强潮海湾Spoiler海底管道冲刷机理分析

本文基于历年检测资料统计分析了杭州湾海底输油管道裸露埋深状态变化规律,结合水文地形测量资料、辅以数学模型手段,从Spoiler自埋设计、杭州湾水流特性、管道路由海床演变特性以及人类活动等多因素探索了杭州湾海底管道裸露埋深状态变化的原因。研究结果表明:杭州湾管道80%以上处于埋深状态,局部管段长期裸露,裸露管段主要位于北岸深槽和庵东边滩滩坡区域;管道冲刷与管道路由海床演变特性、水流与管道夹角以及Spoiler自埋设计的发挥密不可分;杭州湾南岸围垦工程的实施与该区域管道裸露、掩埋状态密切相关。     

海流作用下阻流器对海底管线自埋影响研究

研究了海流作用下不同阻流器对海底管线自埋的影响。通过参数分析的方法对阻流器高度、安装间隙、来流速度和安装角度等因素进行了研究,同时在Fluent软件中通过自定义函数来定义管道的下沉速度,模拟了管道自埋的动态过程。研究发现床面最大剪切力随着阻流器高度增加而增大,对比不同阻流器高度的计算结果,在D/8~D/4范围内效果最好。流速必须达到1.2 m/s以上才能满足自埋的要求。在0°安装位置时,管道获得向下的升力最大。随着间隙的不断扩大,床面最大剪切力在数值上整体呈现减小的趋势。     

舟山册子岛-镇海海底管道附近海床冲淤数值模拟研究

舟山册子岛-镇海段海底原油管道连续多年监测数据显示,局部海床冲刷较为严重,管道多处裸露、悬空,对工程安全构成威胁。基于Delft3D建立杭州湾口二维水流泥沙数学模型,并利用实测潮位、流速、流向及悬沙质量浓度资料对模型进行率定与验证,进而模拟分析近年来人为开发活动对海底管道附近海床冲淤变化的影响。分析结果表明,新泓口围垦工程和金塘大桥工程对管线镇海登陆段海床冲刷影响较大,金塘大桥桥墩阻水作用加剧了管线深槽边坡西半段海床的冲刷,另外管线深潭延伸东半段的海床冲刷与金塘大桥主通航孔密切相关。     

杭州湾海底管道冲刷自埋演化过程初步研究

针对杭州湾海底管道的实际工程状况,使用声学探测技术对海底管道冲刷自埋演化过程进行了现场检测,验证了海底管道从初始敷设状态依次发展为孔道冲刷、部分掩埋、尾流冲刷、尾流冲刷平衡、再次孔道冲刷和回淤自埋状态的演化过程.采用数值模拟方法分析了海底管道自埋演化过程中的典型状态,结果表明:管道下方的渗流和天然微孔隙是孔道冲刷起动的...     

巨浪冲蚀威胁下的海底管道仿生草防护技术

仿生草防护技术是一种通过降低海底管道附近水流的流速,促进沉积物颗粒在海底管道附近进行沉降淤积以防止冲刷发展的防护技术。波生流是近岸地区的重要水动力现象,直接影响海岸地貌演变与输沙过程。通过多组物理模型试验模拟了波浪作用于不同底质条件下仿生草对海底管道冲刷的防护作用以及不同的仿生草布设方式对其防护效果的影响,并对其作用机理进行了初步的分析研究。结合仿生草在平湖海管中的实际应用,证明了仿生草对悬空管道的防护效果明显。波浪在近岸区可能产生较强底流,仿生草技术通过阻尼作用对于砂质海床具有明显的防冲刷效果,但对于粉质海床效果略差,这是由于底质不同造成的。仿生草布设方式对其防护效果至关重要,主要是海底管道两侧的仿生草发挥了防护作用。建议根据具体情况将仿生草技术结合传统方法进行作业实施,以取得更好的效果。     

坠物与拖网板撞击海底管道的损伤分析

针对船舶抛锚、海洋平台坠物以及渔业拖网板对海底管线的撞击会造成损伤,本文采用非显式有限元法对其损伤程度进行了模拟。采用Drucker-Prager(DP)模型模拟海床,建立了坠物-管道-土体有限元模型,分析了坠物质量、形状、撞击速度、海床土体性质(弹性模量、内摩擦角、粘聚力)、埋深及拖网板撞击方式对海底管道塑性变形的影响。分析结果可以为管道的设计与防护工作提供科学依据,并且与现行规范进行了比较,本方法结果更加经济、合理。     

海底滑坡作用下滩海管道结构安全分析

海底滑坡作为常见的海洋地质灾害,对海洋油气工程安全产生巨大威胁。海床土体失稳引起滑坡体滑动,会对海底管道产生拖曳作用。基于计算流体动力学方法(CFD)建立海底滑坡体对管道作用的评估模型,采用H-B模型描述块状滑坡体并与试验比较验证,分析不同海床倾斜度滑坡对管道的作用并拟合表达式;研究了海底管道在滑坡作用下的力学响应,并采用极限状态方法开展海底滑坡作用下管道结构极限安全分析,探讨了管道埋地状态时的极限安全界限,建立滑坡作用下管道结构安全分析方法。研究表明:滑坡对管道作用力与海床倾角呈现正相关,而覆土层厚度对作用力影响较小;随着不排水抗剪强度的减小,允许的滑坡宽度和速度均增加,表明土体不排水抗剪强度与引起的拖曳力呈正相关;滑坡土体宽度对极限安全速度影响较大。     

海底管线柔性导流板的变形方程研究

海底输油管线是海洋油气田开发的生命线工程,在复杂的海洋环境中易发生破坏.为使管线实现自埋防护,提出用柔性材料代替刚性导流板安装在管线顶部,不仅可以增加阻水面积,加大冲刷深度和范围,而且可以减缓刚性导流板对管线上部水流的扰动强度和尾流涡旋的扰动强度,减小管线的振动.利用力学关系由变形方程推导出海底管线与海底间距离为零以及不为零情况下柔性导流板变形的二次曲面方程和自由端最大挠度.在单向流条件下将不同材料不同长度的柔性导流板安装在管线中轴上方开展试验研究,测量柔性导流板在水流作用下的变形曲面.对比分析利用公式计算柔性导流板的自由端最大挠度和曲面变形数据与试验结果,发现两者吻合较好.     

往复流作用下海底管道局部冲刷机制数值模拟

基于开源的计算流体力学模式REEF3D,建立了海底管道局部冲刷水槽数值模型,在验证单向流实验结果的基础上,进一步对往复流作用下的海底管道局部冲刷机制进行了研究,并作对比分析。研究表明,总体上,往复流对管道所在海床局部冲刷规模比单向流弱。当流向改变后,原先下游的堆积区转变成上游,优先受到冲刷,并填充到管道下方的冲刷坑,同时使水流在管道下方的作用减弱。这种回填过程,使短周期下的往复流作用需要更长的冲淤平衡时间。在这种回填与冲刷的共同作用下,上下游的冲刷坑坡度会因流向变化而变化。     

考虑海床变形的裸露悬跨海底管道静力分析

针对裸露悬跨海底管道,考虑线弹性海床刚度,利用梁的小挠度理论,研究管道在自重作用下的变形和内力,推导给出了未脱离海床的管道段和悬跨管道段的变形和内力公式。在跨度较大的悬跨情况下,悬跨管道段较大的向下弯曲变形可能引起海床上管道脱离海床而翘起。建立管道翘起的判定准则,对于翘起情况推导相应的计算公式,通过算例给出翘起情况下管道的变形和内力。通过计算分析发现:工程上多数悬跨是翘起情况,没有翘起的计算公式只适应于跨度较小的悬跨管道。同时翘起情况下不同海床刚度对悬跨管道无量纲内力影响不大。     

Modelling of flow around a near-bed pipeline with a spoiler

Flow around a pipeline with and without a spoiler near a smooth wall is simulated by solving the Navier–Stokes equations. Finite-difference formulation with a second-order upwind scheme in a curvilinear coordinate system is employed. The influences of the spoiler on hydrodynamic forces, pressure distribution, vortex shedding frequency, velocity profile under the pipe, as well as shear stress on the wall are investigated. The attachment of a spoiler significantly increases drag, root-mean-square (RMS) lift, flow through the gap between the pipe and the wall and shear stress on the seabed around the pipe. The spoiler also generates a non-zero mean downward force on the pipeline, which may enhance the self-burial of the pipeline.     

Experimental Study of Hydrodynamic and Self-Buried Behavior of Submarine Pipeline with Perpendicular Spoilers

The spoiler is a kind of device to disturb current and promote burying.At present,all submarine pipeline spoilers at home and abroad are parallel spoilers,that is,the plane of the spoiler is parallel to the vertical plane of the pipeline axis.According to the results of indoor experiments,when the pipeline with the forward spoiler is installed perpendicular to the direction of water flow,the spoiler will accelerate the seabed erosion and cause the pipeline to endure downward pressure,which will eventually cause the pipeline self-buried to form a protection.However,when the pipeline direction is consistent with the flow direction,the self-buried behavior and protective effect is vanished.By aiming at the defect that the forward spoiler cannot be self-buried when the direction of the pipeline and the flow are basically parallel,the spoiler burying aid device perpendicular to the pipeline axis has been innovatively developed,and the hydrodynamic changes and sediment erosion characteristics near the pipeline after the installation of the device were studied based on the experiment.Results reveal that although the perpendicular spoiler cannot generate downforce,it can greatly increase the turbulent kinetic energy of the flow and the rate of sediment erosion.The larger the angle between the pipeline axis and the spoiler plane is,the larger the increase in turbulent energy will be.The increase in turbulent energy near the bed surface can reach up about 70%when the angle is 90°,while serious sediment erosion mainly occurs along both sides of the pipeline with a distance of about 2?4 times the pipe diameter.In the future,we can further explore the influence of the perpendicular spoiler size and installation position on the pipeline downforce and the effect of burying promotion.At the same time,field tests on the perpendicular spoiler burying aid device currently developed will conduct to observe the actual effect of perpendicular spoiler promoting pipeline scouring and burying,and improve submarine pipeline safety protection technology.     

Scour of the Seabed Under A Pipeline in Oscillating Flow

The scour of the seabed under a pipeline is studied experimentally in this paper. Tests are carried out in a U-shaped oscillatory water tunnel with a box imbedded in the bottom of the test section. By use of the standard sand, clay and plastic grain as the seabed material, the influence of the bed material on the scour is studied. The relationship between the critical initial gap-to-diameter ratio above which no scour occurs and the parameters of the oscillating flow is obtained. The self-burial phenomenon, which occurs for the pipeline not fixed to two sidewalls of the test section, is not observed for the fixed pipeline. The effect of the pipe on sand wave formation is discussed. The maximum equilibrium scour depths for different initial gap-to-diameter ratios, different Kc numbers and different bed sands are also given in this paper.     

地貌形态对海底管线稳定性影响的研究

以东方1-1平台海底管线路由区为例,多次对该路由区多波束测深、旁扫声纳、浅地层剖面、土质、海流及海底过程的原位监测调查数据和收集的波浪、海流等相关资料进行分析,得出,在水动力条件的作用下,海底会产生沉积物的侵蚀、搬运和沉积等过程,这些过程对海底地貌有重要的改造作用,会对管线稳定性具有重大影响。提出管线铺设需预先了解水下环境的动力条件的规律,识别沿拟定管线路由区可能存在的海床运动和波流冲刷的地质灾害,找到地貌形态对海底管线稳定性影响的原因。进而提出根据不同情况的解决对策,有效地减少地貌形态对海底管线稳定性影响。     

带有柔性阻流器的海底管道冲刷防护试验研究

从管道尾流区泥沙颗粒的受力平衡着手,探讨了管道冲刷的临界压力差。在此基础上,提出了一种防止或减少管道冲刷的新方法,即在管道下方安装柔性阻流器。通过物理模型试验,研究了单向恒定流及规则波作用下,柔性阻流器对管道两侧床面压力、冲刷深度的影响。试验结果表明:柔性阻流器的安装能明显减小管道两侧床面的压力差。在单向恒定流作用下,管道的冲刷深度随阻流器长度的增加而减小;当阻流器达到临界长度时,冲刷消失。规则波时,因阻流器的扰动作用,冲刷深度有所增加;但随阻流器长度的增加,其扰动作用减小,对床面的防护作用增加,因而冲刷深度减小。     

Mathematical modelling of sand wave migration and the interaction with pipelines

A new method is presented for identifying potential pipeline problems, such as hazardous exposures. This method comprises a newly developed sand wave amplitude and migration model, and an existing pipeline–seabed interaction model. The sand wave migration model is based on physical principles and tuned with field data through data assimilation techniques. Due to its physical basis, this method is trusted to be more reliable than other, mostly engineering-based methods. The model describes and predicts the dynamics of sand waves and provides the necessary bed level input for the pipeline–seabed interaction model. The method was tested by performing a hindcast on the basis of survey data for a specific submarine gas pipeline, diameter 0.4 m, on the Dutch continental shelf. Good agreement was found with the observed seabed–pipeline levels. The applicability of the method was investigated further through a number of test cases. The self-lowering of the pipeline, in response to exposures due to sand wave migration, can be predicted, both effectively and efficiently. This allows the use of the method as a tool for pipeline operation, maintenance and abandonment.     

Onset of scour below pipelines and self-burial

This paper summarizes the results of an experimental study on the onset of scour below and self-burial of pipelines in currents/waves. Pressure was measured on the surface of a slightly buried pipe at two points, one at the upstream side and the other at the downstream side of the pipe, both in the sand bed. The latter enabled the pressure gradient (which drives a seepage flow underneath the pipe) to be calculated. The results indicated that the excessive seepage flow and the resulting piping are the major factor to cause the onset of scour below the pipeline. The onset of scour occurred always locally (but not along the length of the pipeline as a two-dimensional process). The critical condition corresponding to the onset of scour was determined both in the case of currents and in the case of waves. Once the scour breaks out, it will propagate along the length of the pipeline, scour holes being interrupted with stretches of soil (span shoulders) supporting the pipeline. As the span shoulder gets shorter and shorter, more and more weight of the pipeline is exerted on the soil. In this process, a critical point is reached where the bearing capacity of the soil is exceeded (general shear failure). At this point, the pipe begins to sink at the span shoulder (self-burial). It was found that the self-burial depth is governed mainly by the Keulegan–Carpenter number. The time scale of the self-burial process, on the other hand, is governed by the Keulegan–Carpenter number and the Shields parameter. Diagrams are given for the self-burial depth and the time scale of the self-burial process.     

辽河油田太—葵管道路由区海底冲淤变化研究

辽河油田太—葵管道路由区位于辽东湾顶潮汐水道区。通过不同时期实测水深对比,得出该区海底冲淤变化趋势:海区总体呈微淤态势,潮汐水道两侧浅滩淤积,两侧边坡一侧侵蚀另一侧淤积,发生平面迁移。管道路由一线蚀淤幅度较小,一般不超过0.5 m,最大侵蚀区发生在水道底和两侧边坡,是海底输油管道容易冲刷悬空的潜在危险区,需采取深埋措施提高安全性。     

导流板对波浪作用下海底管线影响研究

为研究导流板对波浪作用下海底管线的影响,在FLUENT中建立二维数值波浪水槽对不同导流板高度的海底管线附近波浪场进行数值模拟,并将计算结果与试验结果进行了比较,结果表明,计算结果与试验结果较为吻合。添加导流板后管线表面压力分布及波浪力均发生变化。水平波浪力最大值随着导流板高度的增大而增大,而垂直波浪力最大值则随之逐渐减小。