海洋硅藻稳定同位素研究进展

对海洋初级生产力贡献约40%的硅藻,在全球气候与碳循环中扮演着重要的角色。硅藻稳定同位素(δ30Si和δ18O,δ13C和δ15N)测试对象分别为从海洋沉积物中提取的纯硅藻壳体的生物硅和氧及其内嵌有机质的碳和氮。联合运用各种物理分离(去有机质、碳酸盐,筛分,差异沉降,重液浮选以及微池分流重力场流分离技术)和化学纯化技术从沉积物中提纯出硅藻是其稳定同位素古海洋学应用的前提。确定硅藻δ15N两种制样过程(燃烧和湿式消解)中是否分别存在大气N2和非NO3-组分的污染;δ30Si分析中氟化剂使用的避免、制样方法的改进以及MC-ICP-MS对硅同位素分辨能力的提高;δ18O分析中硅藻壳体外层不稳定氧的完全有效去除,是其同位素古海洋学应用范围扩大和精度提高的关键。硅藻δ13C能评估大气PCO2和海洋初级生产力变化;δ15N和δ30Si可定量示踪海洋硝酸盐和硅酸等营养物利用程度;δ18O则记录了海表温度和海水氧同位素组成。硅藻稳定同位素信号单一,受后期改造作用弱,生命效应低,解译针对性强,在两极和赤道少(或缺)有孔虫海区应用广泛。在此基础上,对目前该领域中存在的问题及未来的研究方向进行了阐述。     

醋酸对海链藻生长的影响

为进一步研究、探讨和开发海洋硅藻,研究了醋酸对海洋硅藻海链藻(Thalassiosira sp．)生长的影响。结果表明,pH值为8．0～9．0时,以醋酸调节pH值时海链藻的生长率高于用盐酸调节pH值时的生长率。1次性添加10～100mg／L醋酸都可促进海链藻生长;每日1次添加5～60mg／L的醋酸时,可明显提高海链藻的生长率。     

温度、盐度及光照强度对海链藻(Thalassiosira sp.)生长的影响

报道了温度、盐度、光照对海洋硅藻海链藻生长的影响。结果表明 ,海链藻的适应温度范围比较广 ,从9～27℃都可维持正常生长 ,15～21℃为其适温范围 ;在盐度15～35范围内 ,盐度对海链藻的影响不大 ,在盐度为20时 ,海链藻获得最大的生长率;此外 ,海链藻具有广泛的光适应性 ,在7.5～90μmol/(m2·s)的光照范围内均可正常生长,并随着光强的增加生长率不断提高     

硅藻C4固碳途径的研究进展

硅藻不仅对全球初级生产力有重要贡献,还在碳的生物地球化学循环、维持海洋生态系统稳定方面起到了重要作用,因此受到广泛关注。结合新兴的高通量测序技术对硅藻固碳途径进行研究,已经证明其在基因组层次上C_4途径所需关键基因的存在,而转录组测序技术则可以在基因组的基础上,结合一系列特定的环境因子展开更深一步的研究。虽然一些硅藻种类中的单细胞C_4途径在其体内的作用仍存在争议,但随着同位素标记,实时荧光定量PCR等技术的发展与应用,这一领域的相关证据不断积累,并发现这一机制除了可以提高Rubisco酶的CO_2固定效率以外,还具有降低光呼吸强度,为碳代谢相关的途径提供还原力和中间代谢产物的重要意义。通过C_4途径与不同生态学尺度相结合的研究,不仅明确了该过程在代谢产物运输和能量流动方面的运行情况,还可以更好得解释硅藻在海洋环境中取得的巨大成功。     

海洋纹层硅藻席古海洋学与生物地球化学研究进展

海洋大型硅藻的勃发及其在海底的纹层硅藻席沉积代表大规模的有机碳和生物硅输出通量,该生物堆积事件或过程对海洋酸化和全球变暖产生负反馈,因而在气候变化中的地位不容小觑。本文在融入作者研究成果的基础上总结了国内外关于海洋纹层硅藻席的研究现状,认为大型硅藻勃发不能直接和上涌活动相关联,在热带海区一般与成层化相关,在亚热带海区总体上与锋面作用相关。大型硅藻勃发时,表层水不一定贫养,也可以是富养的,也不总是需要借助浮力下沉到营养跃层吸收营养物,可直接吸收海洋表层中的营养物(如风尘溶解来源的硅酸)。大型硅藻通过高的初级生产力吸收大气中的CO_2,尔后在海洋深部降解形成的CO_2在海洋成层化条件下以巨大"呼吸CO_2库"得以封存,代表促使冰期大气pCO_2降低的一种重要机制。海洋纹层硅藻席的保存环境由多种因素制约,可以是氧化的也可以是亚氧化的,因而对用纹层沉积物来指示缺氧底层水条件应持谨慎态度。另外,提出了解释大型硅藻勃发和硅藻席形成机制的新模式"风尘触发硅藻席沉积",极大地促进了硅藻席沉积成因谜团的解决。最后,指出了目前海洋纹层硅藻席研究中存在的问题并阐述了未来可以开展的研究方向。     

海水中溶解态铁的伏安极谱法与液芯波导光纤法测定

尽管铁为地壳中丰度位居第4的元素,但它在海水中的浓度却很低,浓度一般为0.05~2.0 nmd/dm3[1]。近年来,国内外的海洋科学家在进行海洋生态系统初级生产力、碳循环等重要生态过程及其对全球气候变化影响的研究中发现,海洋中的铁对浮游植物的生长、初级生产力的水平有着十分重要的影响甚至成为了“限制性因子”,在多个“高营养盐、低叶绿素(HNLC)”海区所实施的富铁实验的结果很好地印证了铁元素在海洋生态系统中的重要作用[2]。最新的研究成果表明近岸海水中的铁可能对浮游植物的种类组成起到决定性的作用,进而对包括氮、磷、硅在内的其他元素的生物地球化学行为产生深远的影响[3]。     

利用14C标记技术测定海洋初级生产力的绉议

<正>海洋初级生产力是指海洋中初级生产者(主要是浮游植物)通过光合作用或化学合成生产有机物的能力或速率[1-2],它是海洋生态系统中其他异养生物的生存基础,并从根本上影响着全球生物地球化学循环[3]与气候变化[4]。研究表明,海洋浮游植物通过光合作用不仅贡献了生物圈内的一半净初级生产力(以碳计约为5×1013 kg/a)[4],提供了生态系统中其他有机体生长与新陈代谢所需要的初级有机物能源,限制     

南黄海秋季叶绿素a的分布特征与浮游植物的固碳强度

依据2005年10月中下旬对南黄海的调查结果,系统阐述了2005年秋季南黄海叶绿素a的分布特征,并估算了南黄海和东中国近海初级生产力水平及浮游植物固碳强度,分析了控制其变化的生物地球化学机制.结果表明,南黄海表层叶绿素a含量的变化范围为0.11~2.38 mg/m3,平均浓度为0.66 mg/m3,明显高于50 m层的含量.南黄海表层和次表层叶绿素a分布趋势基本一致,均显现出西北高、东南低的趋势,在近岸海域出现显著的高值带,这主要是由于受到陆源输入和沿岸流带来的高营养盐的影响;中部海域的低值区则主要受控于来自东海低营养盐海流的“冲淡”作用.在垂直分布上,叶绿素a最高值基本出现在次表层,与以往发现的该海域次表层溶解氧最大值一致,这显然与南黄海浮游植物及区域水团特性有关.2005年秋季南黄海初级生产力(C)变化在95~1 634 mg/(m2·d),平均为586 mg/(m2·d),其分布趋势显示了海洋初级生产力与海水磷浓度以及水团、海流的关系.应用初级生产力估算的浮游植物固碳强度的结果表明,我国东部近海浮游植物年总固碳量约为222Mt,约占全球近海浮游植物的年固碳量的2.0%,为我国东部近海通过海-气界面总表观碳汇强度每年1 369万t的16.2倍,在不同的海域,浮游植物固碳量是其通过海-气界面总表观碳汇强度的倍数不同(渤海为3.0倍,黄海为6.7倍,东海为81.6倍).     

多胺对3株硅藻生长的影响

为探究多胺对硅藻生长的影响,以精胺、亚精胺、腐胺、尸胺和苯乙胺为外源多胺,对角毛藻Chaetoceros sp.、小新月菱形藻Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin以及威氏海链藻Conticribra weissflogii进行室内添加培养。结果表明:同一温度下,不同多胺对不同硅藻生长存在特异性差异。亚精胺对角毛藻的生长起促进作用;尸胺对小新月菱形藻起促生长作用,而精胺对小新月菱形藻起抑生长作用;多胺对威氏海链藻生长前期(13 d前)主要起促生长作用,后期起抑生长作用(13 d后)。因此,适时适量添加多胺可有效促进硅藻的生长,提高硅藻的繁殖效率。     

硅藻休眠孢子生活史的研究进展

休眠孢子是海洋中心纲硅藻和某些淡水硅藻、羽纹纲硅藻生活史中出现的重硅质化阶段，它通常是硅藻在生长环境发生变化时的一种特殊的繁殖方式和生存适应现象。硅藻这一生物学现象的发生常常影响水域的初级生产力，并且反映生态环境某些理化条件的变化。至今，已发现有130多种硅藻形成休眠孢子，主要集中在角毛藻属（Chaetoceros）、布氏双尾藻（Ditylum brightwellii）、细柱藻属（Leptocylindrus）、直链藻属（Melosira）、根管藻属（Rhizosolenia）、冠盖藻属（Stephanopyxis）和海链藻属（Thalassiosira）等的种类。     

3种海洋硅藻不同培养阶段挥发性成分的比较分析

本文应用顶空固相微萃取气相色谱-质谱联用技术,对威氏海链藻Thalassiosira weissflogii、小新月菱形藻Nitzschia closterium、角毛藻Chaetoceros calcitrons 3种硅藻的挥发性成分进行分析。结果表明,在3种硅藻的培养过程中,其挥发性成分除了壬醛及醇类呈现先增后降的趋势外,大多数不饱和醛类的含量在不断增加,烷烯烃类物质在不断减少,而乙酸乙酯、2-甲基-2-丙酸甲酯这类酯类化合物在角毛藻衰败期会显著富集。通过对代表性饵料硅藻的挥发性成分进行研究,可为海水养殖过程中微藻投喂种类、投喂时机的选择提供理论依据,并为海洋硅藻的进一步开发奠定基础。     

Marine diatom uptake of iron bound with natural colloids of different origins

Natural colloids are abundant in seawater and are an intermediary in the fate, transport and bioavailability of many trace elements. Knowledge of the pathways and mechanisms of the biological uptake of colloidal Fe and other Fe species is of paramount importance in understanding Fe limitation on marine phytoplankton and thus carbon sequestration in the ocean. Whether the natural colloids serve as a source for the biological Fe requirements of marine phytoplankton, or just as a sink for particle-reactive metals in the oceans remains largely unknown. This study examined the bioavailability of Fe bound with colloids from different regions to a coastal diatom (Thalassiosira pseudonana). Natural colloids were isolated by cross-flow ultrafiltration and radiolabeled with ⁵⁹Fe before being exposed to phytoplankton. Control experiments were conducted to ensure that ⁵⁹Fe radiolabeled onto the colloids remained mostly in the colloidal phase. Both the natural oceanic and coastal colloidal organic matter complexed Fe (1 nm–0.2 μm) can be biologically available to the marine diatom even though its uptake was lower than the low molecular weight counterparts. By comparing the measured Fe internalization fluxes and the calculated maximum diffusive uptake fluxes, it is evident that ligand exchange kinetics on the cell surface may control the internalization of macromolecular Fe. The calculated concentration factors under dark and light conditions were generally comparable. Colloidal Fe, as an important intermediary phase, can be actively involved in the planktonic food web transfer through biological uptake and regeneration processes. The bioavailable fraction of Fe may be substantially underestimated by only considering the truly dissolved Fe or overestimated when using the external fluxes, such as aerosol Fe, as the bioavailable fraction.     

生物硅的生成与溶解速率的研究——以胶州湾为例

营养盐的含量与元素间的比值直接控制着生态系统的生产力和浮游植物的种类组成.近岸海区硅藻可占初级生产的75%,但其生长速率受Si(OH)4含量的限制.胶州湾浮游植物的物种组成以硅藻为主.用29Si同位素示踪培养方法,采用四极杆质谱同位素稀释技术同时测定了胶州湾硅的生成速率与溶解速率.胶州湾生物硅(BSi)的含量为0.90～1.14 μmol/L,岩成硅(LSi)的含量为46.3～52.3 μmol/L.岩成硅是生物硅的约50倍.胶州湾BSi的含量处于世界近岸海区的低值范围,LSi的含量与LSi/BSi的比值均处于高值区.BSi的绝对生成速率为4～6 nmol/L*d,比生成速率为6～17/d.BSi的绝对溶解速率为<9 nmol/d,比溶解速率为<23/d.进一步开展胶州湾不同季节水体中BSi的生成速率与溶解速率的研究,是深入认识海湾浮游植物生长限制及其资源可持续利用的基础.     

Effect of macronutrient enrichment on the size distribution, sorption, and bioconcentration factor of iron by coastal phytoplanktonic diatoms

The influences of macronutrient enrichment on iron absorption, adsorption, and the bioconcentration factor (BCF) of iron by coastal diatoms were examined. In addition, the distribution of different iron size fractions in seawater in relation to two diatom species exposed to nutrient enrichment over an extended period (6 days for Thalassiosira weissflogii, and 4 days for Skeletonema costatum), was investigated. Iron concentrations were measured of seven size fractions: particles (>0.4 μm), colloidal particles (0.4 μm–100, 100–50, 50–30, 30–10, 10–3 kDa), and soluble species (<3 kDa).The absorption, adsorption, uptake, BCF of iron by the diatoms, and the iron species distribution in seawater were affected by the diatom species, as well as the nitrate (N) and phosphate (P) concentration. The addition of P could affect the iron internalization strategy. The content of soluble iron species was positively correlated with the amount of iron absorption by T. weissflogii, but it was not suitable for S. costatum.     

海洋透光率仪的设计及其在初级生产力研究中的应用*

海洋浮游植物光合作用固碳在全球碳循环中扮演着极为重要的角色, 获取不同光衰减对应的海水深度, 对于采集水样用于海洋初级生产力的研究具有重要意义。本研究于国际上首次开发了无缆便携式海洋透光率仪, 特殊的光学结构设计和光谱滤光技术使得光谱响应在波段400~700nm范围内超过了同类海洋传感器, 特定光衰减下对应的深度误差小于0.5m。将本设备应用于南海中尺度涡旋初级生产力的研究中, 在采样率和自动化方面验证了仪器的便携性; 通过对涡旋中初级生产力的空间分布规律进行分析, 检验了仪器数据结果的可靠性。海洋透光率仪在价格、准确性、可靠度和操作的便携性上具有不可比拟的优势, 将在未来海洋生态环境的研究中发挥重要作用。     

鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)固碳能力对流速的响应

流动的海水可以为海藻的生长提供所需的营养物质,对其生长和繁殖起到了非常重要的作用,而当前的生理生态学模拟实验,大多忽略了这一重要的环境因子.大型海藻虽然被认为是第4类"蓝碳",但关于其固碳能力的研究较少.本研究设计了一种可以调节流速的大型海藻固碳能力测量系统,既可以测量大型海藻的净光合速率、呼吸速率和对无机氮、无机磷的...     

Removal of trace metals from seawater during a phytoplankton bloom as studied with sediment traps in Funka Bay,Japan

To study biological effects on the particulate removal of chemical elements from seawater, sediment trap experiments were carried out successively ten times throughout the spring phytoplankton bloom in Funka Bay. Sediment traps were deployed every one to two weeks at 1, 40 and 80 m depths. The settling particles obtained were analyzed for trace metals, phosphate and silicate. The propagation of diatoms in spring results in larger particulate fluxes than that of dinoflagellates. The biogenic silicate concentration is higher in the earlier period, when diatoms are predominant, than in the subsequent period, when dinoflagellates are predominant. The concentrations of aluminum, iron, manganese and cobalt in the settling particles comprising largely biogenic particles are lower during phytoplankton bloom. The concentration of copper is not reduced by the addition of biogenic particles, and its vertical flux is approximately proportional to the total flux, indicating that its concentration in the biogenic particles is nearly equal to that in the non-biogenic particles. The results for nickel and lead show the same tendency as for copper. Cadmium is more concentrated in biogenic particles than in non-biogenic particles, and the concentration of cadmium in the settling particles decreases with depth, similarly to phosphate and organic matter. Thus, metals in seawater are segregated by biological affinities, and the degree of incorporation into biogenic particles is in the order Cd > Pb, Ni, Cu > Co > Mn, Fe, Al. Biogenic particles are the most important agent controlling the vertical distribution of metals in the ocean. They remove the metals from the surface water, transport them through the water column, and regenerate them in the deep.     

硅藻硅酸转运子（silicon transporters, SITs）研究进展

硅藻是海洋浮游植物主要类群和海洋生态系统的重要初级生产者，其硅质壁的存在使其成为了海洋生物硅的最大贡献者，而且成为海洋碳汇的主要来源。因此，硅质壁形成机制的阐明至关重要。硅酸转运是硅藻硅质壁形成中的关键，阐明其转运机制对建立硅藻代谢途径模型和进一步理解硅藻在海洋生态系统及生物地球化学循环中的作用具有重大意义。硅酸转运子(silicon transporters, SITs)是硅藻中参与硅吸收或转运的一类膜蛋白，因其重要性及多样性成为讨论及研究的焦点。本文综述了硅藻中SITs的分子特征、分子机制、功能多样性及进化关系，为SITs转运机制的研究提供了理论基础。     

Aluminum in the East China Sea and Okinawa Trough, marginal sea areas of the Western North Pacific

The distribution of aluminum (Al) in seawater has been investigated in the continental slope and the Okinawa Trough areas of the East China Sea, which is one of the marginal seas in the western North Pacific Ocean. Aluminum concentration in waters over the slope and the Trough ranged from 5.6 to 25 nmol/kg in the surface layer (0–100 m), and had a minima of 1.1 nmol/kg between 400 and 500 m depth and ranged from 1.3 to 9.7 nmol/kg in the deep or bottom waters. Aluminum values were higher than in the surface waters of the central North Pacific, while minimum values were similar to levels in the intermediate or deep waters of the central North Pacific, except for the bottom water over the slope. This suggests that the high Al concentration in the surface reflects the large atmospheric input of Asian dust around the western side of the North Pacific region. On the continental slope, Al concentrations in the upper 500 m depth decreased slopeward. This horizontal gradient of Al can be explained from the combination of dilution by upwelling of Al-poor water originated from the North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) which intrudes into the mid-depth of the Okinawa Trough and the scavenging of Al by biogenic particles in the continental slope zone.