毛蚶天津群体形态性状对体质量的影响研究

为探讨形态性状对体质量的影响,指导毛蚶的选育,以毛蚶天津群体为研究对象,测量壳长、壳宽、壳高、体质量,并进行统计分析。结果表明,壳宽是体质量的主要影响因子,其与体质量的相关系数为0.953,直接作用为0.505,间接作用为0.448,壳长、壳高间接作用分别为0.483、0.480,综合决定系数为0.706 6。毛蚶体质量多元回归方程为Y=-40.8+0.438X1+1.124X2+0.469X3,R2=0.924;以壳宽为自变量,体质量回归方程为:Y=5.443×10-3X22.519,R2=0.937。     

Investigation of Arctic air temperature extremes at north of 60°N in winter

Air temperature is a key index reflecting climate change. Air temperature extremes are very important because they strongly influence the natural environment and societal activities. The Arctic air temperature extremes north of 60°N are investigated in the winter. Daily data from 238 stations at north of 60°N from the global summary of the day for the period 1979–2015 are used to study the trends of cold days, cold nights, warm days and warm nights during the wintertime. The results show a decreasing trend of cold days and nights(rate of –0.2 to –0.3 d/a) and an increasing trend of warm days and nights(rate of +0.2 to +0.3 d/a) in the Arctic. The mean temperature increases,which contributes to the increasing(decreasing) occurrence of warm(cold) days and nights. On the other hand,the variance at most stations decreased, leading to a reduced number of cold events. A positive AO(Arctic Oscillation) index leads to an increased(decreased) number of warm(cold) days and nights over northern Europe and western Russia and an increased(decreased) number of cold(warm) days and nights over the Bering Strait and Greenland. The lower extent of Arctic autumn sea ice leads to a decreased number of cold days and nights.The occurrences of abrupt changes are detected using the Mann-Kendall method for cold nights occurring in Canada in 1998 and for warm nights occurring in northwestern Eurasia in 1988. This abrupt change mainly resulted from the mean warming induced by south winds and an increased North Atlantic sea surface temperature.     

船艇费用-效能分析方法研究

文中介绍了费用-效能分析的基本步骤和方法,针对船艇的特点建立了寿命周期费用的分解结构和费用模型,并编制了船艇寿命周期费用的计算程序。最后以两条船艇的费用-效能分析为例,对费用-效能分析在船艇多方案选优中的应用作了初步探讨。     

激光粒度分析与传统粒度分析方法相关对比

对 4 1个样品的激光法与传统法 (筛析部分—沉析部分 )的粒度分析成果 (粒级百分含量、粒度参数和海陆相样品的粒度成果 )作了相关对比。找出 2种分析方法之间的内在联系 ,以期在将来的粒度分析中 ,可以通过参数矫正来实现 2法的数据转换。从分析可知 ,海陆相沉积对样品的影响很小。 2种方法的原理不同 ,从而产生了激光法低估粘土部分百分含量的结果     

海洋资料客观分析和无规噪声对分析场的影响

本文提出了用于海洋资料的一个客观分析方法。使用这个方法温度场、气压场、高度场、海冰速度、海面风场和流函数等分别进行了分析。分析试验表明这个方法简单方便、分析精度较高。     

我国海洋捕捞业政策变迁、结构特征及优化研究——基于政策文本的量化分析

自20世纪80年代以来,我国出台了众多海洋捕捞相关政策,厘清这些政策变迁规律对海洋捕捞业的健康发展具有重要意义。本文对1986年以来我国海洋捕捞业的政策文本展开量化分析,构建政策时间维度、政策工具维度、政策价值维度三维政策文本分析框架,梳理当前捕捞业政策变迁和结构特征,并深入分析了捕捞业政策与现实的匹配性。研究发现,海洋捕捞业的部分政策目标之间存在一定的冲突和矛盾;政策工具体系全面,但不同政策工具数量分布不均衡;早期政策的经济价值取向突出,社会、生态价值相对不足,需要适时调整政策价值取向。未来应明确政策目标,推动海洋捕捞管理范式由投入控制向产出控制的转变;优化政策工具组合,引导渔民自觉养护海洋渔业资源,提高海洋捕捞业政策的有效性;整合政策价值取向,协调产业发展、资源养护和渔民利益的关系,推动海洋捕捞可持续发展。     

Stress Analysis and Optimum Design of PDC Die for Offshore Drilling Engineering

The maximum internal tangential stress is a critical parameter for the design of the PDC （polycrystalline diamond compact） die that has been widely applied to offshore oil drilling. A new simple equation for the calculation of the stress is developed, and verified by the test data from Kingdream Corp. of China, the largest bit Company in China. An opti- mum method for the design of the PDC die is presented and demonstrated in detail, and software for the design and FEM analysis of the die is developed on the basis of the method. This software has been used in oil industry in recent years.     

基于GLCM的SAR溢油纹理特征分析

溢油对海洋生态环境造成巨大的危害,溢油遥感监测已成为海洋遥感监测的主要内容,但由于在SAR图像上溢油的表现和其它海洋现象类似,难以区分油膜与类油膜,给遥感监测带来困难。本文以Envisat-ASAR为数据源,选择南海为例,采用GLCM方法对溢油的SAR纹理进行分析,计算海水与溢油的GLCM特征值,结果表明:采用变化、均值等特征对溢油的SAR纹理有很好的表现,从而为溢油信息的提取提供基础。     

上海地区雷暴天气的气候变化及可能影响因素

分析了上海地区雷暴的气候变化及可能影响因素。经验正交函数分析结果表明:上海地区雷暴的年际变化呈较明显的下降趋势;其空间分布主要呈现市区少、郊区多的特点。上海地区的“城市热岛”效应可能会增加城区和城乡交界地区雷暴的发生频数。通过小波分析得到上海地区雷暴日年变化的主周期约为6年。上海地区雷暴异常年6~8月平均大气环流与同期500 hPa大气环流特征的关系为多雷暴年整个东亚的位势高度距平场出现大范围的负距平,当年夏季西太平洋副热带高压较弱,位置偏东;少雷暴年则相反。持续型(秋季型)的El Nino事件可能会引起上海地区年雷暴日数异常偏多,而少雷暴年则多为ENSO(El Nino/Southern Oscillation)冷暖事件的更替年。     

Species Composition and Distribution of Sibling Species of the Genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chironomus</Emphasis> Meigen (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the Curonian and Vistula Lagoons,Baltic Sea

The species compositions of the genus Chironomus in the Curonian and Vistula lagoons are very similar, represented by Ch. plumosus and Ch. balatonicus. In the Curonian Lagoon, in addition to these two species, Ch. muratensis and the first-generation interspecific hybrid Ch. muratensis × Ch. plumosus are also found. In this lagoon, Ch. plumosus occurs most frequently (84%); Ch. balatonicus is considered a subdominant species (24%). In the Vistula Lagoon, on the contrary, the high frequency of occurrence is typical of Ch. balatonicus (89%); for Ch. plumosus, it reaches only 11%. The Ch. plumosus population occupies most of the Curonian Lagoon; Ch. balatonicus is present only in its northern part, from the village of Juodkrante to the city of Klaipeda. In the Vistula Lagoon, Ch. balatonicus is distributed over almost its entire area, while Ch. plumosus is found locally, only near the mouth of the Nogat River. The distribution of the sibling species in the lagoons is determined by the salinity gradient.     

Bicyclic alkanes in source rocks of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin and their inconsistency in oil-source correlation

The Triassic Yanchang Formation is the main source rocks for Mesozoic oil in Ordos Basin. The formation includes 10 oil-bearing beds (Ch 1–Ch 10), that each can be further divided into two to three intervals. Abundant C₁₂–C₁₄ and C₁₅–C₁₆ bicyclic alkanes have been detected in the formation in the Xifeng oilfield, Ordos Basin. The C₁₂–C₁₄ group is dominated by C₁₂ and C₁₃, and the C₁₅–C₁₆ group contains abundant C₁₅. The groups show three distribution patterns: A) the C₁₂–C₁₄ group is the major component in the non-source rocks of the Ch 7-1 and Ch 8-1 intervals; B) both groups are abundant and are common in source rocks of the Ch 7-3 interval; and C) the C₁₅–C₁₆ group is the major component in source rocks of the Ch 7-3 interval and also in sediments that contain type Ⅰ or partial sapropel type Ⅱ₁ organic matter (OM) in the Ch 7-2 and Ch 8-1 intervals. Although thermal maturities of the source rocks in the Ch 7 section are similar, they show significant differences with respect to the drimane isomerisation index, which indicates that the drimane rearrangement is controlled by thermal evolution of the sediments, but may also be closely related to the depositional environment. This study determined that reducing environments are more conducive to preservation of drimane than oxic environments. The drimane isomerisation index and the value of the hopane parameter Tm/Ts are positively correlated. The parameter Tm/Ts varies over a wide range within the sequence, and the large variations may be a result of terrigenous OM input by turbidity currents and/or gravity flows, mixed with the autochthonous sediments. Abundant homodrimane in both source rocks may reflect reducing environments in deep lakes and major input of higher plant OM. Organic-rich shale and oil shale in the Ch 7-3 interval of the Yanchang Formation are the primary sources of oil in reservoirs in the Xifeng area. The crude oil is rich in bicyclic alkanes that are dominated by C₁₅–C₁₆ as source rocks with pattern C for bicyclic alkanes, which indicates an origin mainly from the Ch 7-3 interval. The main peaks in all of the crude oils are associated with 8β(H)-drimane and lower abundance of rearranged drimane. However, most of the source rocks have a main peak associated with 8β(H)-homodrimane or rearranged drimane. Weak microbial action, selective degradation and water washing may be the cause of the significant difference in bicyclic sesquiterpane composition between the crude oil and the source rocks. The result suggests that oil-source correlations based on the bicyclic sesquiterpanes are questionable.     

Monitoring meiobenthos using cm-, m- and km-scales in the Southern Bight of the North Sea

Meiobenthos at the mouth of the Grevelingen and Oosterschelde Estuaries in the Southern Bight of the North Sea was monitored using meiobenthic abundance and nematode community structure. Hierarchical sampling included 54 subsamples nested within 18 cores within six stations within two transects. The spatial patterns of the meiofaunal populations and communities are presented in cm-scale (among subsamples), m-scale (among cores), km-scale (among stations) and 10 km-scale (between transects). The variance components analysis of meiofaunal abundances showed that km-scale and 10 km-scale represented 63–90% of total variance while m-scale and cm-scale provided only 10–37%. Different communities were found among stations rather than among cores or subsamples by detrended correspondence analysis ordination and clustering analysis. The main assemblage of meiofauna occurred at the km-scale. Nematode diversity was more powerful than meiofaunal abundance in detecting spatial variation at all scales. However, at least two replicates are required for monitoring when sampling using a 10 cm² subsampling core.     

应用沉积物酸解烃指示南海东部油气潜力的研究

根据沉积物中酸解烃、热释烃以及蚀变碳酸盐,热释光等研究结果,讨论南海东部海区沉积物中烃类气体各组分的含量分布和组合特征,同时与我国其他海域作比较.用Bernaard和Faber关于海洋沉积物烃类气体成因的判断方法,探讨本调查区的烃类气体成因类型,数理统计分析结果与样品烃类气体的异常值相对应.     

广西钦州湾外湾表层沉积硅藻分布特征

本文对钦州湾外湾54个表层沉积物中硅藻进行分析,鉴定出硅藻153种,分属50属。其中Thalassionema nitzschioides是本区域内最为丰富的硅藻种类。对应分析结果表明,钦州湾表层沉积硅藻分布主要受到海水盐度的影响,其中淡水硅藻Achnanthes delicatula、A.hauckiana、A.levanderi和Cocconeis disculus可以作为低盐度海水环境的指示种,半咸水种Cyclotella striata/C.stylorum、Paralia sulcata与海洋中硅藻Thalassionema frauenfeldii、T.nitzschioides则可以很好的指示高盐度环境。钦州湾外湾54个表层沉积站位可划分为3个硅藻分布区,分别对应高低不同的海水盐度,与实际站位地理分布基本一致。     

中更新世以来东海陆架的古环境

基于１９９６年中法合作在东海陆架进行的电火花单道地震调查资料,并与位于东海外陆架钻孔ＤＺＱ４对比,发现对应于氧同位素６期以来的六个地震地层与钻孔地层呈现很好的对应关系,其间共有四次海退－海进的沉积旋回。资料分析表明东海第四纪环境演变与全球气候冷暖变化所导致的海面升降直接相关。     

南海北部191柱状沉积物主元素特征及其古环境意义

应用XRF法对南海北部陆坡191柱状沉积物中主元素进行分析,结果显示,全柱沉积物中SiO₂含量最高,其次是CaCO₃,Al₂O₃和CaO。在垂向分布上CaCO₃和CaO含量分布基本一致,SiO₂,Al₂O₃,Fe₂O₃,K₂O,MgO含量变化相似。结合AMS碳-14测年,可将191柱状样划分为5个地球化学层,主元素和MgO与Al₂O₃含量比值在垂向上的旋回变化反映了南海北部氧同位素3期以来末次冰盛期、冰后期、晚冰期的气候变化、海平面波动及陆源物质供应的变化,并对Heinrich事件、格陵兰高频气候振荡(D/O)旋回、新仙女木事件以及普林斜氏虫低值事件等全球性短周期气候事件有很好的对应关系,但受区域影响,在时间上有所滞后。氧同位素3期以来的沉积速率并未显示出南海普遍存在的间冰期比冰期、暖期比冷期的沉积速率低的规律,而是逐渐减小的,这可能是氧同位素3期频繁的冷热干湿气候振荡导致岩石易于风化破碎受侵蚀后被洪水搬运的缘故。     

西伯利亚极地海域表层沉积硅藻分布特征及其与海洋环境变量的相关性研究

北冰洋西伯利亚陆架海是北极气候快速变化最为显著的海域之一,而沉积硅藻作为极地海洋生态系统的重要组成部分,对环境变化具有敏感的响应。对楚科奇海、东西伯利亚海和拉普捷夫海表层沉积物开展了硅藻组成鉴定,利用典型对应分析方法分析了硅藻属种与1986～2015年环境变量之间的关系。结果表明,夏季和秋季海冰密集度、表层海水盐度是影响研究区表层硅藻分布特征最主要的因素。此外,根据表层站位与环境变量的典型对应分析,可将西伯利亚极地海域划分为4个区域,分别为海冰硅藻组合带、暖水硅藻组合带、沿岸硅藻组合带和混合硅藻组合带。这些表层站位的分区与相应区域的海流模式有明显的相关性,海冰硅藻组合带仅分布于研究区北部的高纬度地区;暖水硅藻组合带位于受白令水和太平洋海水的分支——阿拉斯加沿岸水影响为主的区域;拉普捷夫海南部的沿岸硅藻组合带则受到河流径流和西伯利亚沿岸流的强烈影响;混合硅藻组合带受极地冷水、海冰覆盖、太平洋暖水和陆地径流的共同影响。     

现代黄河口晚更新世以来沉积地球化学特征

对现代黄河口KD4孔岩心进行了粒度与地球化学分析,结果表明KD4孔的化学元素随深度变化表现出一定的分层性,自上而下可划分为10层,分别为黄河三角洲沉积、全新世浅海相沉积、晚更新世玉木Ⅲ冰期陆相地层、玉木上亚冰期海相沉积、玉木Ⅱ冰期陆相地层、玉木下亚间冰期的浅海相沉积、玉木Ⅰ亚冰期的陆相沉积以及上玉木—里斯间冰期的海相沉积及其后波动期的陆相、海相地层。对各层元素含量与变化进行了描述。对常、微量元素进行R-型聚类分析,可将元素组合初步分成4个聚类。R-型因子分析反映常、微量元素变化主要受5个因子控制,分别反映沉积物粒度、水动力、物源、地球化学作用和自生作用等因素的影响。研究结果揭示出本区自晚更新世以来的玉木—里斯间冰期及其波动期、玉木Ⅰ亚冰期—下亚间冰期、玉木Ⅱ亚冰期—上亚间冰期、玉木Ⅲ亚冰期—冰后期4次大的冷暖交替旋回,较好地响应了区域和全球气候变化。     

北极沉积物中正构烷烃的组合特征及古沉积环境的研究

报道了北极楚科奇海和白令海沉积物中正构烷烃的含量和分布类型,并通过因子分析方法对正构烷烃的来源和古沉积环境加以初步探讨.研究结果表明,正构烷烃碳数分布范围多数在nC₁₅～nC₃₃之间,分布类型有两种,第1种高分子碳范围,MH为nC₂₅～nC₂₇,CPI大于1,奇偶优势显著.第2种低分子碳范围,MH为nC₁₇～nC₂₀,奇偶优势不明显.以上特征指示了正构烷烃来源于陆源高等植物和海洋内生两个部分,并且以陆源贡献最大.楚科奇海和白令海大部分测站的Pr/Ph小于1,指示了缺氧还原沉积环境.因子分析结果与样品中正构烷烃不同分子组成特征相互对应.