大鹏澳网箱养鱼水体自身污染及富营养化研究

根据1998年8－10月每月1次对大亚湾大鹏澳网箱养鱼水体26h定点连续观测,采用国内常用的营养状态质量指数（INQ）法,并选用COD、TIN、PO4－P和Chla为评价指标,分析了各网箱水体的富营养化程度,讨论了A网箱INQ值的周日变化;用质量平衡法估算了网箱养鱼水体的氮、磷负荷量。分析结果表明,8－10月份各网箱水体营养况状属中营养水平;INQ值的周日变化中,高峰出现在12：00－18：00,各网箱水体富营养化程度随着放养密度的增加而增大,8、9月份最为明显。网箱养鱼的水体的氮、磷负荷从7月至9月逐渐增大,10月开始下降。     

福建三都澳水产养殖区水体氮磷含量及潜在性富营养化程度分析

根据2001年1－12月对福建三都澳内青山和渔坛两个主要网箱养殖区海水营养盐（NH2－N、NO3－N、NO2－N和PO4－P）含量的监测结果，报道了其含量变化特征及潜在性富营养化程度。结果表明：该水体NO3－N、NO2－N、NH3－N、PO4－P的平均含量分别为0．306、0．017、0．024、0．034mg/dm^3。这两个养殖区水体的潜在性富营养化程度春、夏季属于中度营养，秋、冬季属于富营养。     

通过水体置换降低水库富营养化风险：长江口青草沙水库案例研究

城市淡水系统的富营养化风险是世界范围内普遍关注的问题。多种物理、生物和化学技术手段被应用到富营养化湖库的治理当中，以期抑制水体的富营养化程度和藻类生物量。经证实，在未有效降低营养盐来源的情况下，这些手段的效果有限。而在发展中国家，控制营养盐来源可能需要花费数十年的时间。本研究旨在分析某一高营养盐负荷的沿海水库的富营养化和藻类水华风险，以期确认通过水利调度来抑制水库富营养化状态的可行性。该案例水库为位于长江口的青草沙水库。该水库2009至2012年期间的库内五个点位的水质数据被用于进行案例分析。水质指标包括水温、透明度、溶解氧、总氮、总磷和浮游植物叶绿素a。该水库的建设期为2009年4月至2010年10月，期间水库未曾与长江口发生水体交换。该水库的试运营期为2010年10月至2011年1月，正式运营期为2011年1月至今。在运营期间，库内与长江口的水体交换逐步上升。综合营养状态指数（TLI）被用于评估该水库的营养状态变化情况，该指数是通过数个代表性水质指标计算得到。库区的TLI指数峰值在2009年夏季可达51，在2011年夏季可达55，超过TLI指数的富营养化阈值50。TLI的谷值32出现在2010年的夏季。水质观测期的其他时段的TLI指数均可保持在50以下。以上分析结果表明：水库在2009年和2011年夏季由于过量的营养盐负荷和藻类水华迅速恶化到富营养化状态。水库在2010年和2012年均未出现富营养化状态和藻类水华，这是由于2010年期间水库缺少营养盐输入，2012年期间水库调度充分地置换了库区水体。库区水质指标的时空变化均通过文中的观测资料和数据分析进行展示。经分析表明，通过潮汐涨落来充分置换库区水体的水库调度手段是一个极为经济有效的抑制高营养盐水体富营养化和藻类水华的工程手段。     

泉州湾表层水主要化学要素含量和富营养化指数的时空变化特征

根据泉州湾2010年4个航次的现场调查资料,分析泉州湾表层海水中化学需氧量、无机氮、活性磷酸盐含量的季节变化特征,应用海湾富营养化评价模式对泉州湾海域海水富营养化状态进行评价,得出秋季和冬季富营养化指数（17.85和18.32）相对较高,夏季和春季富营养化指数（3.02和5.89）相对较低,与无机氮、活性磷酸盐含量的季节变化特征相似.根据近20 a泉州湾海域历史监测数据得出富营养化指数年际变化特征呈现先缓慢升高,后下降,最后又升高的趋势,与无机氮、活性磷酸盐的年均含量变化特征基本相似,近几年来富营养化指数（14.57）急剧增大,表明泉州湾海水富营养化程度非常严重.泉州湾海水富营养化指数平面分布特征总体上呈现由湾口向晋江入海口、后渚附近海域逐渐递增的趋势,与无机氮含量平面分布特征一致,与活性磷酸盐含量平面分布特征相似.     

1992—2012杭州湾海域生物多样性的变化趋势及原因分析

本文依据浙江省舟山海洋生态环境监测站(1992—2012年)20年的杭州湾生态环境质量监测数据,对杭州湾海洋生物多样性的现状及发展趋势进行了分析,并结合环境因子对生物多样性的变化原因进行了探讨。结果表明:杭州湾海域生物生存环境较为恶劣,生物多样性较低,生物群落结构简单,种类较少。20年间,杭州湾海域生物多样性的变化可大体分为2个阶段,第一阶段是20世纪90年代初至2000年,杭州湾生物群落的各项指标普遍呈现下降的趋势;第二阶段是2000年后至今,由于各项生态环境保护措施加强,杭州湾生物群落得到一定程度的恢复。相关性分析表明,DIN、DIP、COD和富营养化对杭州湾海域生物多样性产生了显著的影响。20年来杭州湾海域生物多样性的变化主要受人类活动的影响,污水排放导致的富营养化对生物多样性的丧失也有很大影响,滩涂围垦等沿海开发使海洋生物栖息地片段化,单调化,加速了生物多样性的降低。     

大亚湾大鹏澳养殖网箱水体无机氮的生物地球化学

根据1998年8－10月个月每月一次对大鹏澳海区养殖网箱水体26h定点连续观测，统计了各网箱NO3－N，NO2－N和NH4－N周日变化范围和平等值，分析了三氮的周日变化特征，讨论了三氮的热力学平衡及三氮与环境因子的相互关系，并估算了各网箱水体的氮负荷，研究结果表明：（1）各网箱水体三氮的周日变化除9月份外，基本无无规律性，（2）网箱水体无机氮之间的转化是不完全的，养殖时间愈长其转化愈不完全，无机氮化合物这间远未达到热力学平衡，（3）峙箱水体无机氮主要来源于残饵和养殖生物排泄物等的化学和生物需氧有机物质的氧化分解，影响三氮变化的主要因子，8．9月份是化学过程，10月份是生物过程。     

杭州湾对虾淡化养殖池水中叶绿素的测定与分析

2002年5～7月对杭州湾萧山现代农业开发区农发养殖实验场的4口大小不同、放苗量不同、产量不一的淡化对虾养殖虾池水体中的叶绿素a、脱镁叶绿素的含量及其分布特征进行了测定和分析,结果表明:(1)在养殖过程中,4口虾池的叶绿素a含量均较高,各虾池叶绿素a含量变化趋势基本相同但变化幅度不一,所测数值中有68%超过富营养化阈值,因而该水体在养殖期间已呈富营养化状态,但此间没有发生赤潮。(2)4口虾池水体中的脱镁叶绿素与叶绿素a含量比值的变化有所不同,1、4号虾池在养殖过程中该比值呈下降趋势,表明1、4号虾池水质相对正常、稳定;2、3号虾池在养殖中期该比值急剧上升,表明2、3号虾池在养殖中期水质曾发生剧烈变化,这直接导致了养殖对虾的减产。因而,养殖水体水质的剧烈变化较其富营养化程度更能直接影响对虾的产量。     

北塘口近岸海域水环境质量时空变化分析及预测

通过分析2005年-2010年北塘口及其邻近海域水环境现场调查资料,同时结合历史数据进行对比,结果表明:(1)北塘口河口水体中COD和BOD5超标严重,整体污染态势以2008年为界呈现先降低后升高的趋势;邻近海域水体中无机氮为最主要污染物,其中硝酸盐是无机氮中最主要组成部分,但丰水期时亚硝酸盐氮和枯水期时铵盐氮所占比例逐年升高,说明区域水体氧化还原环境的潜在变化;N/P比值远高于正常的Redfield 16比值表明,区域水体已处于潜在严重P限制状态,同时,区域严重富营养化状态也极易诱导区域赤潮爆发;(2)丰水期陆源无机氮大量输入,使区域水体大部分时间超该区域功能区划要求的Ⅳ类海水水质标准,但底质沉积物环境相对比较稳定,各监测项目全部符合一类海洋沉积物质量标准要求;(3)丰水期和枯水期时,活性磷酸盐含量1983年-1998年分别增加了16.6倍和17.2倍,1998年-2010年由于监控措施的加强,极大地降低了P排放,丰水期和枯水期时活性磷酸盐含量最大增幅分别降到了5.84倍和2.33倍,无机氮含量增幅也呈现明显减小趋势,1983年-1998年丰水期和枯水期分别增加了8.37倍和13.7倍,而1998年-2010年丰水期和枯水期最大增幅也仅为3.52倍和3.28倍;整体看来水质和底质环境有缓和趋势,但潜在威胁仍然严重.     

渤海无机氮年际变化分析

根据1985－1998年渤海断面资料分析，高浓度无机氮水体从断面近岸海域通过底层水体逐年向渤海中剖迁移和扩散。断面海域底层一无机氮浓度的年际变化可以比较稳定地反映水体的富营养化程度。渤海断面海域硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮年际变化的主要部分原本呈现准平衡态变化，由于海水污染程度的持续增长，破坏了这种准平衡态年际变化，海洋生物－化学过程仅能够维持其年际变化的次要部分呈现准平衡态变化，但是不足以阻止其主要部分脱离准平衡态变化。海洋生物的繁殖和聚集密度对无机氮浓度的空间分布有重要影响。     

长江河口南汇嘴潮滩近期演变分析

南汇嘴潮滩位于长江口和杭州湾的交汇地带,受长江口和杭州湾北岸两股潮流的控制,近年来由于低潮滩促淤围垦工程导致其水流和泥沙运移、沉积和地貌发生了显著的变化。根据近期水文泥沙观测资料及1993年、1998年、2003年、2005年的实测地形图资料,分析了南汇嘴潮滩近期演变特征。研究结果表明:1993-1998年为淤涨期;1998-2003年为冲淤调整期;2003-2005年呈现向外淤涨的趋势。而造成这一趋势的原因主要包括潮滩海洋动力作用、长江入海泥沙变化及近岸海岸工程建设等。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.