析模型

通过引入合理的撞击模型,建立了水面运动船只低速撞击埋置框架结构的传递矩阵-节点耦合矩阵动力分析模型。该模型可模拟船只与结构在撞击过程中的短暂脱离,并分析撞击力时程曲线和整个撞击系统的动力响应。与有限元方法的比较验证了结构传递矩阵-节点耦合矩阵动力分析方法的有效性。不同于规范计算方法,分析发现撞击过程中的最大撞击力不仅与船只的初始动能有关,还受船只与结构间的接触刚度及结构的自身刚度影响,这两种刚度越大,则最大撞击力也越大,撞击持续时间则越短,而撞击力时程曲线的振荡越明显,甚至在船只撞击结构后的很短时间内就可能产生较大的撞击力峰值。     

马蹄波波形特征和对圆柱作用实验研究

为了研究真实海洋表面马蹄波特性以及对建筑物的作用,通过物理模型实验研究了马蹄波的波形特征参数以及马蹄波对圆柱体的作用。实验中通过对浪高仪采集的波面升高时间历程曲线进行分析得出了不同水深情况下马蹄波的垂向几何特征,并通过快速傅里叶变换得出了马蹄波波幅谱的特征,研究了马蹄波各组成波波幅沿空间的变化从而得出了圆柱存在对马蹄波演化的影响,同时给出马蹄波绕射形成的波面分布和不同频率谐波在圆柱周围的分布,讨论了马蹄波不同于Stokes波对圆柱作用的特征。结果表明,马蹄波波形受水深影响较大,水深越浅,马蹄波的波面形状越接近椭圆余弦波。圆柱体的存在干扰了马蹄波不稳定的增长,使其在接近圆柱时呈下降趋势,导致不稳定幅值最大值的位置提前并且出现在偏离圆柱迎浪点的侧表面,从而使圆柱受到侧向力的作用。     

强潮河口桥墩涌潮压力试验研究

为明确强潮河口设计条件下涌潮压力特征,以嘉绍大桥工程为背景进行了涌潮压力的动态测试和分析。选取主墩围堰和施工栈桥进行现场观测,分析了涌潮压力分布及其变化的特点。利用经验模态分解法,研究了涌潮压力的时均和脉动特性,建立了涌潮压力及其脉动分量极值与涌潮高度的拟合关系。研究结果表明:涌潮压力变化脉动性强,经验模态分解法能较好地处理这种非平稳时变信号;时均分量反映了局部水位的平均变化趋势,脉动分量反映了涌潮与结构物相互作用时自由水面的紊动情况;从垂向分布上看,压力极值在潮前低水位附近最大,并随着传感器安装高程的增加而减小;从平面分布上看,主墩围堰的迎潮面压力极值最大,背潮面最小;涌潮压力及其脉动分量的极值与涌潮高度满足指数分布规律。     

最近50a来莱州湾西—南部潮流动力演变的数值模拟研究

根据1959、1984、2002年测量的海图,基于二维浅水方程分别构建了3个年份的莱州湾潮流场模型,研究了最近50a来莱州湾西—南部潮流动力演变规律,揭示黄河河口沙嘴形成演变对莱州湾西—南部潮流动力的影响。结果表明,最近50a中在沙嘴外围一直存在弧形高流速带,在弧形高流速带外围又有潮流剪切锋,潮流剪切锋包括内涨外退式和内退外涨式两类。随着河口沙嘴的不断向海延伸,莱州湾西—南海域的等潮位线呈以沙嘴为中心的辐射式格局;弧形高流速带整体向外海移动,其范围和流速也随之不断增大;剪切锋历时变长、间隔时间变短、南北跨度变大;但弧形高流速带和潮流剪切锋始终位于青坨子以北海域。对照同期海岸地貌演变,在弧形高流速带、潮流剪切锋等共同作用下,大部分黄河入海泥沙的输运路径和沉降范围仅限于青坨子以北,导致海岸地貌以此为界呈现显著的差异性演化。     

Evaporation and heat exchange of a body of water with the atmosphere in a shallow zone

Results are rported from experimental and theoretical studies of the energy and mass exchange of a body of water with the atmosphere. A new parametric model has been developed on the basis of experimental data that takes into account the influence of the depth of the basin on evaporation, its heat exchange with the atmosphere, and the water-surface friction at different wind speeds. Comparison of the model with measurements during the LITFASS-98 and LITFASS-2003 experiments (Germany) shows good consistency. The results indicate, on the one hand, that the depth of the basin has a large effect on the intensity of energy exchange under natural conditions. On the other hand, the examples shown in the paper illustrate good agreement of the model calculations with experimental data. On the basis of the experimental data on the influence of the basin depth on the intensity of the interaction between the basin and the atmosphere, a balance model of the energy exchange in the coastal zone has been developed. The balance model calculates the momentum, heat, and moisture fluxes at different distances from the shore. Results of using the new model to estimate the intensification of evaporation and the heat exchange of the northern Caspian and the Kara-Bogaz Gol are discussed.     

南海地区潜热输送与我国东南部夏季降水的遥相关分析

使用奇异值分解(SVD)和经验正交函数展开(EOF)方法,分析了我国东南部夏季降水与前期(冬季、春季)及同期(夏季)南海潜热输送之间相关场的分布型,从中找出遥相关的“关键区”,并对找到的高相关区的可靠性进行了讨论。结果表明,我国东南部夏季降水与前期(冬季、春季)及同期(夏季)南海潜热输送相关密切,尤其春、夏季潜热输送与降水相关程度更高。前期中的冬季,南海北部潜热输送与华南及其近海地区的夏季降水有较显着的负相关关系;春季,南海中部海盆地带的游热输送与长江以南至华南沿海地区的夏季降水有较强的正相关关系;夏季,南海中部海盆地带仍是影响同期华南降水的“关键区”.     

Analysis of the dynamic characteristics and stochastic simulation on variations of beach volumes

Ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｔｈｅｄｙｎａｍｉｃｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓａｎｄｓｔｏｃｈａｓｔｉｃｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｎｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｂｅａｃｈｖｏｌｕｍｅｓ￥ＣｈｅｎＺｉｓｈｅｎ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＥｓｔｕａｒｉｎｅａｎｄＣｏａｓｔａ...     

大型海工结构物建造场地滑道强度安全储备分析

为了适应当前的海洋开发需求,海洋工程结构物的大型化已成为必然发展趋势,这使得原有海工建造施工场地的滑道处于临界承载状态,给安全生产带来了巨大隐患。本文针对典型滑道结构,采用有限元参数化建模技术(ANSYS Parametric Design Language,ANSYSAPDL)模拟上部载荷滑块在滑道板上的灵活布置,对滑道强度储备进行分析。研究表明:设计载荷下,滑道板的强度储备较滑道桩体及滑道桩侧土小,滑道强度的控制因素为滑道板强度;改变上部载荷滑块的位置,探索不同位置处滑道极限承载力,提高施工建造过程中滑道利用率。     

基于GPS的水下导航算法误差仿真研究

首先介绍了水下导航算法,采用GPS和水下参量测算相结合的方案,即当运行器在水下运行时,利用电子罗盘测量运行器的相对航向,水流传感器测算运行器的相对速度大小,利用学习阶段计算出海水流速,在水下运行器潜行时进行船位推算导航,用GPS精准的定位信号进行导航误差的校正。此算法精度的高低很大程度上取决于用来进行水下参量测算的传感器和用来方位校准的GPS。文中从各个传感器的误差着手,通过模拟仿真详细分析了电子罗盘、水流传感器和GPS的误差对导航精度的影响,对工程应用具有实际的指导意义。