热带气旋资料长度对风暴潮危险性评估结果的影响

热带气旋历史样本数不足一直困扰着风暴潮风险评估研究,本文基于西北太平洋62 a(1949-2010年)历史观测热带气旋事件集资料和用随机模拟方法构造的1000 a模拟热带气旋随机事件集,以福建省连江县为例,开展了资料长度对风暴潮灾害危险性评估结果的影响分析。文中用ADCIRC模型模拟了两种数据集强迫下的风暴潮增水,采用极值Ⅰ型分布法得到了典型重现期的风暴潮增水,经过对计算结果分析发现典型重现期的风暴潮增水计算结果与所用数据资料长度有着密切相关性,数据资料越长,结果越稳定。对于1000 a一遇的风暴潮增水值,使用500 a长度的资料已经趋于稳定,并接近用1000 a资料计算得到的结果。在进行风暴潮危险性评估时,相比用几十年尺度的热带气旋历史数据集,1000 a的热带气旋模拟数据集的计算结果更具实际意义。     

广西沿海台风暴潮数值模拟试验

本文采用动力数值计算方法,建立了广西沿海台风暴潮数值模式,模拟了8次不同程度袭击广西沿海的台风暴潮过程,模拟效果较好,计算值与实测值基本一致,同时,还对模型进行了敏感性分析,结果表明,该模型对台风各要素的反应属中性偏上,符合预报技术对敏感度的要求.     

基于重点抽样法的固定式平台结构风险评价研究

在建立海上油气设施的风险分析系统时,对由台风引发的极端海况造成的结构失效进行风险评估是1个十分重要的问题。为了建立实用可靠的风险评价方法,本文使用基于重点抽样法的随机模拟技术,对渤海海域CB12-C井组平台结构进行了全概率法失效概率计算,并在此基础上进行了平台结构的风险评价。该方法是1种适用于固定式海洋平台的定量风险评价方法,充分考虑了平台结构风险分析过程中各种不确定性的影响,极大提高了定量风险评价结果的可靠性。     

渤海台风暴潮的数值模拟以及黄河口附近台风暴潮的数值估算

本文在分析渤海台风暴潮特征的基础上,将进入渤海的台风,按其路径的不同分为三种类型,采用动力数值计算方法,模拟了具有代表性路径的三次台风暴潮实例,取得了计算值与实测值基本一致的结果。进而用模式风暴进行风暴潮的数值估算,文中给出了10条台风移动路径,计算了在不同风速和移行速度影响下黄河口近岸12个地点的风暴潮的高度值。     

基于GPU技术的风暴潮集合预报

台风预报的准确性在风暴潮预报中起着重要作用。台风强度和路径的不确定性意味着使用集合模式来预报风暴潮。本文利用中央气象台的最优路径台风参数驱动国家海洋环境预报中心业务化的水动力学模型，开展华南沿海的风暴潮模拟，模式模拟结果与实测吻合较好。为了改进计算效率，采用CUDA Fortran 语言对模型进行了改造，改造后的模型在计算结果与原模型基本一致的基础上，计算时间缩短了99%以上。通过融合欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECWMF）的50条路径与3种可能台风强度构造出了150个台风事件，并用150个台风事件驱动改进的风暴潮数值模型，计算结果可以提供集合预报产品和概率预报产品。通过“山竹”台风风暴潮过程可以发现集合平均预报结果和概率预报结果与实测吻合较好。改进的数值模型可以运行普通工作站上，非常适合风暴潮集合预报，并且可以提供更好的决策产品。     

相邻地区风暴潮灾害风险评估与区划成果集成方法初探及应用

由于风暴潮灾害常年对我国造成严重影响,因此国内许多沿海省(自治区、直辖市)均开展了风暴潮灾害风险评估与区划工作。随着该工作的陆续完成,考虑全局风暴潮灾害风险管理的需要,即将面临相邻地区成果衔接或集成的问题。为此,文章开展了相邻地区风暴潮灾害风险评估与区划成果集成方法的初步研究,提出潮位、增水、淹没水深、危险性、脆弱性、风险等级和风险区划等模型计算或评估结果的分类集成方法,并以上海市沿海5区的3个区域风暴潮模型的计算和评估结果为基础进行了方法应用,成功获得了上海全市的集成成果。文章提出的成果集成方法旨在为全国其他沿海省(自治区、直辖市)、县的成果集成提供方法借鉴。     

宁波近海台风暴潮可能最大增水的数值模拟

浙江海洋经济飞速发展,突显了研究沿海地区台风暴潮等自然灾害的重要性.本研究采用无结构三角形网格有限体积海洋数值模型,模拟了宁波近海台风暴潮可能最大增水.首先选取0407号强台风“蒲公英”的增水过程进行宁波近海可能最大增水的后报分析,其结果与东海的4个地面台站水位资料相比显示后报结果的平均绝对误差为0.075 m,平均相对误差为1.32％.然后,利用该模式对1997 ～ 2012年期间影响宁波近海的15个典型台风进行了台风暴潮可能最大增水的后报,误差统计显示后报的水位平均绝对误差为0.160 m,相对误差为2.95％.最后,通过引入风暴潮集合预报技术,利用假想台风进行了预报试验,结果表明宁波近海台风暴潮的可能最高水位为7.735 m.这些研究结果可为宁波近海重点工程海域的风险评估与区划提供重要的参考.     

Delft3D在天文潮与风暴潮耦合数值模拟中的应用

本文应用Delft-3D水动力学计算软件,以长江口地区为例建立的台风风暴潮、天文潮耦合数值预报模型,对台风风暴潮、天文潮两潮耦合预报模式进行探研和分析。该模式不同于以往的单纯台风增水模型与天文潮叠加的风暴潮模式,而是在计算中直接对天文潮和台风风暴潮进行两潮耦合,有效地消除了近岸地区潮波与增水之间叠加的非线性影响。通过模拟台风8114和7708过境对长江口的影响,并与实测数据比较,预报结果和实测水位过程的对比说明,台风风暴潮耦合数值预报模式对增水和高潮的过程预报是准确的,两者在高水位时同步且相差甚微。     

渤海风暴潮对沿岸增水的影响及灾害风险评估

近10多年来,我国围填海工程发展迅速,渤海海岸线变化明显,岸线变化会改变潮波传播并影响风暴潮增水。基于FVCOM海洋动力学模型,利用潮汐和风场强迫,建立了渤海风暴潮模型,根据2000年岸线和2010年岸线,分别模拟了包括台风风暴潮和寒潮风暴潮在内的4次典型风暴潮过程,对模拟数据和实测数据进行统计分析,模拟结果与实测数据基本一致。研究了岸线变化前后,渤海风暴潮对近岸増水的影响,并对曹妃甸港、天津港和黄骅港的风暴潮增水灾害进行了风险评估。     

潮流、风暴潮耦合模型推算珠江口海域极值流速

分别采用模式气压场及模式台风场计算气压分布及风速分布,采用地形拟合的sigma坐标水动力方程组及紊流方程建立了潮流、风暴潮耦合模型。三维水动力方程组通过分裂算子法与Casulli半隐式差分格式直接求解。在珠江口的极值流速计算中,先进行了南海北部的潮流、风暴潮耦合模拟,模拟水位与实测值符合较好。以六区域模拟结果为边界,采用嵌套网格方法,在珠江口进行了高分辨率的潮流、风暴潮耦合模拟。选用1968～1999年共65个影响工程区域的台风过程,计算出珠江口的海域年极值流速序列,分析了该海域多年一遇的极值流速分布。     

莱州湾西部地区环境条件的联合概率分析

在海洋环境条件联合概率分析理论的基础上，对莱州湾西部海的羊角沟地区进行了综合环境条件的联合概率分析，以模拟技术中的重点抽样法为理论根据峄该地区为水位ζ、风速Ｕ及波高Ｈ的三维随机变量作了统计分析，得出了多年一遇的各环境条件联合出现的数值，模拟结果令人满意。     

落物撞击作用下海底管道风险评估

海洋平台吊机起吊货物频繁,落物事故偶有发生,对平台附近的海底管道造成危害。在DNV推荐方法的基础上,改进了碰撞概率的计算方法。运用概率统计的方法以及失效概率理论编制Matlab程序,充分考虑各因素不确定性基础上,对落物撞击作用下海底管道进行了风险评估及敏感性分析。为减少落物对海底管线的损伤,及如何配置合理的防护措施提供了科学依据。     

Risk Assessment of Vertical Breakwaters -A Case Study in Turkey

In the reliability-risk assessment, the second order reliability index (βⅡ ) method and the Conditional Expectation Monte Carlo (CEMC) simulation are interrelated as a new Level Ⅲ approach for the analysis of the safety level of the Dalaman yacht harbor vertical wall breakwater in Turkey. The missing wave data of the Dalaman measurement station are hindcasted by use of multi-layer feed-forward neural networks with the steepest descent and conjugate gradient algorithms. The structural failure probabilities of sliding and overturning failure modes are forecasted by approximation of the failure sur-face with a second-degree polynomial of an equal curvature at the design point. in the new approach, for each randomly generated load and tide combination, the joint failure probability reflects both the occurrence probability of loading condition and the structural failure risk at the limit state. The approach can be applied to risk assessment of vertical breakwaters in short CPU durations of portable comput     

On the long-term response of marine structures

This paper addresses some important issues related to the estimation of long-term extreme responses of marine structures. Several convolution models to establish the long-term distribution of a marine structure response parameter are available in the literature. These methods are typically based either on all short-term peaks, all extreme short-term peaks or all short-term upcrossing rates. The main assumptions and simplifications of the five models most usually found in the literature are discussed in this paper. A linear single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system along with a bi-lognormal probability model for significant wave heights and zero-crossing wave periods have been used for numerical tests. An improved approach to efficiently evaluate the long-term convolution integrals is also proposed in this paper. It is shown that a combination of the Inverse First Order Reliability Method (IFORM) and an Importance Sampling Monte Carlo Simulation (ISMCS) approach can be used to obtain a very good result for the exact solution of long-term integrals.     

Probabilistic Assessment of Wave Overtopping of Nampo Dikein the West Coast of Korea

The Nampo dike, which is located at the west coast of Korea, was destroyed by wave overtopping during the storms on 30 August and 17 September in 1959. In this paper, is performed the probabilistic assessment of wave overtopping of Nampo dike by use of Owen model, Van der Meer ＆ Janssen model and Hedges ＆ Reis model for wave overtopping of seawall. Based on the available tidal and wave data for storm surges in 1989, the risk assessment of wave overtopping of the Nampo dike has been carried out by both Level Ⅱ and Level Ⅲ reliability methods. The calculated resuhs show the general agreement of failure probability between the two methods. By utilizing the rehabilitated cross section of Nampo dike, the failure probability of wave overtopping for the Nampo dike after rehabilitation will be rapidly reduced to that of initial design at crest level of 9.0 m with the improved slope from 1 ： 2 to 1 ： 4 at seaside. Since the sea level may only rise 1.0 m in the next few decades, the failure probability of Nampo dike will be still in the safe range.     

防波堤风险分析研究框架

介绍了防波堤风险分析研究的内容、方法和目前的研究进展。防波堤风险分析包涵四个主要方面:防波堤风险辨识、防波堤风险估计、防波堤风险评价和防波堤风险控制。具体内容包括:防波堤系统正常使用极限状态和承载力极限状态的界定,波浪不确定性的识别和描述,防波堤失效模式的探讨,单一模式失效概率和系统失效概率的计算,两种极限状态失效后果的量化,成本-获益分析,效用分析,可接受风险准则和降低风险的措施。防波堤风险分析的目的在于为决策者明确工程中存在的诸多不确定性因素,提供充足信息,实现项目的决策优化。     

Information structuring and risk-based inspection for the marine oil pipelines

The proposed work is incorporated into the research theme concerning the maintenance and inspection of sensitive facilities in production systems. It is essential to promote the methodological deployment of inspection techniques to ensure the good functioning of services provided by complex production systems as well as their different components. We use a risk-based inspection methodology offering an organized analysis with knowledge sharing for collaborative possibilities in a multidisciplinary context and it consists of the following steps: data acquisition and information collection, failure analysis (probability and consequences), risk assessment, inspection plan, mitigation and revaluation. The application of this methodology can improve the maintenance management strategies of industrial companies. The inspection department is able to forecast its potential failure, root causes and impacts on the safe operation of the considered production system, based on a reliable inventory of existing situations and review options for continuous improvement in maintenance management. In particular, we addressed the application of a Risk-Based Inspection (RBI) methodology in the French petroleum company with operations on the west coast of central and southern Africa. The incorporation of expert knowledge into risk assessment is helping to find the best preventive plan for pipeline inspection in the case study.     

Application of Monte-Carlo statistical experiments in design of ocean engineering——Estimating the parameters, models and probabilities

Recently, some results have been acquired with the Monte- Carlo statistical experiments in the design of ocean en gineering. The results show that Monte-Carlo statistical experiments can be widely used in estimating the parameters of wave statistical distributions, checking the probability model of the long- term wave extreme value distribution under a typhoon condition and calculating the failure probability of the ocean platforms.     

基于模糊影响图的海洋结构风险分析方法研究

基于模糊影响图(FPID)和失效模式与效果分析(FMEA)建立了一种海洋结构风险分析方法。鉴于风险分析中某些事件发生概率和关系概率两个重要参数确定时需借助专家主观判断,本文将模糊概率的概念引入海洋结构影响图评估方法中。该方法成功地应用到海洋平台人员伤害分析中。虽然这里仅给出了该方法在海洋平台风险评估中的应用,但其具有更广泛应用价值。