河口Si输运过程研究

基于拉格朗日余流及其输运过程的一种三维空间弱非线性理论，进一步假定Ｓｉ在河口的无因次化学转移项量级为ｋ＾２，给出了Ｓｉ的长期输运方程。对于一种二维模型河口，数值求解了零阶天文潮，欧拉余流、斯托克斯漂移、拉格朗日余流和盐度的分布；分别计算了平均逼留时间为１３，３０，６０，１８０ｄ等所对应的Ｓｉ浓度分布；给出了Ｓｉ－ｓ相关图，讨论了河口中Ｓｉ的保守性问题。     

中国东部海域潮汐余流特征及其动力分析

潮汐余流对中国东部海域物质输运过程起着重要作用。通过对中国东部海域的三维数值模拟,计算了潮汐余流并从潮余涡量角度分析了其形成机制。中国东部海域的欧拉余流在水深较浅的朝鲜半岛沿岸、苏北浅滩、长江浅滩、闽浙沿岸,以及冲绳海槽附近海域,流速量级较大,以余流涡旋的形式呈现,其机制为局部地形差异和潮汐水位高度波动下,科氏效应或摩擦效应导致潮周期内存在净涡量。斯托克斯漂流量级在浅水区较大,而在深水海域则远小于欧拉余流。拉格朗日余流在深水区域与欧拉余流相似,在浅水区域由欧拉余流和斯托克斯漂流共同决定。输运余流和拉格朗日余流分布特征更接近,特别是在近岸海域,但两者的物理意义并不相同。潮汐余流由于常年稳定存在,且在许多海域的流动方向同已知的沿岸流系的方向基本一致,是中国东部海域沿岸流的重要组成部分。估算出了输运余流对沿岸流的贡献率或抑制率,输运余流对近岸陆源沉积物输运和沉积物分布具有不可忽略的作用。     

杭州湾潮致余流数值研究

运用１９５９年１０月－１９９２年５月在杭州湾２５０余测次海流周日连续观测资料，运用σ坐标系下的三维潮控制方程，模拟该湾的欧拉余流，进行欧拉余流产生机制的数值试验；并根据欧拉流动的数值计算结果，采用拉格朗日速度在欧拉流场的近似展开，求得水质点运动轨迹和速度。结果表明，杭州湾潮致余流的最大余流速度为４６．０ＣＭ／Ｓ，惯性效应是杭州湾潮致余流产生的主要原因，杭州湾拉格朗月余流场被逆时针的大涡旋控制，表层     

象山港余流特征数值研究

基于Delft3D-Flow模块建立了象山港海域的三维斜压潮流数值模型,结合实测水文资料,研究了象山港的潮(余)流特征,对欧拉余流场的时空分布进行了定量的比较和分析,并与潮流测站计算分析得到的欧拉余流分布对比,很好的模拟了象山港的余流特征。结果表明:由湾外至湾顶,余流呈减小的趋势,湾外余流最大为33 cm/s,湾顶最小,余流平均仅5 cm/s。垂向上,表层余流大于底层余流,表层余流指向湾外,而底层余流则指向湾内。对比斜压、正压两种模式下的欧拉余流分布,可以看出湾顶附近主要受径流控制,两种模式得到的结果基本一致,口门至西沪港区域受径流和潮流的共同影响,斜压模式更准确地模拟出了水体层化和垂向余环流结构。     

厦门港南部附近海域的水动力输运特征

本文采用二维浅水潮流方程,欧拉余流模型和拉格朗日余流模型,并通过数值模拟的方法,研究了厦门港南部附近海域的水动力输运特征。结果表明,该海域的水动力输运条件良好,水交换能力罗强。     

渤海湾潮致余流数值模拟研究

为了研究渤海湾潮致余流,运用Mike21模拟了渤海湾潮流场,揭示出潮波运动的规律,得到渤海湾的潮流场,在涨潮时最大流速为1.4 m/s,落潮时最大流速为1.12 m/s。根据欧拉余流的定义计算了潮致欧拉余流场,其最大流速为0.2 m/s,中值为0.005 m/s,在渤海湾北部区域和南部东营附近存在环状结构。在渤海湾不同位置释放自由粒子,通过粒子的运移路径发现渤海湾拉格朗日余流呈现双环结构。运用欧拉方法和拉格朗日方法分析渤海湾潮致余流场,阐明了渤海湾潮致余流的精细结构,可为渤海湾营养盐、沉积物或者污染物质的长期输送以及浮游生物、鱼卵等的迁移和分布规律等提供动力学基础。     

内潮致拉格朗日余流的数值研究

利用MITgcm数值模式,研究了单海脊地形下的内潮致拉格朗日余流,发现余流结构与内潮结构相对应,从海脊附近沿波射线分布,向东、西两方向流动。与欧拉余流相比,拉格朗日余流在海脊附近呈现辐散的特征,欧拉余流则表现为辐聚的特征。改变地形、正压潮流速等参数,拉格朗日余流结构随之变化。当海脊变宽时,余流随波射线的消失而变得很小且混乱;当海脊变高时,海脊附近逐渐产生向海底方向的流动,与海面反射的余流形成平行的射线,余流整体增强,海脊附近的余流在向外流动过程中增幅减小;当正压潮流速增大时,余流结构基本不变,但在高窄海脊地形下海脊附近的平行射线会逐渐合为一支从海脊顶部产生的流动。     

人类活动对珠江伶仃洋余环流结构的影响研究：以洪季小潮为例

近20 a来,受高强度人类活动影响,珠江伶仃洋滩槽已发生远超自然过程的异变,其河口动力结构必然发生响应,影响物质输运过程。本研究利用三维水动力数值模型,探讨了伶仃洋河口小潮期余环流结构的变化特征及原因。结果表明：近20 a来伶仃洋底层余流强度提高,沿深槽上溯时向中滩偏转,易引起泥沙汇聚于此。中滩存在表层向西,底层向东的横向余环流结构,主要由非线性对流项和科氏力项驱动。中滩大规模采砂后引起对流项变化,造成余环流结构东移,表、底层余流增强,可加快表底层物质交换。西槽内存在表层向海、底层向陆的纵向余环流结构,主要由正压和斜压梯度力驱动。受浚深影响,向陆斜压梯度力和非线性对流项均增强,引起表层余流减小22%,而底层增大24%,这将削弱小潮期西槽内水体交换能力,即减慢物质输出,易造成西槽淤积、水环境恶化等影响。研究成果对研究人类活动干扰下的河口余环流结构及物质输运响应具有一定借鉴意义。     

胶州湾环流和污染扩散的数值模拟

潮流和潮余流对海湾和沿岸海域污染物质的迁移和分散所起的重要作用，已为大家所共知。潮余流亦称为潮余环流，它导致湾内的海水循环，促进与外海水的交换。然而，它是欧拉型的。溶解在海水中和以悬浮体形式混合在海水中的污染物质的迁移，与海水质点的运动一样，具有拉格朗日性质。海水质点在潮汐海区内的迁移，     

论狭窄潮汐水道中sigma坐标下的余流

在受波动影响的近岸浅水区域，运用sigma坐标是计算平均水位附近的余流的有效途径。本项研究在理论上分析了在狭窄潮汐水道中sigma坐标下的余流的物理意义，并运用一系列的理想化数值模型对分析结果进行了验证。对于浅水波，sigma层和水体中的波动面相一致，因而斯托克斯速度及其分量可以用sigma坐标上的速度来表达。一个sigma层上的余流（即sigma余流）是位于这一sigma层平均深度上的欧拉余流和斯托克斯速度垂向分量的和，可以被看做是半拉格朗日余流。因为斯托克斯速度的垂向分量比其水平分量小一个量级，sigma余流可看做为欧拉余流的近似。在sigma层上的物质输运余流是sigma余流和斯托克斯速度水平分量的和，在大小和方向上和拉格朗日余流近似。     

东中国海潮余流自适应数值模拟

以自适应数值模型首次计算整个东中国海三维 M2 分潮潮致 Euler余流、Stokes漂流和L agrange余流 ,并分析各海区 L agrange余流的特征。渤海 M2 分潮致 L agrange余流在整个海域基本形成一个大的逆时针环流系统 ;辽东湾有一个逆时针流环。在黄海 ,潮致余流也是黄海环流的重要组成部分。在东海的东北部 ,潮致余流有强化对马暖流的作用 ;在台湾北部海域 ,潮余流对台湾暖流有强化作用。在近海海域 ,由于复杂地形的作用 ,潮流非线性作用加强 ,潮余流的量值有较明显的增加。计算结果表明 :在浅水区域 ,Stokes漂流较大 ,Euler余流与 Lagrange余流差别显著     

A finite-element,multi-scale model of the Scheldt tributaries,river, estuary and ROFI

We report on the development and validation of a coupled two- and one-dimensional finite-element model for the Scheldt tributaries, river, estuary and region of fresh water influence (ROFI). The hydrodynamic equations are solved on a single, unstructured, multi-scale mesh stretching from the shelf break to the Scheldt tributaries. The tide is forced on the shelf break and propagates upstream in the riverine network. Upstream boundaries lie on sluices or outside of the region of tidal dominance where daily averaged discharges are imposed. Two-dimensional, depth-averaged shallow water equations are solved by means of the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method over the marine and estuarine parts of the computational domain. In the rivers, however, one-dimensional equations are dealt with using the DG method with the addition of a technique to cope with confluence points. Model parameters are carefully calibrated, leading to the simulation of wind- and tide-forced flows that are in excellent agreement with available data. The diffusivity in the transport equation is calibrated using time series of salinity at various locations in the estuary. Finally, the Lagrangian residual transport in the estuary and the adjacent coastal zone is investigated. This work is a major step towards an integrated model for studying the dynamics of waterborne contaminants and the water renewal timescales in the Scheldt land-sea continuum.     

Numerical study on tidal currents and seawater exchange in the Benoa Bay, Bali, Indonesia

A three-dimensional （3-D） finite volume coastal ocean model （FVCOM） was used for the study of water cir culation and seawater exchange in the Benoa Bay, Bali Island. The M2 tidal component was forced in open boundary and discharge from six rivers was included in the numerical calculation. The M2 tidal elevation produced by the FVCOM has a good agreement with the observation data. The M2 tidal current is also suc cessfully calculated under the ebb tide and flood tide conditions. The non-linear M2 tidal residual current was produced by the coastline geometry, especially surrounding the narrow strait between the Serangan Is- land and the Benoa Peninsula. The tidal residual current also generated two small eddies within the bay and one small eddy in the bay mouth. The salinity distribution influenced by river discharge could be success- fully calculated, where the numerical calculation and the observation results have a good correlation （r2） of 0.75. Finally in order to examine the seawater exchange in the Benoa Bay, the Lagrangian particle tracking method and calculation of residence time are applied. The mechanism of particle transport to the flushing of seawater is depicted clearly by both methods.     

Estuarine salt conservation: a Lagrangian approach

Understanding tidal and mean flow transport mechanisms that maintain the estuarine salt balance against seaward transport by river flow is one of the fundamental questions of estuarine oceanography. Previous salt transport studies have failed to resolve this problem for two principal methodological reasons, in addition to the inherent variability of estuaries. First, salt transport expansions used to represent the salt balance have included a large number of terms that could not be related to any theory of estuarine circulation and whose physical meaning was thus unclear. Second, it has proven difficult to measure small mean velocities in the presence of much larger tidal variations. A new analysis method that expresses Lagrangian scalar property transport in terms of time and space variations of Eulerian variables is much simpler than expansions previously used and yields new insights into estuarine transport processes. This approach (like previous expansions) is valid for narrow systems in which cross-channel transport processes are weak and the ratio of tidal amplitude to mean depth is small. A surface boundary condition is used to eliminate one class of troublesome terms. The equivalence of the tidal-cycle average transport of tidal variations in salinity and the Stokes transport of mean salinity is then employed to show that the vertically integrated tidal flow plays no role in the overall salt balance. That is, seaward transport of salt caused by the river flow can only be balanced by landward transport resulting from correlations between shear and stratification in the mean, tidal and overtide flows. In a hypothetical inviscid estuary, tide and overtide flows would be vertically uniform, and outward fluvial salt transport could only be balanced by shear and stratification in the mean gravitational circulation. In a more realistic example with strong friction, the gravitational circulation would be severely damped, and inward transport could only be accomplished by correlations of shear and stratification in the tide and overtide flows.     

On the fundamental dynamics of barotropic circulation in shallow seas

It is suggested that the shallow sea circulation should be related to the Lagrangian residual circulation but not to the conventional Eulerjan mean circulation, and further, the first order Lagrangian residual circulation-the mass-transport velocity field is used to define the steady circulation as the lowest order shallow sea circulation.The set of equation governing the shallow sea circulation is reformulated, which shows that there are no the so-called “tidal surface source” and the “tidal stress”. A vorticity equation for the stream function of horizontal transports is derived, which is easily solved by the conventional numerical methods.An intertidal convection-diffusion equation governing the concentration of conservative and passive tracer is derived. Differing from the conventional equation, the equation derived in the present paper reveals the Lagrangian convection and has no need to introduce the artificial hypothesis for the so-called “tidal dispersion”.The theory presented here is base     

河口地貌对潮汐不对称性影响的数值模拟研究

河口地貌形态对潮汐不对称性的产生和发展有着至关重要的作用。本文根据英国Humber河口数据建立了概化模型,研究了在同一纳潮量情况下,主槽断面形态、平面形态和河口收缩率对河口潮汐不对称性的影响。结果表明,较深的主槽能使相位差峰值出现较晚且峰值更大,从而影响局部区域的涨潮流强弱,主槽越浅,最大落潮流速越小,落潮所需历时越长,河口更倾向于涨潮主导,窄潮滩倾向于涨潮主导型,宽潮滩倾向于落潮主导型;平面形态沿程收缩且长度较长的河口涨潮主导型最强,此外,河口宽度沿程缩窄会加大主槽的余流流速,减小潮滩的余流流速;随着河口平面收缩率的增强,主槽的余流流速减小,潮滩余流流速增大,潮滩更倾向于涨潮主导。本文进一步丰富了河口地形地貌变化对潮汐不对称性影响的认识,可为河口区工程建设和管理维护提供科学依据。     

The rule of sediment transport on the Nanhui tidal flat in the Changjiang Estuary

The Nanhui tidal flat is located in the area of slow current where the ebb currents from the Changjiang Estuaryand the Hangzhou Bay converge and the flood current from the sea diverges into the estuary and the bay. The flat extends seaward in tongue shape and has a wide and gentle surface with a marked difference of tidal levels on its two sides, which results in the sediment longitudinal transport on the flat. The water-sediment conditions are diverse at different locations. The velocity and sediment concentration in intertidal zone are higher during the flood tide than those during the ebb tide. The net sediment transport is landward, resulting in a large amount of deposition of sediments on the shoal. However, the ebb current is the dominant one in deep-water area where the net sediment transport is seaward. There exist two circulation systems in plane view on the shoal and in its adjacent deep-water area, which results in the sediment exchanges between the flat and channel and between the estuary an     

Suspended sediment transport from the Gironde estuary (France) onto the adjacent continental shelf

Current velocity and suspended sediment concentration measurements at anchor stations in the downstream extremity of the Gironde estuary indicate that during periods of high river discharge, a significant amount of suspended sediment is transported out of the estuary onto the adjacent continental shelf. The vertical profile of the residual (non-tidal) suspended sediment flux is similar to that of the residual current velocity, with a net upstream flux near the bottom and an overlying seaward-directed transport. The overall, depth-integrated result is a net seaward transport of suspended sediment out of the estuary. It appears that this net seaward transport varies directly with tidal amplitude.Aerial photography and water sampling indicate that during high river inflow, the downstream extremity of the turbidity maximum extends onto the continental shelf at ebb tide. The tidal and coastal current patterns of the inlet and inner shelf induce a northward transport of the turbid estuarine water, and at each tidal cycle, a certain amount of suspended sediment leaves the estuary; part of this sediment is deposited in a silt and clay zone on the continental shelf.     

A three-dimensional numerical calculation of the wind-driven thermohaline and tide-induced Lagrangian residual current in the Bohai Sea

On the basis of a three-dimensional weakly nonliear theory of Lagrangian residual current in the Baroclinic shallow seas, a diagnostic numerical calculation of wind-driven, thermohaline and tide-induced Lagrangian residual current in the Bohai Sea is made. The model involves the Richardson number in the eddy viscosity coefficient, wind, thcrmolialine and tidal effects in the focing terms. The runoff of the Huanghe River and a part of the Huanghai Warm Water coming from the Huanghai Sea through the Bohai Sea Strait is also considered. The velocity-splitting method is adopted. The wind-driven circu lation, thermohaline circulation and the tide-induced Lagrangian residual circulation are also obtained individually and analysed. The dynamics of the three main eddies in the Lagrangian mean circulation is discussed. Finally, the numerical result is partly verified with the observed data.     

潮流波浪联合输沙及海床冲淤演变的理论体系与其数学模拟

根据近岸带及河口区潮流、波浪、湍流各自物理尺度的不同,从Ｎａｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ方程和质量传输方程出发,利用Ｒｅｙｎｏｌｄｓ分解的方法,建立了模拟波浪 流联合输沙及海床冲淤演变的理论体系,给出了潮流作用下近岸波浪传播方程、波浪作用下潮流运动方程并通过利用波流合成底部切应力、底层湍流脉动随机特性,得出了波流联合作用下不平衡沙计算中泥沙起悬与沉降量的确定方法。本文模型应用于“广西合浦围垦工程潮流波浪