青海湖湖东沙地全新世风成沉积物磁化率特征及其环境意义

在亚洲季风控制区,黄土-古土壤序列中的磁化率能够很好地反映土壤成壤强度和区域沉积环境变化,但在风成砂-古土壤序列中磁化率的古气候意义仍有待研究。选取青海湖湖东沙地典型风成砂-古土壤序列,基于AMS14 C和光释光测年结果,结合土壤学中传统的土壤发育指标,对沉积物的磁化率特征及环境意义进行分析。研究表明在青海湖盆地风成砂-古土壤序列里,磁化率与成壤强度密切相关:(1)剖面磁化率总体表现为古土壤层最高、弱发育古土壤层次之和风成砂层最低的规律。相较低频磁化率χlf,频率磁化率χfd%能够更好、更细致地反映沉积环境的变化;(2)剖面中磁化率与成壤强度有关(正相关),因成壤作用对两剖面原始物源各粒级组分的改造程度不同,磁化率与黏粒和粉砂正相关;(3)基于剖面磁化率以及粒度特征的综合分析,将青海湖湖东沙地全新世以来气候环境划分为3个阶段:10kaBP以前气候冷干,成壤作用微弱;10~4kaBP气候暖湿,成壤作用显著;4kaBP至今,气候逐渐趋于冷干,成壤作用渐弱。     

长江三角洲地区第一古土壤层及其古气候记录

长江三角洲陆相硬粘土层含有典型土壤的特征,如粘粒胶膜、土壤新生体、裂隙和孔洞等,应为古土壤层。通过对土壤形成物分析发现,古土壤形成时,长江三角洲地区气候虽较现今寒冷,降雨量也有所减少,类似现今的温带气候,但当时干湿季节（时期）交替明显,地下水位升降频繁,可能是古季风活动的反映。土壤层中成土程度有强弱变化,植物硅酸体指示的气候有冷暖干湿之分,表明沉积和成土作用交替进行,因此成土作用能够改造已形成的土壤发生层,特别是冰期低海面时持续的成土作用进一步改造早期古土壤,致使土壤发生层分异不够明显。     

深沪湾末次冰期以来的地层结构及古环境演变

通过深沪湾高分辨率浅地层剖面声学地层和地质钻孔沉积地层的对比，并结合沉积物的粒度、微体古生物以及AMS14C测年的综合分析，揭示了研究区晚更新世末次冰期以来的地层层序，探讨了深沪湾的古环境演变。深沪湾高分辨率浅地层剖面自上而下划分的5个声学地层单元与钻孔岩芯划分的5个沉积地层单元具有较好的对应关系。8.2 ka BP左右，全新世海侵使得海水进入深沪湾海域，海平面低于现今海平面10~12 m，气候凉爽；7 ka BP左右海水到达现今海平面位置，并于6 ka BP左右到达最高，约比现今海平面高2~3 m，气候温暖湿润，这一时期，近岸大量裸子植物被海水淹没并被沉积物快速掩埋；5 850~5 642 a BP研究区温度降低，该降温活动持续到2 ka BP左右，气候凉爽干燥；2 ka BP以来温度逐渐上升，600 a BP左右有一个相对冷期，之后温度又逐渐上升至现今水平。     

西沙石岛末次冰期风成沉积序列新划分及其旋回特征

西沙石岛的风成碳酸盐岩是东亚季风末次冰期的产物,以砂丘与古土壤二元旋回的形式记录了东亚季风气候的干湿变化。利用西石2井钻井岩芯资料结合石岛野外地质剖面的详细考察,对石岛风成沉积序列进行了重新的地层划分,将石岛风成沉积分为三层砂丘与两层古土壤的沉积组合。通过对测年数据及东亚季风末次冰期气候变化特征的分析,认为石岛末次冰期风成沙丘与古土壤记录与黄土高原L1黄土的5个次级气候阶段一一对应,都是对东亚季风末次冰期气候背景下,气候干、湿变化在岁差尺度的沉积响应,是具有稳定周期的气候旋回。     

古土壤的分类系统及其在地质学中的应用领域

古土壤是近年来沉积学研究领域的一个热点。古土壤就是形成于过去地貌上的土壤,是暴露在地表的沉积物或岩石经过物理的、生物的和化学的改造形成的,一般形成于很长的地貌稳定期,记录了地层间断或不整合,蕴含着丰富的有关古气候、古植被、古地貌、沉积环境状况的信息,并且是指示地层时代的"化石"。古土壤对恢复地质历史时期古植被与古环境、古气候提供了新的途径,是地层划分、对比的重要标志,并且可用以重建沉积盆地古地貌。古土壤的识别可以根据野外宏观标志、室内微观特征来进行,但是古土壤学家还没有解决古土壤的分类问题,我们对国际上流行的几种古土壤分类方案进行评述,认为古土壤的分类应该根据不同的应用目的采用不同的分类方案,而且在一个分类系统的组名中可采用形容词的组合作为修饰语。     

U37K,δ18O沉积地层记录:南海北部末次盛冰期以来SST和海面变化

应用U37^K和δ^18O重建末次盛冰期以来海水古温度和海平面变化，U37^K-SST沉积记录表现了冰期／间冰期模式．U37^K-SST在冰后期23．3-26．9℃；末次盛冰期22．2-23．8℃．末次盛冰期时古温度比目前平均低4．7℃，南海北部季节性温差冰后期在4．5-7．0℃；末次盛冰期在7．0-9．0℃，远远超过同一纬度太平洋季节温差．末次冰期以来在气候降温的同时，伴有海平面下降，气候的冷暖交替对海平面变化具有决定性的控制意义．     

海南岛红树林泥炭的海侵成因研究及其意义

本文在海南岛全新世红树林泥炭及其含沉积特特征，形成环境详细研究的基础上，对比会南晚更新世以来的海平面变化，综合分析得出：红树林泥炭形成于泥炭坪相；晚更新世晚期－全新世的快速海侵为含炭沉积的形成提供了古地理背景；红树林泥炭发育于４０００ａ以来的海平面波动上升时期；泥炭坪的发育主要取决于海平面的上升速度和植物有机质的堆积速度。海南岛全新世海侵成碳的研究为华北晚古生代含煤建筑的解释提供了比较沉积学的论据     

UK37,δ18 O沉积地层记录:南海北部末次盛冰期以来SST和海面变化

应用UK37和δ18 O重建末次盛冰期以来海水古温度和海平面变化,UK37-SST沉积记录表现了冰期/间冰期模式.UK37-SST在冰后期23.3～26.9℃;末次盛冰期22.2～23.8℃.末次盛冰期时古温度比目前平均低4.7℃,南海北部季节性温差冰后期在4.5～7.0℃;末次盛冰期在7.0～9.0℃,远远超过同一纬度太平洋季节温差.末次冰期以来在气候降温的同时,伴有海平面下降,气候的冷暖交替对海平面变化具有决定性的控制意义.     

南京江北地区全新世土壤粒度分布及其古环境意义

根据对南京江北TZC全新世剖面的野外考察和室内粒度分析,揭示了该地区一万多年以来的成壤环境演变特点。研究结果表明,南京江北地区第一层古土壤为全新世最适宜期(8500～3100aBP)时形成,当时,气候温暖温润,降水量丰沛,沙尘暴很少发生,成壤极其强烈,其成土母质为末次冰期形成的下蜀黄土,主要是在下蜀黄土堆积成壤基础上的再发育。近3100a来为全新世晚期,季风气候格局发生转变,气候干旱化,沙尘暴频繁发生,在该地区形成了50cm厚的黄土层或表土层。     

新疆伊犁可克达拉剖面晚全新世古土壤与环境

通过对新疆伊犁可克达拉晚全新世风沙沉积剖面古土壤特性进行研究,结合沉积物磁化率、TOC、黏粒及CaCO3等土壤发生学指标,发现古土壤发育于黄土母质,是荒漠草原植被下形成的具有弱黏化作用和弱钙积作用的淡灰钙土类型。不同时期风沙-古土壤沉积物的形成揭示了新疆伊犁河谷区3.7kaBP以来经历了多次气候干湿波动,共有6层不同发育程度的古土壤形成,后期形成的3层古土壤发育程度较前期的3层古土壤成熟;古土壤反映的古气候大致以2kaBP为时间界限分为前后两个阶段,前期气候相对干旱,后期气候相对湿润;近500年以来,风沙活动增强,气候又有逐渐变干的趋势。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,