太平洋海域海气热通量地理分布和时间变化的研究

应用美国宇航局Goddard地球观测系统四维资料同化系统计算和分析了太平洋海域感热通量和潜热通量随时间的变化规律和地理分布特征.研究结果表明,太平洋西北部海域热通量有明显的季节性变化,其余海域这种现象不明显.在太平洋海域总是存在潜热通量最高值区域,而感热通量除冬季20°N以北海域数值稍高外,其余海域数值都很小,没有出现最高值区域.纬度不同热通量随经度的变化规律不同,经度不同,热通量随纬度的分布规律也不同,同时各断面热通量随纬度的分布趋势随季节而改变.     

中国近海及其邻近海域海气热通量的模式计算

应用美国宇航局Goddard地球观测系统四维资料同化系统计算和分析了近海海域感热通量和潜热通量的季节性变化规律和地理分布特征.结果表明,近海各季感热通量冬、秋季较大,春、夏季较小.其地理分布特点是冬季感热通量的分布随纬度变化十分明显,纬度越高感热通量越大,且等值线分布密集.在台湾以东、日本以南海域,感热通量等值线呈西南一东北走向.在南海海域,感热通量比周围海域略低,感热通量等值线在该海域呈一低值倒槽分布;潜热通量冬、秋季在台湾东北部、日本南部和东南部海域形成最大值区,等值线呈西南东北走向.春、夏季在黄海海域存在潜热通量的极小值区,同时春季在日本南部海域存在潜热通量的极大值区或最大值区.因为台湾以东、日本以南海域正好是黑潮流经的区域,所以此海域的热通量与黑潮有密切关系.     

Model calculation of air-sea heat fluxes over ocean area near Chinawith GEOS DAS system

INTRODUCTIONThebulktransfermethodanddirectmeasurementorgradientmeasurementmethodareusuallyusedforthefluxobservationandcalculation.ThesemethodsprovidethefluxvaluesonlyinthelOCationwherethemeasurementsarecarriedout.Inrecentyearsscientistsbegantousemodelcombinedwithremotesensingdataforcalculationofflux.Itsmainpropertyistoobtainthefluxdistributionoverawideareasimultaneouslyandunderstandthegeographicaldistributioncharacterisiticsoffluxconvenientlyanddirectly.Inthispaper,wewillcalculatethegeog…     

不同时间尺度系统对热带太平洋海-气潜热通量贡献的估计

对热带太平洋不同尺度系统对海洋大气之间潜热通量的贡献进行了计算分析。分析使用了Launianen和Vihma(1990)依据相似理论编写的计算软件和TOGA-TAO观测资料。通过分析发现，小尺度系统对热量通量没有太多的影响；天气尺度系统在赤道西太平洋对热量通量的影响较大；天气尺度系统对热量通量的贡献在赤道外地区要比在赤道地区大。分析还发现，在厄尔尼诺年赤道中太平洋地区天气尺度系统对热量通量的贡献较大，这意味着赤道中太平洋天气尺度系统的活动对触发厄尔尼诺事件可能具有重要的影响。     

The heat balance on the sea surface in the mature phase of 1982/83 El Nino event

Using the air-sea data set of January, 1983 (the mature phase of the 1982/83 El Nino event), the net radiation on the sea surface, the fluxes of the latent and the sensible heat from ocean to the atmosphere and the net heat gain of the sea surface are calculated over the Indian and the Pacific Oceans for the domain of 35°N-35°S and 45°E-75°W. The results indicate that the upward transfer of the latent and the sensible heat fluxes over the winter hemisphere is larger than that over the summer hemisphere. The sensible heat over the tropical mid Pacific in the Southern Hemisphere is transported from the atmosphere to the ocean, though its magnitude is rather small. The latent heat flux gained by the air over the eastern Pacific is less than the mean value of the normal year. The net radiation, on which the cloud amount has considerable impact, is essentially zonally distributed. Moreover, the sea surface temperature (SST) has a very good correlation with the net radiation, the region of warm SST coinci     

西太平洋热通量变化及其与中国夏季降水量异常的联系

利用EOF方法分析了1951～2008年间西太平洋湍动热通量的时空特征,并探讨了中国夏季降水异常与同期西太平洋潜热通量时空格局的联系.结果显示,西太平洋潜热和感热通量距平场具有较相似的空间分布以及显著的年际变化,但潜热通量的变化幅度较感热通量大;潜热通量距平场的空间变化存在明显季节差异.冬季潜热通量变化的显著区域位于黑潮流域,而夏季则见于西太平洋暖池区.冬、夏季潜热通量除了具有准4a振荡周期外,还存在着明显的线性增强的长期变化趋势.进一步分析表明,夏季西太平洋潜热通量变异主要存在着偶极型、同一型和三极子型模态,其时间系数分别具有显著的准4a、准2a和29a的周期变化,它们分别对应着不同的中国夏季降水量异常的分布,而大范围的潜热通量负异常则与中国江淮流域大部和华北北部地区的降水偏多相对应.这为中国降水量的异常及机理研究提供了必要基础.     

北太平洋热通量场的时空变化特征及其与大气环流的关系

利用ＣＯＡＤＳ资料，首先计算了１９４９－１９７９年逐月北太平洋洋面的潜热通量与感热通量之和，并进行ＥＯＦ分解，然后分析它们的时空变化特征。结果表明：１、在北太平洋，季平均热通值的季节变化具有两种形式，而且主要决定于风速值的季节变化，尤以东亚季风的效应为最明显。２、暖池区全年平均的多年月平均热通量及其标准差都居北太平洋诸洋流区之首。３、北太平洋异常热通量场具有最重要的两种类型。１月异常热通量主要类型     

西太平洋暖池区域热通量变化及其与南海夏季风爆发的关系

利用卫星遥感资料反演出的海洋大气参数,应用目前世界较为先进的通量算法(CORAER 3.0),计算了西太平洋区域海-气热通量(感热通量和潜热通量)。首先分析了海-气热通量的多年平均场和气候场变化的基本特征,以及年际和年代际变化特征;进而对其与南海夏季风爆发之间的关系进行了初步探讨。结果表明,西太平洋海-气热通量具有明显的时空分布特征,感热通量的最大值出现在黑潮区域,潜热通量的最大值出现在北赤道流区和黑潮区域。在气候平均场中,黑潮区域的感热通量和潜热通量最大值均出现在冬季,最小值出现在夏季;暖池区域感热通量除了春季较小外,冬、夏和秋季基本相同,而潜热通量最大值出现在秋、冬季,最小值出现在春、夏季。另外,海-气热通量还具有显著的年际变化和年代际变化,感热通量和潜热通量均存在16 a周期,与南海夏季风爆发存在相同的周期。由相关分析可知,4月份暖池区域的海-气热通量与滞后3 a的南海夏季风爆发之间存在密切相关关系,这种时滞相关性,可以用于进行南海夏季风爆发的预测,为我国汛期降水预报提供科学依据。基于以上结论,建立多元回归方程对2012年的南海夏季风爆发进行了预测,预测2012年南海夏季风爆发将偏晚1～2候左右。     

2000年南海季风爆发前后西沙海域海-气热量交换特征

利用2000年5月6日至6月17日在西沙海域进行的第二次南海海-气通量观测资料,计算了南海季风爆发前后海洋-大气间的辐射收支、感热通量、潜热通量及海洋热量净收支;发现季风爆发后海-气热量交换突然发生变化,其中潜热通量、海洋热量净收支变化尤为显著。讨论了季风爆发前后各种天气过程影响下海-气热量、水汽交换特点和海洋热量净收支变化,说明季风爆发前海洋是一个能量积累过程,季风爆发期海洋是一个能量释放过程,季风中断期海洋是一个能量再积累过程;季风爆发后西南大风期持续时间和强度,强烈影响水汽蒸发量大小,进而影响我国大陆上夏季降水,通过南海与阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾、西太平洋暖池等不同海域资料对比,分析了它们在海-气热量交换上的差别,指出这种差别是爆发后南海SST基本稳定而阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾SST明显降低的主要原因。     

Analysis of the air-sea heat exchange during the El Nino event in 1983

In this paper,by using the ECMWF objective analysed data as well as CAC and NOAA grid point data of 1981 and 1983,the sensible and latent heat fluxes at the air and sea boundary surface within the range of 45°E-75°W, 35°N-35°S over the Pacific and the Indian Ocean are calculated. The purpose is to analyse the different revealing features during the mature stage and at the end of the 1982 -1983 El Nino event and to compare the difference of the features between thd El Nino and the normal. The result shows that the air and sea heat exchange west of the dateline over the central tropical Pacific during the EJ Nino period is more intense than that of the normal. However,the fluxes of the sensible and latent heat on the sea surface with strong warming of SSTneat by and on the south side of the equator east of 170°W are low and even negative,and the patterns of the sensible and latent heat fluxes over the Indian Ocean during the year of 1983 are similer to that of normal. Spatial patterns of the sensible     

Seasonal variability of turbulent heat fluxes in the tropical Atlantic Ocean based on WHOI flux product

The mean seasonal variability of turbulent heat fluxes in the tropical Atlantic Ocean is examined using the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution(WHOI) flux product.The most turbulent heat fluxes occur during winter seasons in the two hemispheres,whose centers are located at 10°~20°N and 5°～15°S respectively.In climatological ITCZ,the turbulent heat fluxes are the greatest from June to August,and in equatorial cold tongue the turbulent heat fluxes are the greatest from March to May.Seasonal variability of sensible heat flux is smaller than that of latent heat flux and mainly is dominated by the variations of air-sea temperature difference.In the region with larger climatological mean wind speed(air-sea humidity difference),the variations of air-sea humidity difference(wind speed) dominate the variability of latent heat flux.The characteristics of turbulent heat flux yielded from theory analysis and WHOI dataset is consistent in physics which turns out that WHOI's flux data are pretty reliable in the tropical Atlantic Ocean.     

基于浮标、NCEP2及OAFlux产品的新海表感热和潜热通量对比分析

New satellite-derived latent and sensible heat fluxes are performed by using Wind Sat wind speed, Wind Sat sea surface temperature, the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasting(ECMWF) air humidity, and ECMWF air temperature from 2004 to 2014. The 55 moored buoys are used to validate them by using the 30 min and 25 km collocation window. Furthermore, the objectively analyzed air-sea heat fluxes(OAFlux) products and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis 2(NCEP2) products are also used for global comparisons. The mean biases of sensible and latent heat fluxes between Wind Sat flux results and buoy flux data are –0.39 and –8.09 W/m~2, respectively. In addition, the rootmean-square(RMS) errors of the sensible and latent heat fluxes between them are 5.53 and 24.69 W/m~2,respectively. The RMS errors of sensible and latent heat fluxes are observed to gradually increase with an increasing buoy wind speed. The difference shows different characteristics with an increasing sea surface temperature, air humidity, and air temperature. The zonal average latent fluxes have some high regions which are mainly located in the trade wind zones where strong winds carry dry air in January, and the maximum value centers are found in the eastern waters of Japan and on the US east coast. Overall, the seasonal variability is pronounced in the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, and the Atlantic Ocean. The three sensible and latent heat fluxes have similar latitudinal dependencies; however, some differences are found in some local regions.     

吕宋海峡西部深海盆内孤立波潜标观测研究

Using a net surface heat flux （Qnet） product obtained from the objectively analyzed air-sea fluxes （OAFlux） project and the international satellite cloud climatology project （ISCCP）, and temperature from the simple ocean data assimilation （SODA）, the seasonal variations of the air-sea heat fluxes in the northwestern Pa cific marginal seas （NPMS） and their roles in sea surface temperature （SST） seasonality are studied. The seasonal variations of Qnet, which is generally determined by the seasonal cycle of latent heat flux （LH）, are in response to the advection-induced changes of SST over the Kuroshio and its extension. Two dynamic regimes are identified in the NPMS： one is the area along the Kuroshio and its extension, and the other is the area outside the Kuroshio. The oceanic thermal advection dominates the variations of SST and hence the sea-air humidity plays a primary role and explains the maximum heat losing along the Kuroshio. The heat transported by the Kuroshio leads to a longer period of heat losing over the Kuroshio and its Extension. Positive anomaly of heat content corresponds with the maximum heat loss along the Kuroshio. The oceanic advection controls the variations of heat content and hence the surface heat flux. This study will help us understand the mechanism controlling variations of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system in the NPMS. In the Kuroshio region, the ocean current controls the ocean temperature along the main stream of the Ku roshio, and at the same time, forces the air-sea fluxes.     

西北太平洋海气界面热通量时空分布特征研究

基于第三版本HOAPs (Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite Data)海表面温度、潜热通量、感热通量、海表面空气比湿以及海表面风场5个参量的18 a(1988～2005年)逐月平均资料,利用经验正交函数和奇异值分解方法分析了异常潜热和感热通量场在西北太平洋的时空分布特征及造成这种分布的主要影响因素.EOF的分析结果表明,异常潜热通量场主要体现为第一第二两个模态的变化,第一模态显示整个海域呈同相变化且在时间上呈准年周期变化,第二模态则描述了分别位于10°N,25°N和40°N的3个极值中心并伴随多年振荡,由因子载荷分布可知热带太平洋是第二模态的行为中心,因此该模态可能与ENSO事件相关.异常感热通量场则主要表现为第一模态的变化,在时间上呈准年周期变化并伴随有多年时间尺度的振荡.奇异值分解方法的分析结果表明异常海表面风场是异常潜热和感热通量场时空变化的重要影响因素.     

海-气界面热通量算法的研究及在中国近海的应用

对计算海-气界面湍流热通量的Bulk算法的一些参数进行了改进。使用西沙实测资料、GSSTF2资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及改进后的算法,计算了中国近海地区的感热通量、潜热通量。计算结果与西沙实测资料、长年代的GSSTF2资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料进行比较验证,证明改进后的方法精度较高,基本可以保证湍流热通量的平均标准偏差在10W/m2左右,与多年的月平均做比较,相对偏差为25%左右;同时,不仅首次将计算热通量的空间尺度精确到0·1°×0·1°,而且基本模拟出了南海季风暴发期间热通量变化的主要特点以及中国近海热通量随季节、纬度和海岸地形的变化特征。     

Air-sea heat flux exchange over the South China Sea under different weather conditions before and after southwest monsoon onset in 2000

With the data observed from the Second SCS Air-Sea Flux Experiment on the Xisha air-sea flux research tower, the radiation budget, latent, sensible heat fluxes and net oceanic heat budgets were caculated before and after summer monsoon onset. It is discovered that, after summer monsoon onset, there are considerable changes in air-sea fluxes, especially in latent heat fluxes and net oceanic heat budget. Furthermore, the analyzed results of five synoptic stages are compared. And the characteristics of the flux transfer during different stages around onset of South China Sea monsoon are discussed. The flux change shows that there is an oceanic heat accumulating process during the pre-onset and the break period, as same as oceanic heat losing process during the onset period. Moreover, latent fluxes, the water vapor moving to the continent, even the rainfall appearance in Chinese Mainland also can be influenced by southwester. Comparing Xisha fluxes with those obtained from the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean, their differences may be obeerved. It is the reason why SSTs can keep stableover the South China Sea while they decrease quickly over the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal aftermonsoon onset.     

赤道海洋对罕见台风“画眉”的响应

利用GHRSST L4、QuikSCAT、OAFLUX以及SeaWiFS L3资料分析了近赤道罕见台风"画眉"生成前后海表温度SST及其感热通量、潜热通量和叶绿素a浓度的变化。在台风"画眉"生成之前,中南半岛沿岸海表平均温度较其他区域低,并且在南海盛行东北风,在台风生成区有一明显的气旋性涡旋存在。南海北部地区潜热通量和感热通量均较大,而在台风的生成区域仅感热通量较大。台风"画眉"使其路径右侧的区域发生海表温度降低,相对于其他强度较强的台风降温较小,海表温度在马来半岛以东洋面以及马六甲海峡降低明显,降低约2—2.5℃。与高纬度的台风类似,台风"画眉"使中南半岛沿岸以及马来半岛与苏门答腊岛之间的地区叶绿素a浓度相对于台风前增大0.6 mg.m 3以上。     

2008年南海季风爆发前后西沙海域海气通量变化特征

基于2008年4至5月在南海西沙永兴岛进行的海气通量观测试验资料和NCEP资料,应用COARE3.0通量算法计算了海气通量,分析了季风爆发前后西沙海域天气变化特点和海气通量对南海季风爆发的响应。结果表明:2008年南海季风首先于5月第1候在南海南部爆发,受热带气旋等因素的影响,北部海区季风爆发推迟到5月18日。季风爆发和热带气旋活动对西沙海域的风速和海气通量影响较大,其中热带气旋的影响更强烈。热带气旋来临之前,潜热通量、感热通量以及动量通量均较小;在气旋活动及此后的季风爆发时期,大风使潜热通量和动量通量显著增强,感热通量则在降水期间变化明显;动量通量的最大值出现在热带气旋活动期间,其在此过程中的均值是观测初期均值的3倍以上。在整个观测过程中,潜热通量明显大于感热通量,后者是前者的16∶1。不同类型天气过程中,潜热通量的日变化相似,而感热通量的日变化有差异。湍流交换系数与风速有较好的相关关系。     

Monthly Variation of Sea-Air Temperature Differences in the Korean Coast

Monthly variations of sensible heat, latent heat and momentum fluxes and the modification of sea temperature to air temperature were examined at four coastal stations—Sokcho, Kangnung, Ulsan and Chungmu in the path of the East Korea Warm Current from the year of 1981 to 1990, which was one of main migration routes of Japanese common squid. The difference between monthly averaged sea surface and air temperatures at the 10 m height above the sea surface mainly became negative values from April through August, while they had positive ones from September through March. Monthly variability of the temperature differences is significant in both summer and winter, while it is generally small in spring and fall. Negative values of sensible heat fluxes, which indicated a heat gain by the sea through heat conduction across the air-sea interface were found at the four coastal stations from April to August. Minimum values of sensible heat fluxes at Sokcho, Kangnung and Chungmu were in June, except for Ulsan in August. To the contrary, positive sensible heat flux implying a heat loss from sea toward atmosphere occurred from October to February with a maximum in December. Latent heat fluxes due to condensation of moist air over sea surface had small magnitudes from April to August and those due to evaporation of water particles from the sea surface into the lower atmosphere had relatively large magnitudes from October to March. Minimum values of latent heat fluxes also occurred in June except for August in Ulsan. Momentum flux was small from June to August under weak wind in summer, but it was large from December to February under strong wind in winter. Regression equations between sea surface temperature and air temperature at the 10 m height above the sea surface had very high correlation coefficients from 0.92-0.98, except for 0.78-0.84 of Ulsan, which was partially affected by upwelling of cool water from the bottom into the sea surface. Similar to the sea surface, correlation coefficients were over 0.83-0.97 except for 0.70-0.79 for Ulsan at the 10 m depth of sea and were over 0.70-0.95 except for 0.59-0.82 for Ulsan at the 20 m depth.     

1997年冬季南海南部海区不同天气过程下的湍流通量输送

利用“九五”南沙群岛及其邻近海区综合科学考察 1 997年 1 1月 3— 2 6日期间的走航和定点连续观测获得的大气和海洋资料 ,探讨了调查海区的气象特征 ;使用考虑风速和大气稳定性影响并经高度订正的整体通量输送动力学公式 ,计算了动量、感热和潜热的湍流通量。结果表明 ,与其它天气过程相比 ,降水过程期间无论是大气向海洋输送的动量通量 ,还是海洋向大气输送的感热和潜热通量 ,其值都是最大的。