南黄海灾害地质及地质环境演变

利用浅地层剖面、卫星遥感及钻孔资料,研究了南黄海灾害地质类型及其分布,编制了南黄海灾害地质图。南黄海灾害地质类型很多,包括活断层、地震、海岸侵蚀、海岸淤积、沙波、现代潮流沙脊、古潮流沙脊、水下三角洲、古三角洲、古河道、浅层气、埋藏古河道、埋藏古三角洲和埋藏古湖沼洼地等。它们的分布范围很大,特别是在122.5°E以西的海域和海岸带地区,海洋灾害地质类型分布密集。晚更新世以来黄海地区发生了3次大规模海进,3次海进之间还经历了两次较大规模的海退成陆过程,这些过程决定了南黄海海域复杂的海洋灾害地质类型及分布。南黄海众多的灾害地质问题将会对海底工程建设安全构成很大威胁,应该引起高度重视。     

晚更新世南黄海西部陆架的古长江三角洲

晚更新世气候的冷暖交替引起全球海平面的下降与上升,在南黄海地层中,最直接的体现就是海陆交互式沉积层。利用最新的高分辨率浅地层剖面资料,对南黄海西部近海陆架晚更新世以来的地震地层进行了详细划分,探讨了晚更新世两个海进层序中古三角洲的划分及其地震相特征,认为晚更新世南黄海古三角洲可分为4个较大的期次。根据沉积物特征分析判断4期古三角洲均为古长江形成,各期三角洲相互叠置,范围、厚度及扩建方向均有不同,各期古长江三角洲与海平面变化有很好的对应关系。     

北黄海西部晚第四纪浅层地震剖面层序分析

结合前人工作对北黄海西部7条浅层地震剖面测线进行解译，所揭示的晚第四纪U1-U4沉积单元的特征是：U1围绕山东半岛形成楔状沉积体，厚度从近岸地区的大于40m向海减薄到0m；U2平均厚度为15m，分布稳定，在研究区由东北向西南增厚；U3平均厚度为20m左右，西南薄，东北厚；U4只在部分剖面上有记录。测线显示，U2单元层中存在埋藏古河道，大部分被天然气充填，形成两条NE-SW向延伸的分支河道，初步认为其属于古黄河北支水系，位于全新世地层之下的晚更新世地层中，为黄河在晚更新世末期（15～9 kaBP）流经北黄海西部的产物。     

南黄海西部滨浅海区灾害地质因素特征及分布规律

根据浅地层地震剖面的解译结果,对南黄海西部滨浅海区灾害地质要素进行了识别。结果表明,研究区存在多种灾害地质要素,包括海岸侵蚀与淤积、水下浅滩、浅层气、埋藏古河道和古三角洲、沙脊、陡坡、沙层液化、冲蚀沟槽、滑坡、差异性压实断层等等。探讨了灾害地质要素的特征和分布规律,并绘制了主要灾害地质要素分布图。     

南黄海西部浅部地层地震层序及其沉积特征

南黄海陆架在第四纪具有海侵—海退交替发生、海陆相地层交互沉积的特点,沉积相及其分布主要受海平面变化与古河流及其三角洲的控制。对南黄海西部地区采集的5600km浅层地震剖面进行了层序划分与解释,得到以下认识:(1)早更新世晚期以来的南黄海地层可分为U1—U14共14个地震地层单元,组成6个地震层序,代表了6次大规模海侵-海退过程,其中氧同位素5期海相地层在该地区最发育;(2)根据全新世地层厚度变化,将该区分为6个沉积区:东部弱沉积区、中北部沉积发育区、海州湾外侵蚀区、废黄河口沉积区、射阳河口岸外侵蚀区和苏北浅滩沉积区;(3)氧同位素6期至2期,南黄海西部陆相层内发育了3期埋藏古河道:上层古河道发育于氧同位素2期,古长江水系、古黄河水系分别自南黄海南部、北部流入古黄海;中层古河道发育于氧同位素4期,仅分布于近岸地区;下层古河道发育于氧同位素6期,分布于123°E以西地区,其南部古河道应为古长江水系,规模较大,其北部古河道规模较小,分布范围有限;(4)古长江第四纪早期在古黄海入海,古黄河在氧同位素5期中后期也开始自古黄海入海,其古河道发育具有一定继承性,后期发育规模逐渐增大;(5)气候温暖的高海面时期发育于构造沉降...     

江苏中部海岸西洋潮流通道区域晚更新世古地貌与沉积体系研究

南黄海曾是长江和黄河两大河流输送的陆源沉积物重要的汇，其沉积记录含有河流演化的丰富信息。江苏海岸中部、南黄海西侧、辐射沙脊群西北的西洋潮流通道及其邻区受到古黄河与古长江的交互影响，其古地貌与沉积地层等研究尚显不足。利用该区多次采集获得的长约380 km的浅层地震剖面数据，结合钻孔资料，分析了西洋浅部地震层序，探讨了其沉积环境特征。研究结果表明，西洋潮流通道区域在平均海面以下33~49 m处，存在一个强振幅、中频率、高连续性的区域性反射界面，与对比钻孔中滨岸沼泽沉积的顶面相对应，代表一个不整合的古地貌面；该界面深度的空间插值结果反演的古地貌面与下伏的沟槽状切割-充填反射结构，揭示了数条沿NE方向延伸的古水道，并集中分布于古地貌面北部相对低洼的区域，为南黄海内陆架晚更新世某古水系的一部分；该古地貌面系末次冰消期的海侵冲刷面，其上覆是全新世滨浅海沉积，下伏是晚更新世末期的洪泛平原或滨岸沼泽或充填下切古河道或古潮道等沉积。对该区域性反射界面的深入研究有助于弄清南黄海西部晚更新世以来的沉积体系演化历史，提升对辐射沙脊群形成演化的认识。     

南黄海埋藏古河系研究

1987—1989年浅地层测量结果表明,南黄海海底存在许多埋藏古河道、古湖泊、古三角洲,它们组成一个完整的水系。据矿物分析和化学成分分析,北部的古河道为古黄河水系,南部的为古长江水系,二者有可能一度汇合于南黄海中部。它们可能形成于2.5—0.9万年以前的低海面时期。成山角东部的下部地层中发现更老的古河道,可能为中更新世古黄河河床。在南黄海中部80m水深处发现了低海面时期的古黄河、古长江三角洲,那里约为2.5万年以前的古海岸线。     

南黄海西部地区浅层气地震特征

通过近年来南黄海西部地区的浅层地震调查,发现该地区浅层气地震特征丰富而多变,特别是多处海底面、海水层中的浅层气地震记录,揭示本区存在较多浅层气,且部分浅层气由海底逸出,释放到海水层中。该区的浅层气地震特征按空间位置分为3大类:(1)地层中的特征:声学空白、声学幕、声学扰动、不规则强反射顶界面、两侧相位下拉;(2)海底面的特征:海底麻坑、大型塌陷坑;(3)海水层中的特征:声学羽流、云状扰动、点划线反射。选择相应特征的典型浅层气地震记录,进行了声学成因解释,讨论了大型塌陷坑的浅层气成因、海水层中声学反射与浅层气体的成因关系以及浅层气地震特征的气体浓度指示作用。根据南黄海西部地区浅层气地震特征,绘制了该区的浅层气分布图。     

黄海、渤海埋藏古河道区沉积物的地球化学特征

晚更新世以来,我国北方陆架海区受冰川气候变化的影响,曾经发生过多次沧桑变化及陆海变迁,黄海、渤海陆架区在冰川时期多次裸露成陆。当时陆架区发育的河流受后期海平面上升的影响而淹没在海底,进而埋藏于不同厚度的海相沉积物之下,成为陆架区的埋藏古河道。Лeнд?epr(1972)曾认为低海面时期黄河只流入渤海而没有进入黄海,在黄海北部发现的古河道是古鸭绿江。近代我国陆架海区古地理环境变迁的研究中,又有许多关于埋藏古河道的报道(耿秀山,1981;秦蕴珊等,1988;李凡等,1991);根据古河道出现的地理位置,以及部分沉积学标志提出,晚更新世末期低海面时期,古黄河曾经在南黄海陆架自北向南流动(李凡等,1993)。杨子赓(1985)根据浅地层地球物理测量资料推测,末次冰期低海面时期古长江自苏北弶港附近向北东方向延伸,可达北纬34°30′左右。近年来又有人提出,末次冰期时期气侯寒冷、干燥,陆架区处沙漠化环境。这样,晚更新世末期,渤海、黄海陆架区有无河流,陆架上发现的古河道是哪个水系的河流等便引起许多学者的思考。关于晚更新世末期的古地理环境问题尚有待于深入调査研究。然而,近期多次发表的大量高分辨地球物理调查结果表明,渤海、黄海和东海陆架区在晚更新世末期低海面时期有埋藏古河道已经基本上达到共识。在此基础上进一步确定埋藏古河道的属性,即研究古河道属于哪个水系已经成为研究我国北方陆架海区沉积作用发育历史的重要任务。本文旨在根据埋藏古河道区的样品,采用地球化学方法分析其物质来源,进而判断古河道的属性。     

南黄海中西部晚更新世沉积地层结构及其意义

利用1992—1993航次和1999航次获得的2000多公里的浅地层剖面资料,结合QC2钻孔岩芯的测年数据,对南黄海中西部海域晚更新世沉积地层结构进行了分析,并对地层进行了地质年代标定。研究结果表明,南黄海中西部晚更新统可划分出8个地震地层单元(U1～U8),它们所反映的相对海平面变化与全球海平面变化基本上相一致。根据沉积厚度、QC2孔岩心和地震反射结构特征推测,晚更新世早期(氧同位素5e)QC2孔附近区域发育古长江水下三角洲;而晚更新世中期(氧同位素3期),研究区西部也发育古三角洲沉积,究竟是古长江还是古黄河形成的还有待于进一步研究。南黄海北部盆地边界断层的构造活动一直延续到全新世初期,在一定程度上影响了来自西部沉积物的空间分布特征,并对晚更新世海平面上升时岸线向陆的推主牛、大面积湖泊的形成起了重要作用。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.