海水升温对壮实鹿角珊瑚幼虫存活和附着的影响

研究海水升温对石珊瑚幼虫存活及附着的影响有助于理解和预测海洋暖化背景下幼虫的扩散和种群补充动态.探究了海水升温(+3℃)对壮实鹿角珊瑚(Acropora robusta)幼虫存活和附着的影响.两个温度下孵育7d后幼虫的存活率均大于90%,升温对珊瑚幼虫的存活并无明显的影响;在孔水石藻(Hydrolithon onkodes)诱导下,3℃的升温使珊瑚幼虫的附着率提高了75%,同时升温改变了珊瑚幼虫的附着选择:30℃下孵育7d的幼虫中附着在塑料六孔板表面的比例是27℃条件下孵育的幼虫的13倍,然而二者中附着于珊瑚藻表面和侧面骨骼的幼虫比例相近.研究表明环境温度3℃以上7d的升温处理并不影响壮实鹿角珊瑚幼虫的存活,但会促进幼虫的附着进而缩短幼虫的浮游期,升温会限制珊瑚幼虫的扩散并对排卵型珊瑚种群间的遗传连通性产生潜在影响.     

海洋酸化没有显著影响成体鹿角杯形珊瑚的钙化作用和光合能力

工业革命以来,人类活动释放的大量CO2进入大气层,不仅产生严重的温室效应,也使得全球海洋出现酸化的现象。造礁珊瑚被认为是受海水酸化影响最大的类群。本研究以鹿角杯形珊瑚(Pocillopora damicornis)为研究对象,通过气体交换法模拟未来的酸化环境(2100年)研究鹿角杯形珊瑚的钙化率和光合能力(Fv/Fm)对酸化的响应。实验设置两个pH组(分别为7.8和8.1),自然光下进行4周的实验,水温控制在(27.5±1)℃。由于珊瑚等生物的代谢过程(主要是呼吸作用),实验系统的pH昼夜变化显著,酸化处理组和对照组的pH分别介于7.69~7.91和7.99~8.29。鹿角杯形珊瑚的生长率介于1.15%~2.09%/周,酸化对鹿角杯形珊瑚的钙化率和光合效率没有显著的影响,鹿角杯形珊瑚对酸化的敏感度低。对比历史研究数据,本研究的结果进一步表明酸化对造礁珊瑚的影响存在种的特异性。推测鹿角杯形珊瑚对酸化的抗性可能与该珊瑚在有光的条件下能够利用HCO-3以及能够上调钙化位点的pH有关。这种特异性的pH缓冲能力使得珊瑚能维持钙化位点钙质基质高的文石饱和度(Ωarag),因此能以小的额外能耗提高造礁珊瑚的钙化率。     

海洋酸化、暖化对两种鹿角珊瑚幼虫附着及幼体存活的影响

大气CO₂浓度持续升高导致海洋酸化和暖化影响着造礁石珊瑚和珊瑚礁生态系统。为探明造礁石珊瑚早期生活史对海洋酸化和暖化的生理学响应，本文研究了温度（约28°C, 约30°C）和pCO₂（约570 μatm, 约1 300 μatm）以及两者协同作用对简单鹿角珊瑚（Acropora austera）和中间鹿角珊瑚（A. intermedia）早期生活史的影响。实验结果表明，升温（+约2.5°C）和酸化（约1 300 μatm）对两种鹿角珊瑚幼虫的附着率和死亡率均无显著影响。酸化显著降低了简单鹿角珊瑚幼体存活率（25.87%），但并不显著影响中间鹿角珊瑚幼体的存活率；升温对两种鹿角珊瑚幼体存活率无显著影响。升温（+约2.5°C）、酸化（约1 300 μatm）对简单、中间鹿角珊瑚幼虫的存活和附着过程的影响较小，但是酸化对简单鹿角珊瑚幼体存活的影响高于暖化。本文结果表明，珊瑚补充过程对海洋酸化和暖化的响应可能具有种类特异性，气候变化将逐渐改变造礁石珊瑚的群落结构。     

海水酸化和升温对孔石藻（Porolithon onkodes）共附生细菌及其诱导珊瑚幼虫附着的影响

珊瑚藻是珊瑚礁生态系统中一类主要的钙化生物,不仅能够构建、稳固礁体,而且与造礁石珊瑚关系密切,其对造礁石珊瑚幼虫附着的促进作用是退化石珊瑚群落恢复的关键。但是,面对未来气候变化,珊瑚藻对珊瑚幼虫的诱导作用会如何响应,以及该过程是否与藻体共附生细菌群落有关,目前尚不清楚。本文选取了广泛分布于我国南海珊瑚礁生态系统中的孔石藻（Porolithon onkodes）为研究对象,分别采用不同pCO2和温度培养孔石藻31 d,研究不同处理后孔石藻对鹿角杯形珊瑚幼虫附着的影响,并通过分析藻体共附生细菌群落的变化情况,探究细菌多样性与孔石藻对珊瑚幼虫诱导功能的关系。结果表明,与对照组相比,酸化（1200 ppm/1800 ppm pCO2）和升温（30 ℃/32 ℃）均没有显著影响孔石藻诱导鹿角杯形珊瑚（Pocillopora damicornis）幼虫附着,其中温度30 ℃,pCO2 1200 ppm时,珊瑚幼虫附着率最高100.00%。采用16s rRNA高通量测序技术分析了不同处理组孔石藻共附生细菌群落结构及多样性。结果表明,孔石藻共附生细菌主要由变形菌门、拟杆菌门和绿弯菌门等菌群构成,其中变形菌门含量达到40.34%~73.45%;与酸化相比,孔石藻共附生细菌群落对温度变化更敏感,其中32 ℃处理组具有更高的细菌多样性,但经Kruskal-wallis秩和检验显示不同温度和CO2浓度处理组,在门、纲、属水平上细菌多样性、丰度及组成均无显著性差异,说明孔石藻共附生细菌群落结构相对稳定,推测这可能与孔石藻诱导珊瑚幼虫附着不受温度和酸化影响密切相关。研究结果对预测未来气候变化对珊瑚礁生态系统的影响、制定珊瑚礁生态系统保护与修复策略具有重要的理论价值和生态意义。     

6-DMAP诱导缢蛏三倍体的研究

用6-DMAP抑制受精卵第二极体排放的方法诱导缢蛏三倍体的试验．结果表明：6-DMAP在100～500μmol／dm^3处理浓度范围内均可以诱导出三倍体，随着药物处理浓度和处理时间的提高，三倍体倍化率和D形幼虫畸形率有不同程度的提高，而D形幼虫孵化率会随之下降．综合来看，在30％卵子受精并出现第一极体，6-DMAP浓度为300μmol／dm^3和处理持续时间为20min时的处理组的处理效果优于其他处理组组合．     

几种化学物质对两种牡蛎幼虫附着和变态的诱导

本文研究5种神经递质和1种神经肽对两种牡蛎幼虫附着和变态的诱导效应。结果表明：L－多巴对牡蛎幼虫附着行为的诱导快速而有效，浓度10μmol/dm^3，2h内有附着行为的幼虫约占50％，并使之正常变态，肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素和L－多巴均能有效地诱导两种牡蛎幼虫变态，它们的最适诱导浓度分别为50、50和5μmol/dm^3，诱导变态率分别达97．1％、90．6％和70．5％（长牡蛎），74．9％、74．3％和37．2％（僧帽牡蛎）；多巴胺的诱导变态效果不显著，而γ－氨基丁酸和5－羟色胺不能有效诱导变态。两种牡蛎幼虫对上述有效诱导药物的反应，长牡蛎优于僧帽牡蛎。肾上腺素诱导长牡蛎，最适处理时机在眼点幼虫后期，持续处理时间为2h之内。     

γ-氨基丁酸、氯化钾和5-羟色胺对羊鲍(Haliotis ovina)幼虫存活、附着和变态的影响

使用γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA)、氯化钾和5-羟色胺,进行羊鲍(Haliotis ovina)幼虫存活、附着和变态过程中的诱导实验。结果表明,γ-氨基丁酸对羊鲍幼虫存活、附着及变态都有促进作用。γ-氨基丁酸浓度为10–4mol/L时处理72h的附着率(26.27%)和变态率(22.26%)高于其他组别, 10–6mol/L处理72h存活率(30.84%)高于其他组别。氯化钾能在高浓度(10–2—10–3mol/L)下诱导附着,而对变态和存活没有影响。氯化钾浓度为10–3mol/L处理时间为24h和72h的附着率高于其他组别,分别为11.3%和16.4%。5-羟色胺可诱导附着和变态,对幼虫的存活无影响或有抑制作用。5-羟色胺浓度为10–5mol/L处理72h的附着率(20.73%)和变态率(20.18%)高于其他组别。因此,γ-氨基丁酸可作为羊鲍育种培育过程的有效诱导剂,可以应用推广于羊鲍幼虫的培育过程乃至大规模生产养殖中。     

鹿角杯形珊瑚骨骼构造和显微结构的研究

石珊瑚骨骼对重建古海洋古气候环境,评估珊瑚礁对未来气候变化、海洋酸化的响应和反馈,辨识现存造礁石珊瑚种属及其演化途径有着十分重要的作用和意义。为了更好地认知造礁石珊瑚骨骼特征,在三亚海域采集了常见的造礁石珊瑚——鹿角杯形珊瑚Pocillopora damicornis,通过扫描电镜(结合EDS能谱仪)、红外分光显微镜分析其碳酸钙骨骼结构和成分的特征,结果表明鹿角杯形珊瑚骨骼主要成分为文石,少数骨骼样品的空腔中发育有极少量方解石矿物。虽然鹿角杯形珊瑚骨骼宏观架构和中观架构在群体间和单体间存在诸多差异,但不同形态的骨骼样品具有基本相同的发育模式和基础结构单元。同时,发现鹿角杯形珊瑚骨骼内部空腔存在有次生文石沉积发育现象,同时常伴生着水镁石矿物的发育,而且这与骨骼中的钻孔穴居动物有很大关联。     

氯化钾诱导仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)幼虫附着变态的研究

以不同浓度的氯化钾(KCl)溶液处理仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)樽形幼虫,处理不同时间后,分析KCl对仿刺参幼虫附着变态的诱导作用。结果表明,使用较低浓度的KCl溶液(10、30和50 mmol/L)分别诱导仿刺参樽形幼虫6、12和24 h均可以显著提高其附着变态率,诱导24 h附着变态率分别提高27.67%、32.67%和19.67%。较高浓度的KCl溶液(100、300和500 mmol/L)也可以诱导仿刺参幼虫附着变态,但随着KCl浓度的升高和诱导时间的延长,幼虫死亡率逐渐升高。低浓度KCl溶液,特别是在30 mmol/L诱导仿刺参幼虫12 h时,可以显著提高幼虫的附着变态率,增加发育的同步性,降低死亡率,对仿刺参幼虫变态的诱导效果较好。     

适度热胁迫对造礁石珊瑚热耐受性影响的研究

在气候变暖导致全球珊瑚礁加速退化的背景下,珊瑚的热耐受性是决定珊瑚礁命运的关键.本研究对三种造礁石珊瑚(澄黄滨珊瑚;十字牡丹珊瑚;鹿角杯形珊瑚)进行了室内短期驯化模拟实验.结果显示:(1)三种造礁石珊瑚在经历32℃与34℃高温胁迫时,珊瑚共生虫黄藻密度、共生虫黄藻暗适应后最大光量子产量(Fv/Fm)都会降低,半胱氨酸d...     

Settlement and metamorphosis of Styela canopus Savigny larvae in response to some neurotransmitters and thyroxin

1IntroductionAs importantsteps in the life cycles of mostma-rine benthos,settlement and metamorphosis of theirplanktonic larvae influence directly the populationdistribution and fluctuation of benthos.Research onlarval settlement and metamorphosis of mari…     

南海水体三项无机氮含量的垂直变化特征及与其他环境要素的相关性

据南海环境调查资料，研究了南海水体NO3-N、NO2-N、NH4-N、DIN含量及无机氮组成的垂直变化规律．结果表明：NO3-N、NO2-N、NH4-N、DIN含量范围和均值分别为0．00～43．9，12．32；0．00～1．69，0．07；0．17-14．87，1．32；0．35～45．92，13．73μmol／dm^3．其含量分布与垂直变化特征与深海、大洋的相似，表明南海水是太平洋的变性水体．NO3-N、DIN含量的垂直分布跃层出现于75～500m间，夏季的跃层强度分别为6．61X10-’、6．68×1012Ixmol／（dm’·m），冬季的均为5．65×10^-2μmol／（dm^3·m）；NO2-N含量的最大值多出现于75～100m之间，NH4-N含量的最大值出现在0m层．在浮游植物活动较旺盛的真光层中，NH4-N为无机氮的主要存在形态（平均占比为64．4％）．真光层以下NO3-N为无机氮的主要存在形态（平均占比≥90．8％）．对三项无机氮含量与其他生源要素、水文因子的相关分析结果表明，NO3-N含量与PO4-P、TDP、TP、SiO3-Si、S均呈显著正相关，与pH、DO、O2％、t则呈显著负相关．     

福建外来船舶压舱水中浮游植物种类组成与丰度及其影响因素的初步研究

2006～2008年间对进入福建沿海4个主要港口的12艘国际航船所携带的压舱水进行浮游植物种类组成和丰度分布的调查.此调查共检测出浮游植物7个门86属239种（含变种和变型）,77μm孔径网滤样和20μm孔径网滤样的平均藻类丰度分别为1.2×10^2cells/dm^3（变动在0～9.1×10^2cells/dm^3间）和3.4×10^3cells/dm^3（变动在0～3.0×10^4cells/dm^3间）.同时对其中6艘船舶的压舱水样品用f/2培养基培养,共有13种硅藻和1种甲藻被成功培养.文中还分析了压舱水中浮游植物丰度与盐度、水龄的关系,并结合历史资料讨论了压舱水里各类浮游植物的分布.     

异养营养对丛生盔形珊瑚代谢及共生藻光合生理的影响

本文以三亚鹿回头近岸海域内的优势种造礁石珊瑚——丛生盔形珊瑚(Galaxea fascicularis)为研究对象,以丰年虾(Artemia salina)无节幼体为饵料,研究了异养营养对丛生盔形珊瑚光合作用与呼吸代谢的影响。结果表明:异养营养的输入能够增加丛生盔形珊瑚的共生虫黄藻密度以及色素含量,并能够显著提升其光合作用与呼吸速率,然而单个虫黄藻的光合速率降低,这与虫黄藻密度增加引起的遮蔽效应有关。从营养角度来看,异养营养的输入能够使丛生盔形珊瑚有机碳的净积累速率提升约44.5%。本研究结果显示异养营养的输入能够促进丛生盔形珊瑚的光合与呼吸代谢,且这种情况下丛生盔形珊瑚的营养模式更为健康。     

夏季茅尾海主要入海河口区尿素的水平分布及影响因素

2018年7月对茅尾海主要入海河口区进行现场调查,分别采用二乙酰一肟法和分光光度法测定了表层海水中尿素和各种形态氮的浓度,分析了该海湾尿素的浓度变化、分布特征及溶解态氮的组成,并探讨其来源和分布的影响因素。结果表明:夏季茅尾海尿素的浓度(以N计)分布在0.40~1.13μmol/dm^3范围内,平均浓度为(0.51±0.18)μmol/dm^3。钦江入海口区尿素的平均浓度高于茅岭江入海口区,尿素占茅尾海溶解有机氮(DON)的0.8%~10.3%。茅尾海尿素分布特征主要表现为由河口向外海逐渐降低的特点,高值区主要位于河流入海口,陆源输入和海域自身生物地球化学过程是控制茅尾海尿素来源分布的主要影响因素。     

Effect of lower pH on settlement and development of coral,Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus, 1758)

The effects of pH reduction on the settlement and development of the coral Pocillopora damicornis were investigated. Three different pH treatments (pH = 7.6, 7.9, and 8.1) were used. In addition, water quality (temperature, salinity, total alkalinity) around the study site was monitored. The results showed significant differences in the settlement rates of Pocillopora damicornis larvae between pH treatments (p ≤ 0.05). A decrease in pH levels caused a strong decline in larval settlement rate. In addition, at pH 7.6 and 7.9, all larvae were unable to complete metamorphosis, and metamorphosis delay was observed. Field monitoring showed low fluctuation of all seawater parameters within 24 hours, and there was no difference between seasons. From this study, a strong negative effect of pH reduction on P. damicornis larvae was observed. Although the function of physiology is still not clearly understood, correlations are likely to exist.

     

Inter-annual variability in larval supply to populations of three invertebrate taxa in the northern California Current

We investigated sources of inter-annual variability in larval supply to crab and sea urchin populations at Bodega Head and Point Reyes in northern California. During the spring and summer upwelling seasons of the years 1992 through 1997 we monitored the weekly settlement rates of nine species of crabs and two species of sea urchins. As observed in previous studies, daily values of alongshore windstress, temperature and salinity provided evidence for the poleward flow of relatively warm, low salinity water from south of Point Reyes, an apparent retention zone, during upwelling relaxation events. In years dominated by these events (1992, 1993, 1995 and 1996) we observed that alongshore windstress, temperature and salinity were coherent and temperature was significantly correlated with cancrid crab settlement. During these years the magnitude of cancrid crab settlement and the fraction of cancrid crabs relative to other crab species settling were high. Over four years of concurrent sampling there was consistently greater cancrid crab settlement at the Point Reyes site, within the retention zone, than at Bodega Head. Settlement of non-cancrid crabs (porcellanids, grapsids, pagurids and majids) was not as closely linked to intra-annual patterns of upwelling and relaxation, possibly due to the shorter seasonal availability of larvae allowing for the influence of fewer relaxation events. Settlement of this group among years was positively correlated with environmental indicators of strong seasonal upwelling; high salinity, Bakun upwelling index and low temperature. Sea urchin settlement events were observed in June and July of 1992, 1994 and 1997 during warming periods when salinity and temperature were increasing and alongshore windstress was low. Across the six years of the study, we found that cancrid crab larvae had a more even seasonal availability than larvae of non-cancrid species, which settled in greatest numbers during the early portion of the upwelling season. Sea urchins settled in greatest numbers during the later part of the upwelling season. Together these patterns demonstrate the taxon-specific way that inter-annual variability in larval supply is forced by the coincidence of larval availability with favorable physical transport mechanisms.     

Experimental analysis of recruitment patterns of coral reef fishes in seagrass beds: Effects of substrate type, shape, and rigidity

Habitat choice of reef fish larvae at settlement is one of the mechanisms proposed to explain spatial patterns in the distribution of fishes and the corresponding spatial structure of communities. Field experiments using Pomacentridae were conducted at Iriomote Island, southern Japan, in order to determine if rare recruitment of coral reef fishes in seagrass beds is due to larval settlement preference. When three types of natural patch treatments (branching coral patch, seagrass patch, and control without patches) were established in cleared seagrass squares in the center of a seagrass bed, four pomacentrid species, Amblyglyphidodon curacao, Dischistodus prosopotaenia, Cheiloprion labiatus, and Dascyllus aruanus, recruited exclusively onto the coral patches, indicating that larvae distributed in the seagrass bed may have preferred a coral rather than seagrass substrate as a settlement habitat. The effects of differences in physical shape (grid structure for branching coral vs. vertical structure for seagrass leaves) and rigidity (rigid substrate for coral vs. flexible substrate for seagrass) between coral and seagrass substrates on such recruitment patterns were investigated using artificial coral and seagrass units. When artificial habitat units with predator exclusion cages were established in the cleared seagrass squares as above, high densities of A. curacao and D. prosopotaenia recruits were observed on the rigid rather than flexible habitat units (both unit types having similar shape), whereas differences in recruit numbers of the two species were unclear in differently shaped units. These results demonstrated that even though pomacentrid larvae are distributed in the seagrass bed, they do not settle on the seagrass substrate owing to their habitat choice being partially based on a preference for substrate rigidity. Moreover, non-recruitment of C. labiatus and D. aruanus on artificial habitat units suggested that the presence of living coral substrates rather than physical shape/rigidity of substrates are an important cue for habitat choice of these fishes.