山药多糖提取分离工艺的研究

通过正交实验对山药多糖的热水浸提和分离方法进行了研究,得到的工艺优化参数为:浸提时间是90 min,浸提温度90℃,料水比为1:5 g/mL。借助微波辅助提取和超声波辅助提取方法,可得到更高的产率。比较了Sevage法及三氯乙酸沉淀法,结果表明用Sevage法进行山药多糖脱除蛋白质效果更好。     

微波-复合酶辅助提取海带多糖工艺优化及其抗氧化性能分析

以海带多糖提取率为评价指标,优化了微波 复合酶辅助提取海带加工下脚料中多糖的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,海带废弃物原料为2.00 g时,微波辅助提取阶段的最佳工艺条件为：微波功率400 W、温度60 ℃、时间12 min、pH6.5和液料比60.00 mL/g,此工艺条件下海带多糖的提取率为106.49 g/kg;复合酶辅助提取阶段的最佳工艺条件为：酶解温度55 ℃、pH6.0、时间105 min、液料比40.00 mL/g、纤维素酶添加量4.00×10³U、木瓜蛋白酶添加量4.00×10³U、果胶酶添加量2.40×10³U,在此工艺条件下海带多糖的提取率为115.16 g/kg。在上述微波 复合酶辅助提取最佳工艺条件下,海带多糖的提取率可达 (208.93±0.18) g/kg。抗氧化试验测定结果表明,海带多糖具有一定的抗氧化活性,且清除羟自由基(·OH)的能力较强。     

基于 R-藻红蛋白及硫酸多糖提取的次等紫菜综合利用技术

末水条斑紫菜以组织捣碎机粉碎,在10 mmol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(p H 6.8)中反复冻融3次,收集上清液,通过膨化床疏水层析技术分离R-藻红蛋白(R-PE),剩余残渣用于硫酸多糖提取。使用膨化柱分离,粗提液中约17%的藻红蛋白可以被回收,DEAE-Sepharose离子交换树脂纯化后,约12%的R-藻红蛋白得到回收,光谱纯度大于3.2,纯化得率为0.66 mg/g鲜紫菜。吸收光谱、荧光发射光谱以及凝胶电泳均显示该藻红蛋白属于典型三峰型R-藻红蛋白。利用藻红蛋白提取后的残渣,每克条斑紫菜可回收到30.5 mg的粗多糖,其中硫酸基含量为21.8%。实验证明,微波辅助抽提与热水浸提对硫酸多糖得率无显著影响。纯化的R-藻红蛋白与紫菜硫酸多糖可用于食品、化妆品添加,或药品、保健品的开发。本文对探索次等紫菜生物质的综合、高值化利用,进一步促进我国相关产品的开发与应用具有重要意义。     

3种海洋微藻多糖提取工艺的研究

采用热水浸提法,通过一系列单因素试验,研究了提取时间、pH、温度和液料比对四爿藻、新月菱形藻和三角褐指藻等3种海洋微藻多糖提取的影响。在此基础上,通过正交试验进一步优化多糖的提取工艺。最后,采用适宜提取工艺制备3种海洋微藻粗多糖样品,并测定样品蛋白质和多糖含量。单因素结果表明,提取时间、pH、温度和液料比均能影响四爿藻、新月菱形藻和三角褐指藻多糖的提取。其中,提取时间显著影响新月菱形藻多糖的提取,提取pH对四爿藻和新月菱形藻多糖的提取有显著影响,而提取温度和料液比均能显著影响3种海洋微藻多糖的提取。正交试验结果表明,四爿藻、新月菱形藻和三角褐指藻粗多糖提取的适宜提取时间,温度,pH和料液比分别为80℃、60℃、80℃,240min、240min、120min;10、10、10;1:15、1:25、1:25。制备的粗多糖样品中蛋白质和多糖含量分别为0.59%、0.76%、1.50%和51.4%、17.2%、13.5%。很低的蛋白质含量和较高的多糖含量,表明采用上述试验确定的提取工艺获得的粗多糖样品纯度较高,利于样品的后续分离纯化。     

海参蒸煮废液多糖提取优化研究

从海参蒸煮废液有效利用出发,采用胃蛋白酶提取废液中海参多糖。在单因素实验基础上,选择酶解pH、酶解温度、酶用量为自变量,酶解后多糖质量浓度为响应值,利用Box-Benhnken中心组合实验及响应面分析法,研究各自变量交互作用对多糖提取的影响。确定最佳提取工艺条件为:酶解pH=1.50、酶解温度47.00℃、酶用量2.00%,在此条件下提取海参多糖质量浓度为2.31g/L。经体积分数为50%的乙醇沉淀后回收海参多糖,总回收率为39.5%。     

小球藻EC04产胞内多糖条件优化及抗氧化活性研究

小球藻胞内多糖等活性物质具有多种重要生物活性和生理功能。为提高小球藻EC04胞内多糖的产率, 采用单因素实验和L₉(3 ⁴)正交实验优化对其培养条件进行优化。在暗光比12∶12、温度24±1℃和2000Lux光照条件下, EC04产胞内多糖的最佳条件为: MgSO₄·7H₂O浓度112.5mg·L ^-1, K₂HPO₄浓度60mg·L ^-1, NaNO₃浓度1.2g·L ^-1, 维生素B₁浓度0.5mg·L ^-1, 维生素B₁₂浓度0.1μg·L ^-1。在此条件下, EC04产糖率为271.74mg·g ^-1, 细胞密度为48.027×10 ⁶cells·mL ^-1, 与基础培养基相比分别提高了97.49%和34.91%。添加VB₁、VB₁₂等也在不同程度上影响小球藻胞内多糖产率。对所提取胞内多糖进行抗氧化活性初探, 结果表明其具有一定的自由基的清除能力, 对DPPH·(1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼)和·OH(羟自由基)的最大清除率分别达到了82.32%和64.27%。     

PEF结合酶法提取方格星虫(Sipunculus nudus)多糖工艺条件

为了优化提取方格星虫(Sipunculus nudus)多糖工艺实验条件,采用PEF酶法提取方格星虫多糖,依据料液比、浸提温度、酶底比、PEF电场强度、浸提时间、脉冲数对多糖提取率的影响,以响应曲面法优化方格星虫多糖提取的最优工艺条件,通过紫外可见分光光度计测定多糖吸光度进而计算提取率。结果表明:各因素对方格星虫多糖提取率的影响程度为:料液比电场强度提取温度提取时间;最优工艺条件为:料液比(g/mL) 1︰7,浸提温度50℃,酶底比为2.5%,电场强度30 kV/cm,脉冲数为12,浸提时间2 h;多糖最大提取率为6.45%。     

马粪海胆生殖腺粗多糖提取工艺研究

采用L9(3~4)正交实验,以马粪海胆(Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus)生殖腺粗多糖得率为指标,研究提取温度、提取时间、料水比、提取次数4个因素对马粪海胆生殖腺粗多糖提取工艺的影响。以正交实验的实验条件和马粪海胆生殖腺粗多糖得率为自变量和因变量建立多元线性模型,所得到的统计参数分别为R=0.922,F=2.854,并用所建立的线性模型预测两个实验条件的多糖得率。     

钝顶螺旋藻多糖提取工艺的研究——三氯乙酸(TCA)法的正交实验优化

研究了用三氯乙酸(TCA)脱除蛋白质提取钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)多糖的工艺,并以提取率、样品糖含量与蛋白含量为指标,应用正交实验设计优化了提取液pH值、提取温度及提取时间3个因素。结果表明,在提取液pH值为12、提取温度为90℃及提取时间为8h的最佳条件下,所得螺旋藻多糖为白色粉末,提取率为3.10%,糖质量分数为81.79%,蛋白质量分数为0.57%。     

一株海洋红法夫酵母Phaffia rhodozyma RP-306产虾青素的发酵条件优化

为提高海洋红法夫酵母Phaffia rhodozyma RP-306的虾青素产量,本研究利用单因素和响应面实验对其发酵条件进行了优化。首先用单因素实验确定了蔗糖、酵母粉、硫酸铵、pH、温度和装液量6个因素的初始值,再利用Plackett-Burman实验筛选出了影响较大的3个因素:蔗糖、pH、温度,并采用最陡爬坡实验确定了因素的合理范围,最后采用响应面法中的中心组合设计进行优化,其优化发酵条件为:蔗糖29.93 g/L,酵母粉2.0 g/L,硫酸铵5.0 g/L,pH 5.27,温度19.9℃。在此条件下虾青素产量从13.46 mg/L提高到17.04 mg/L,比优化前提高了26.61%。以优化后发酵条件进行分批发酵,虾青素产量达到28.86 mg/L,为进一步发酵放大研究奠定了良好基础。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,