南沙群岛海域汞量地球化学异常分析

概述在南沙群岛海域开展海上汞量地球化学调查与异常分析的主要成果,从１９８９至１９９４年的５个航次中,完成了１１６５５ｋｍ测线和１７９０个站的表层海水和海面大气中汞量现场测定,在圈定的１９个汞量异常中,推断有９个与下伏油气储层有关,另有７个为断裂带的反映,还有３个可能指示海底存在天然气水合物或深水油气藏,调查结果表明,汞量测量是一种有效的海上油气资源和地质调查手段,能为南沙油气资源远景评价和大型断裂     

台西盆地某坳陷油气地球化学异常特征与评价

采用沉积物、海水等不同介质，应用７种方法在台西盆地某坳陷开展了油气地球化学综合调查。根据指标间的相关性、共生与伴生组合等进行指标分类和统计分析，在地球化学场和场源分析的基础上，结合地质－地球物理资料，圈定３个Ⅰ级异常区、２个Ⅱ级异常区和２个Ⅲ级异常区，为该坳陷油气远景评价提供了可信的地球化学依据。同时，也证实了化探方法和指标海洋油气资源勘探中的有效性。     

台西盆地某坳陷油气地球化学异常特征与评价

采用沉积物、海水等不同介质，应用７种方法在台西盆地某坳陷开展了油气地球化学综合调查。根据指标间的相关性、共生与伴生组合等进行指标分类和统计分析，在地球化学场和场源分析的基础上，结合地质－地球物理资料，圈定了３个Ⅰ级异常区、２个Ⅱ级异常区和２个Ⅲ级异常区，为该坳陷油气远景评价提供了可信的地球化学依据。同时，也证实了化探方法和指标在海洋油气资源勘探中的有效性。     

海底烃类渗漏的地球化学识别

利用海底烃类嗅测仪可以检测到因海底烃类渗漏而在海水中存在的烃类地球化学异常。烃类嗅测仪可检测到的指标主要是甲烷,也包括重烃类气体和芳烃类。利用烃类嗅测仪可以有效地识别海底宏渗漏的存在。海底沉积物的地球化学异常可以指示海底烃类渗漏的存在。通过沉积物柱状取样,地球化学分析和异常解释,渗漏烃来源分析,以及对热成因烃类源区有机质类型、沉积环境、热成熟度、时代以及油气属性等信息的提取,为海域油气资源勘探和评价提供地球化学依据。     

东海陆架盆地南部海域油气地球化学探测:烃类地球化学异常与含油气性综合评价

通过对东海陆架盆地南部海域油气地球化学样品采集、酸解烃类气体和芳烃类指标的分析测试,以及地球化学异常提取,揭示了烃类地球化学指标的异常分布特征,分析了烃类气体的成因类型和深部油气属性,进行了综合地球化学异常分区和含油气性评价。烃类地球化学指标,包括酸解甲烷、酸解乙烷、芳烃及其衍生物总量260 nm和稠环芳烃总量360 nm的异常,主要集中分布在研究区的西部和东部,分别与瓯江凹陷和闽江凹陷相对应。酸解烃类气体组合及甲烷碳同位素组成指示酸解烃类气体异常主要为热成因并遭受了表层氧化,深部油气属性属于干气至凝析油气,以干气为主。根据综合地球化学异常特征,划分了西部综合地球化学异常区和东部综合地球化学异常区。酸解甲烷、酸解乙烷、芳烃及其衍生物总量260 nm和稠环芳烃总量360 nm指标异常在西部综合地球化学异常区均有明显显示,而东部综合地球化学异常区则以酸解烃类气体异常为主,稠环芳烃总量360 nm异常部分分布,芳烃及其衍生物总量260 nm异常只有零星分布。综合评价结果表明,西部综合地球化学异常区含油气性明显优于东部综合地球化学异常区,也就是瓯江凹陷的含油气性好于闽江凹陷。     

南黄海盆地崂山隆起中南部海域油气目标地球化学探测:海底油气渗漏与双环状地球化学异常

通过对南黄海盆地崂山隆起中南部163站位油气地球化学样品采集、烃类气体和芳烃类指标的分析测试,以及地球化学异常提取,揭示了烃类地球化学指标的异常分布特征,分析了海底油气渗漏和表面地球化学异常的关系,建立了油气地球化学异常模式。吸附甲烷、吸附重烃气体、顶空甲烷、顶空重烃气体、芳烃及其衍生物总量(260 nm)和稠环芳烃总量(320 nm)的地球化学异常均围绕高石3构造呈环状分布,并且烃类气体指标异常较芳烃类指标异常更靠近这一圈闭构造的外侧。地球化学异常的平面分布和沿主要地震剖面的垂向分布特征显示烃类地球化学异常的形成可能与高石3构造及深部油气藏的分布和垂向渗漏有关,并据此建立了围绕高石3构造的双环状地球化学异常模式。内环主要芳烃类指标异常,可能由高石3构造上部残留油藏渗漏形成,外环主要为烃类气体异常,可能由高石3构造深部原生气藏渗漏形成。表面地球化学异常与高石3构造边缘断裂构造的关系显示,无论是内环异常,还是外环异常均与高石3构造边缘断裂构造在空间上密切相关,预示着这些断裂构造可能是深部油气垂向渗漏运移的主要路径,同时也意味着高石3构造是崂山隆起中—古生界海洋油气钻探的首选构造。     

中国湖泊近代沉积物的有机地球化学特征与油气关系

中国湖泊面积辽阔,资源丰富.研究湖泊近代沉积物的有机地球化学特征及其与油气关系,对陆相石油成因和油气资源开发,“将今论古”建立古地貌模式有着重要意义.为了探讨油气化探异常的形成机制和生油研究的有关理论,对中国第四纪不同类型的湖泊沉积物,进行了生油有机地球化学分析研究,取得了一些规律性的认识.     

海上油气资源区域快速综合评价技术

海上油气资源区域快速综合评价技术是针对海上地球物理概查和普查区（无井或少井区）的盆地早期评价技术，该技术包括综合地球物理盆地描述技术、层序地层学盆地描述技术和油气运聚为主的盆地模拟技术及相应的3个软件系统，是一个以地震方法为主的多学科的盆地早期评价技术和多功能的区域快速资源评价系统。该项技术研制基础是含油气系统理论和成藏动力学方法，在技术和软件系统研制上有较大创新，软件测试和应用验证表明可有效地应用于海上盆地的早期评价。     

前景广阔的海洋产业开发

浩瀚的海洋蕴藏着极其丰富的矿物资源、生物资源和药物资源,其经济价值相当可观,开发前景十分诱人。 地球近一半石油在海底 地球海底蕴藏有1350亿吨石油,占世界可开采石油储量的45％。40多年来,海洋石油和天然气的勘探开发发展很快。如今全世界海上油气钻井已发展到2663口,其中美国海上油气钻井数量最多,     

我国有了海上油气快速评价技术

最近,国家“863”计划海洋领域“820”主题办公室组织专家,对由国土资源部青岛海洋地质研究所和中科院地质地球物理研究所共同承担的“海上油气资源区域快速综合评价技术”(820-03-03)课题进行了项目验收。认为这项技术可使我国海上无钻孔或钻孔和地球物理资料很少的含油气盆地资源获得早期快速综合评价。该技术系统也为海洋国土资源调查和海域划界提供了高技术支撑,并取得了多项具有创新性的成果:     

BTEX异常对海域油气藏指示作用的研究

常规的油气化探方法一般是应用烷烃类作为油气勘探的基本指标,但是烷烃类易受人类活动和生物活动的干扰,使常规的化探技术在油气勘探中一直受到限制。人们开始考虑采用直接的生物标记化合物来预测油气藏,如芳烃系列中的苯系化合物苯(benzene)、甲苯(toluene)、乙苯(ethylbenzene)、二甲苯(xylem),简称BTEX。国内外研究表明,BTEX基本不受人类活动和生物活动的干扰,对油气藏具有良好的指示作用。依据南海某区的实测资料,采用自主研发的油气化探可视化评价软件进行数据处理,剥离背景异常,圈出有效的BTEX异常,并与靶区地层剖面进行了对比,结果证实了BTEX对海域油气藏具有良好的指示作用。     

东海外陆架残留沉积中硫复铁矿的发现及其油气指示意义

1994～1995年间在东海外陆架获取370个柱状样,每个样长约为2～4m.对其底部沉积物作了磁性测试,发现局部地区存在SIRM异常高现象.由磁参数推断导致SIRM异常的矿物为硫复铁矿.将磁性异常地区沉积物作矿物磁选,对磁选所得矿物做扫描电镜、电子探针和能谱、X衍射及穆斯堡尔谱测试,证实了次生硫复铁矿的存在.结合本区新生代油气构造圈闭和残留沉积物可溶铁Fe3+/Fe2+比值异常的分布,用油气渗漏解释了SIRM异常及硫复铁矿的成因,从而认为SIRM异常对深部油气藏具有指示意义.     

Cause of shale gas geochemical anomalies and mechanisms for gas enrichment and depletion in high-maturity shales

This article reviews the abnormal characteristics of shale gases (natural gases produced from organic-rich shales) and discusses the cause of the anomalies and mechanisms for gas enrichment and depletion in high-maturity organic-rich shales. The reported shale gas geochemical anomalies include rollover of iso-alkane/normal alkane ratios, rollover of ethane and propane isotopic compositions, abnormally light ethane and propane δ¹³C values as well as isotope reversals among methane, ethane and propane. These anomalies reflect the complex histories of gas generation and associated isotopic fractionation as well as in-situ “mixing and accumulation” of gases generated from different precursors at different thermal maturities. A model was proposed to explain the observed geochemical anomalies. Gas generation from kerogen cracking at relatively low thermal maturity accounted for the increase of iso-alkane/normal alkane ratios and ethane and propane δ¹³C values (normal trend). Simultaneous cracking of kerogen, retained oil and wet gas and associated isotopic fractionation at higher maturity caused decreasing iso-alkane/normal alkane ratios, lighter ethane and propane δ¹³C and corresponding conversion of carbon isotopic distribution patterns from normal through partial reversal to complete reversal. Relatively low oil expulsion efficiency at peak oil generation, low expulsion efficiency at peak gas generation and little gas loss during post-generation evolution are necessary for organic-rich shales to display the observed geochemical anomalies. High organic matter richness, high thermal maturity (high degrees of kerogen-gas and oil-gas conversions) and late-stage (the stage of peak gas generation and post-generation evolution) closed system accounted for gas enrichment in shales. Loss of free gases during post-generation evolution may result in gas depletion or even undersaturation (total gas content lower than the gas sorption capacity) in high-maturity organic-rich shales.     

南海北部含油气构造上方化探异常研究

在南海北部利用地球化学方法作为油气勘探的一种辅助手段。在6个航次中采集了沉积物、底层海水及海面大气样品，测定了近50种化探指标，并采用稳健统计方法进行了数据处理和异常圈定。化探结果在油气藏上方发现了清晰的、具不同指标组合的综合化探异常，与邻近空构造形成鲜明的对照。圈闭顶部的块状异常和圈闭周绿的环状、半环状异常是下伏油气藏的良好指示，而剖面上呈锯齿状、平面上呈线状的异常则与断裂带有关。实践表明，建立已知油气藏上方的化探异常模式及解剖已知空构造上方的地球化学特征对于指导本区或邻区的化探异常评价是十分必要的。     

Geological control factors of micro oil distribution in tight reservoirs

Understanding the oil distribution characteristics in unconventional tight reservoirs is crucial for hydrocarbon evaluation and oil/gas extraction from such reservoirs. Previous studies on tight oil distribution characteristics are mostly concerned with the basin scale. Based on Lucaogou core samples, geochemical approaches including Soxhlet extraction, total organic carbon (TOC), and Rock-Eval are combined with reservoir physical approaches including mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) and porosity-permeability analysis, to quantitatively evaluate oil distribution of tight reservoirs on micro scale. The emphasis is to identify the key geological control factors of micro oil distribution in such tight reservoirs. Dolomicrites and non-detrital mudstones have excellent hydrocarbon generation capacity while detritus-containing dolomites, siltstones, and silty mudstones have higher porosity and oil content, and coarser pore throat radius. Oil content is mainly controlled by porosity, pore throat radius, and hydrocarbon generation capacity. Porosity is positively correlated with oil content in almost all samples including various lithologies, indicating that it is a primary constraint for providing storage space. Pore throat radius is also an important factor, as oil migration is inhibited by the capillary pressure which must be overcome. If the reservoir rock with suitable porosity has no hydrocarbon generation capacity, pore throat radius will be decisive. As tight reservoirs are generally characterized by widely distributed nanoscale pore throats and high capillary pressure, hydrocarbon generation capacity plays an important role in reservoir rocks with suitable porosity and fine pore throats. Because such reservoir rocks cannot be charged completely. The positive correlation between hydrocarbon generation capacity and oil content in three types of high porosity lithologies (detritus-containing dolomites, siltstones, and silty mudstones) supports this assertion.     

海域油气化探数据处理流程及可视化实现技术

在参考“石油天然气地球化学勘查技术规范”数据处理的基础上，结合渤海某海域的实测资料，制定了一套完成的海洋油气化探数据处理流程，包括单指标数据处理流程与多指标数据处理流程，最终达到剥离背景，提取有效异常的目的。实验中结合GIS技术，整个过程予以可视化编程实现。处理结果表明，提取的异常与实际钻井资料符合较好。该研究为中国开展海洋油气化探工作和制定海域石油与天然气地球化学勘探提出了新的思路。     

Data-processing and recognition of seepage and microseepage anomalies of acid-extractable hydrocarbons in the south slope of the Dongying depression,eastern China

The successful use of near-surface anomalous signals, exhibited in all petroliferous basins, must lead to great development in petroleum exploration. The elementary equations and methods for objective and accurate separation of anomalous signals from background signals are the most critical requirements in these surface geochemical surveys. Therefore, we have worked up a series of fundamental equations and methods for eliminating surface interference and influences of geological conditions on anomaly intensities and recognizing multi-type anomalies of uni- and multi-variates, by using statistics, fractal geometry, wavelet analysis and artificial neural networks. These equations illustrate that the threshold (i.e. the boundary between background and micro-seepage anomalies) is determined by means, standard deviations and prior probabilities of background and micro-seepage anomalies when multi-normality is met, and that the traditional equation for the threshold (background mean plus one or two standard deviations) is not correct. In the face of many new equations and methods, it is important how to comprehensively use them to resolve the problems in geochemical surveys. A geochemical survey in the south slope of the Dongying depression, eastern China provides a good opportunity to address this issue. The anomalies obtained with the traditional equation do not reflect oil/gas fields. This study reveals three problems in the previous data-processing and anomaly recognition: (1) the surface interference caused by the variation of soil composition was not identified and removed, (2) the influence of caprock thickness on anomaly intensities was not revealed and eliminated, and (3) the micro-seepage (related to oil/gas pools) and seepage (related to faults) anomalies were not separated and correctly recognized. Furthermore, the interaction of these problems makes the data-processing and anomaly recognition more difficult. To ensure effective elimination of the surface interference and caprock thickness influence and correct recognition of uni-variate anomalies, we iteratively applied the wavelet-analysis-based methods to eliminate the surface interference and caprock thickness influence, and statistical methods with new fundamental equations to recognize uni-variate anomalies of seepage and microseepage. And then, multi-variate anomalies of seepage and microseepage were recognized with our fundamental equations and the corresponding methods. In the results, the seepage anomalies display a string-bead-shaped pattern and are distributed along faults, and the micro-seepage anomalies are ring-shaped and coincide with oil/gas pools, sandbodies or traps. Therefore, reprocessing of geochemical data with our fundamental equations and methods combined in an iterative manner can resolve the complicated problems in data-processing and anomaly recognition and thus greatly improve the predictive capability of surface geochemical survey.     

钻井中油气地球化学勘探技术及其应用

井中油气地球化学勘探技术研究立足于油气运移的理论,是通过分析钻井岩屑(岩心)中不同赋存状态的烃类化探指标含量,研究不同化探方法指标含量在钻井剖面上的分布特征及变化规律,建立井中油气地球化学剖面,探索研究油气垂向微运移规律,生、储、盖层化探指标变化与组合特征,从而达到判别储层含油气性、评价烃源岩特征、评价盖层特征等石油地质目的,为油气勘探提供地球化学依据。     

西湖凹陷油气录井技术识别与评价

西湖凹陷目前已发现的油气层主要集中在平湖组和花港组储层之中。平湖组主力烃源岩的有机质类型以Ⅲ型为主,主要形成气藏（含凝析气藏）和轻质油藏,其具有流动性强、极易挥发等特点,烃类损失较大。通过目前应用的几种录井技术来看,泥浆综合气测录井能较好的识别油气层,通过对C1参数的矫正能够很好的识别出油气显示层,根据各气测参数的特征变化,并能对油气层的性质进行初步的较准确评价。地化录井、定量荧光录井由于受到烃类损失大的影响,在对油气层识别及评价中不及气测录井敏感。