南海西北部新生代沉积基底构造演化

在综合分析地质、地球物理、地球化学、古生物学等多方面资料的基础上,将南海西北部海域控制新生代主要沉积盆地的基底划分为5个区:北部湾古生界断堑基底区、莺歌海古生界走滑拉分基底区、琼东古生界断陷基底区、西沙北古生界裂谷基底区、西沙南古生界走滑伸展基底区.通过区域地质分析,初步重建了该海域的大地构造演化历史.该海域新生代沉积基底在前新生代时期与其北面陆上云开地区和其南面的南沙地区同处于特提斯构造域中,经历过古特提斯和中特提斯的发育历程,晚古生代以来可初步分为5个阶段:(1)D-P₁,古特提斯东段多岛洋体系发育阶段;(2)P₂,中特提斯(古南海)开始出现、古特提斯开始消减阶段;(3)T-K₁,古特提斯东段多地块缝合阶段;(4)K₂-N₁1,现代南海形成、中特提斯(古南海)消亡时期;(6)N₁2以来南海扩张停止、澳大利亚板块向北俯冲挤压阶段.     

南海及邻区前中生代构造演化与东特提斯构造域

以南海及邻区的前中生代地层分布研究为基础,划分了该区域前中生代的褶皱基底分区.其中,晋宁期褶皱基底主要分布于琼南地块和昆嵩地块,围绕其周缘发育的依次有加里东期、海西期等褶皱变质基底,从华南大陆向东南沿海,其基底也依次由老变新.在基底分区及前人已有资料的基础上,对该区的前中生代的缝合带的分布进行了研究,认为在海南岛的九所-陵水构造带、西沙北海槽、中央海盆的北侧可能存在一条“琼南缝合带”,作为马江缝合带的东延.前中生代的构造演化主要经历两个大的地质时期,即原特提斯和古特提斯时期,构造演化的特点主要是各地块的多次碰撞与张裂作用,最终形成了多个变质褶皱基底和多条古缝合带.软流圈的对流作用可能是控制各地块多次碰撞与张裂作用的主要动力机制.     

波斯湾海域古生界胡夫组沉积特征与成藏规律

波斯湾海域古生界蕴藏着巨大的天然气资源。从区域构造演化出发,对该区古生界胡夫组的沉积特征进行分析,建立了"大型缓斜坡碳酸盐岩台地"沉积模式,提出了该区古生界"源-相-势"复合控藏的成藏规律,并指明了下一步勘探方向。研究表明,波斯湾海域胡夫组主要发育台地与台地边缘相区,从波斯湾西北部向东南部依次发育局限—蒸发碳酸盐岩台地、开阔碳酸盐岩台地、台地边缘浅滩—生物礁,纵向上主要为灰岩、白云岩和膏盐的互层沉积。开阔碳酸盐岩台地、台地边缘浅滩—生物礁为有利储层发育相带。波斯湾海域志留系古赛巴段热页岩烃源灶分布及规模控制着胡夫组油气分布与资源规模。胡夫组沉积相带控制油气平面富集区,膏盐盖层控制油气藏纵向与平面分布。热页岩生烃灶周围的低势能古基底高与盐拱构造是古生界主要的油气聚集带,同时,储层物性、油气运移与保存条件是古生界油气成藏的关键。根据资料分析,波斯湾海域南海湾盐次盆胡夫组发育大量盐拱背斜圈闭,且志留系古赛巴段烃源岩与胡夫组圈闭叠合性好,成藏条件优越。该盐拱构造带预测资源量巨大,为波斯湾海域古生界有利勘探方向。     

西沙海域中中新世早期古地貌及其控制因素

古地貌的构造格局控制了物源体系和沉积体系的发育,对其研究有利于确定油气勘探目标。基于西沙海域丰富的地震资料、钻井资料以及高精度的多波束资料,重点经过去压实校正和古水深校正之后,恢复西沙海域中中新世早期的古地貌。该时期的古地貌显示:西沙海域以两个近北东向的西沙、广乐隆起为纽带串联周缘的深水区域,西沙隆起和广乐隆起之上水体较浅,处于滨海环境,利于碳酸盐岩的沉积。西沙隆起之上岛屿众多,岛屿之间以洼地相隔,为需要地势高点生长的生物礁的发育创造了条件,西沙隆起南部于渐新世发育大量的火山,后期多演化为孤立的台地,隆起周缘多以陡坡为主。而广乐隆起之上地势开阔、平坦,隆起南、北两侧的斜坡有一定的差异,具有"南陡、北缓"的特点,其北部斜坡地貌复杂,发育至少三组近平行的水道,利于碳酸盐岩碎屑的搬运和沉积,活跃于渐新世的断裂控制古地貌的空间格局,同时,生物礁碳酸盐岩的发育以及其碎屑的搬运和沉积作用对地貌的不断改造,造就了该时期的地貌形态。     

东海及邻区大地构造分区与演化

本文综合分析了东海及南海北部海域的地质、地球物理、航磁和钻探等资料,认为东海陆架盆地西缘断裂和北卫—神孤断裂西侧海域盆地的基底大地构造性质和新生代沉积盆地的类型及演化特征均有所不同:西北部海域盆地的基底是华南加里东构造带伸向海域的部分,东南部海域的东海陆架盆地,老第三系至下中新统具有地槽型的沉积特征,晚第三纪至早更新世时期的造山运动接连发生,盆地中央部分上中新统一上新统也被挤压成一系列的长垣型褶皱和逆断层的伴生,很显然,这里是台东纵谷以西的台湾喜山褶皱构造带向北东方向伸向海域的部分,该带继续向北东方向可延伸到日本西南海域的五岛列岛和朝鲜海峡的对马岛一带.     

中国海及邻域宏观地质特征与构造演化

通过对我国海域最新的地质地球物理调查资料进行解释分析,并结合近十年来的编图成果,概要论述了研究区的地球物理场以及宏观地质特征,总结了中国海及邻域的宏观构造演化过程。研究表明:中国海及邻域所在的欧亚板块可进一步分为东亚大陆构造域和东亚大陆边缘构造域,地质构造复杂;印支运动结束了古全球构造阶段转而进入新全球构造阶段,从而奠定了中国海及邻域形成演化的基础;古全球构造阶段是由北向南发展,北老南新;新全球构造阶段是由南向北、自西向东发展,南早北晚,西老东新;从古全球构造阶段到新全球构造阶段,不同地区不同块体的发展存在同序时差。     

华北板块东部新生代断裂构造特征与盆地成因

华北板块东部新生代的构造特征及动力学演化主要受左行郯庐断裂带和右行兰考-聊城-台安-大洼-法哈牛断裂带的控制。这两条断裂都是新生代岩石圈断裂。在兰考-聊城-台安-大洼-法哈牛断裂带以西,新生代伸展盆地为NNE走向的铲形正断层控制的箕状断陷;两断裂之间为北断南超的NWW走向的断陷盆地;郯庐断裂以东的北黄海盆地为南断北超的Nww走向的断陷盆地。这些构造特征继承了该区中生代的构造格局,但其构造性质发生了根本变化,在这两条走滑方向相反的断裂带控制下,这两条断裂带内古近纪以张扭作用下的裂陷为主,随后以伸展断陷为主,第四纪沿两断裂带局部发生挤压,而鲁西地块和渤海湾盆地区仍然为伸展正断。渤海湾盆地及邻区这些新生代复杂的断块或断裂构造格局受控于应力-应变-基底格局3个基本要素。     

珠江口盆地开平凹陷古近系构造特征及构造演化分析

开平凹陷位于珠江口盆地珠Ⅱ坳陷西南部深水油气勘探区,处于南海北部陆缘洋陆过渡带。由于该区构造特征极为复杂,加之油气勘探及研究程度较低,因此针对该区开展裂陷演化及沉积充填特征与烃源发育条件的分析研究,对于油气勘探及其油气地质评价等均具有重要的参考借鉴意义。基于开平凹陷研究区的高分辨率三维地震资料,重点对该区洼陷结构和断裂体系进行了深入解剖,系统阐述了古近纪断裂展布特征,并对研究区主干断裂活动特征进行了定量分析,探讨了古近纪裂陷期断裂体系演化规律及沉积中心迁移过程,并运用平衡剖面技术,恢复了开平凹陷古近纪以来的裂陷演化过程。研究表明开平凹陷古近系表现出“北断南超”的构造格局,裂陷期发育NE-NEE向和NWW向两组主要断裂,控制了凹陷构造变形及沉积充填特征,其控洼断层具有拆离伸展的断裂特征。尚须强调指出,开平凹陷主干断层活动强度整体表现为早始新世文昌期逐渐增强,晚始新世恩平期减弱并停止的特征,在始新世文昌组-恩平组沉积期发生过多次沉积中心迁移。因此,根据断裂体系展布特征和平衡剖面分析结果,综合判识确定开平凹陷是在南海北部陆缘晚中生代构造变形基础之上形成的新生代伸展断陷盆地,其裂陷演化过程经历...     

黄海海域地质构造特征及其油气资源潜力

综合前人的研究成果,利用2000年以来在黄海采集的综合地球物理资料,结合我国及邻国在该海域的钻井成果,分析和讨论了黄海地区从古生代至新生代的构造演化历史;对南、北黄海沉积盆地形成的构造背景和盆地的构造类型进行了研究,认为在古生代它们是台地相沉积,中生代和新生代是张裂盆地;通过对我们采集的地震剖面之分析和研究,认为盆地中的中生界和古近系发育了良好的烃源岩,新近系发育了良好的区域盖层,储层在盆地中普遍发育。因此,在南、北黄海沉积盆地中可以找到中、小型油气田。另外,对盆地中的古生界应加强研究,在保存较好并且中新生代沉积较薄的地方做探查工作,应该有一定的油气前景。     

加里曼丹岛和马来半岛中生代岩相古地理特征及其构造意义

印支运动以后,在现今的南海及其周围存在过2个古海洋,其中晚侏罗世一早白垩世消失于南海北部陆缘区、北巴拉望-礼乐滩-南沙地块以北的古海洋为“中特提斯”,而早第三纪期间消失于南沙地块以南沙捞越一带的古海洋为“古南海”。它们的结束时间和消失的古地理位置完全不同。对它们的正确识别和区分,对目前进行的南海周边地区中一新生代构造演化研究极为重要。对马来半岛、加里曼丹岛中生代岩相古地理资料的整理和分析结果支持如下结论：中特提斯洋的延伸是从苏门答腊的Woyla缝合线,过婆罗洲的Meratus缝合线。然后绕西南婆罗洲地块至加里曼丹岛的西北(Lupar带或者Boyan带),进入南海西南角(南沙-礼乐滩-北巴拉望地块等以北),再接南海北部陆缘区内的中特提斯缝合线。该区中生代海相地层的分布明显受构造演化的控制,整体趋势是向南退缩。印支运动以前、早-中三叠世的海侵广泛分布于古特提斯带及以南地区,涉及华南,中南地块,马来半岛及以南地区;印支运动基本结束了古特提斯带的海侵,因此晚三叠世一早侏罗世的海侵主要限于中特提斯海域及以南地区,如与中特提斯洋相邻的陆域,包括华南的湘赣粤海湾晚三叠世一早侏罗世的海侵、中南半岛东南部早侏罗世的海侵以及新加坡早侏罗世的海相地层。白垩纪海相地层主要分布于中特提斯以南地区,如加里曼丹岛。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Sea Levels and Coastal Inundation Due to Tropical Cyclones in Indian Coastal Regions of Andhra and Orissa

Coastal inundation associated with extreme sea levels is the main factor which leads to the loss of life and property whenever a severe tropical cyclonic storm hits the Indian coasts. The Andhra and Orissa coasts are most vulnerable for coastal inundation due to extreme rise in sea levels associated with tropical cyclones. Loss of life may be minimized if extreme sea levels and associated coastal flooding is predicted well in advance. Keeping this in view, location specific coastal inundation models are developed and applied for the Andhra and Orissa coasts of India. Several numerical experiments are carried out using the data of past severe cyclones that struck these regions. The simulated inland inundation distances are found to be in general agreement with the reported flooding.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Sea Levels and Western Boundary Flow Near a Tectonic Zone in the Northern Pacific

This article concerns an interrelation between the sea levels and the western boundary flow near a tectonic boundary in a local zone in the Northwestern Pacific. In this zone, sea level variations at stations located on the coast facing the Pacific are studied to find the interrelation between variations of the Kurosio flow as an index of the distance of the flow axis off a specific coast. The result is discussed after data processing of the monthly means of the sea levels, and a notice is taken of variations caused by active crustal upheavals during a seismic event, a local earthquake.     

Role of Siliceous Fossil Dissolution in Downcore Variations of Grain Size and Water Content: Western Margin of Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone, NE Equatorial Pacific

Grain size and water content in box-core sediments from the Clarion-Clipperton fracture zone (C-C zone) in the northeast equatorial Pacific were analyzed in detail to understand the downcore variations across a hiatus between Quaternary and Tertiary layers. Grain-size distributions in the topmost core sediments show two modes: a coarse mode (peaked at 50 μm) and a fine mode (at 2-25 μm). The coarse mode disappears gradually with depth accompanied by the dissolution of siliceous fossil tests, whereas the fine mode coarsens due to the formation of authigenic minerals. Water content increases abruptly across a color boundary between an upper pale brown layer and a lower dark brown layer that is the hiatus between Quaternary and Tertiary layers. Abundant smectites and microvoid molds, which are created by the prolonged fossil dissolution in the underlying sediment, are attributed for the abrupt downcore variation of water content. Overall variations in grain size and water content in the topmost core sediments in the western C-C zone are possibly constrained by the dissolution of biogenic siliceous fossils. Variations in geotechnical properties related to these changes must be considered in the design of nodule collectors.     

A Nondestructive Technique for Predicting the In Situ Void Ratio for Marine Sediments

This study tests the hypothesis that the in situ void ratio of surficial marine sediments may be predicted from shear wave velocity-depth data with a reliability equal to that of other methods currently available. Shear wave velocity is fundamentally controlled by the number of grain-to-grain contacts per unit volume of material and by the effective stress across those contacts. In this study, three previously established empirical formulae are used to predict void ratio from velocity-depth data. Field data were acquired along a transect off the northern Californian coast across which water depth increased from 35 to 70 m and seafloor sediment type varied from sand to silty-sand, respectively. A towed seafloor sled device was used to collect shear wave refraction data, and a marked, systematic decrease in velocity was observed along the line, ranging from 35-70 m/s for the coarse, near-shore material to 25-40 m/s for the finer, offshore deposits. Void ratios predicted from these velocities were compared with data measured directly from box-core samples. Of the formulae used for prediction, two agree remarkably well with the control data. Both predicted and control values increase from 0.6-0.8 for the sandy material to 1.1-1.5 for the silty-sand. Thus, this study does not disprove the hypothesis set and demonstrates the potential of field shear wave velocity-depth data as a means of delineating spatial variation in void ratio for surficial marine sediments in a remote, nondestructive manner.     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.