山东半岛南部近岸海域碎屑矿物对中小河流的物源响应

对山东半岛南部近岸海域的106个表层沉积物样品及大沽河、五龙河和乳山河的94个表层沉积物样品进行碎屑矿物分析,系统地研究了碎屑矿物的分布特征及物源指示。研究区共鉴定出40种重矿物和13种轻矿物,重矿物以普通角闪石、绿帘石、黑云母和自生黄铁矿为主,轻矿物以石英、斜长石、钾长石和风化云母为主。根据碎屑矿物组合特征,将研究区分为4个矿物区:Ⅰ区为胶州湾口至崂山头的附近海域;Ⅱ_1亚区为丁字湾和鳌山湾附近水深约15m以浅的海域,Ⅱ_2亚区为研究区东南部水深20m的远岸区;Ⅲ区处于Ⅱ区和Ⅳ区的过渡带;Ⅳ区为乳山口西南部近岸海域。Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区的矿物组合均为普通角闪石-绿帘石-石英-长石,Ⅰ区和Ⅱ_1亚区受大沽河、五龙河和乳山河输入的物质及沿岸基岩、岛屿风化碎屑的影响较大,Ⅱ_2亚区主要为晚更新世低海平面时形成的陆架残留沉积。Ⅲ区矿物组合为普通角闪石-石英-长石-片状矿物,Ⅳ区矿物组合为云母类-自生黄铁矿-普通角闪石-石英,Ⅲ区、Ⅳ区物源多样,黄河物质对两区贡献显著。     

东海内陆架EC2005孔重矿物组合特征及其物源指示意义

为探讨东海内陆架17.3ka BP以来的重矿物含量变化及其物源指示意义,对东海内陆架南部泥质沉积中心EC2005孔的沉积重矿物进行了鉴定和分析。结果表明:(1)在0.063—0.25mm粒级沉积物中,重矿物含量平均值为27.3%,变化范围为3.7%—89.6%,重矿物含量较高的部分均出现在自生黄铁矿富集的层位;(2)片状矿物、含铁氧化物、角闪石族矿物、绿帘石族矿物、白云石、辉石族矿物、变质矿物、蚀变矿物和自生黄铁矿占重矿物颗粒总数的96.0%以上,但其含量变化很大;(3)以重矿物分布特征为依据将岩心划分为Ⅰ—Ⅴ五个沉积层段,各层段对应的特征矿物分别为片状矿物、白云石、片状矿物、自生黄铁矿和榍石。结合粒度、AMS14C年代及西太平洋海平面变化等数据对物源进行分析,结果表明:自17.3ka BP以来,EC2005孔沉积物源主要是长江,其次还可能受到瓯江等浙江沿岸河流所输运物质的一定影响。     

莱州浅滩表层沉积物重矿物分布特征及物源识别

对莱州浅滩80个表层沉积样品进行碎屑矿物分析,主要研究重矿物分布特征,并探讨其物质来源。研究表明:本区优势矿物组合为普通角闪石-绿帘石-黑云母-褐铁矿,可划分成5个矿物区。浅滩滩体(Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区)稳定矿物(以榍石、石榴子石为主)含量高。浅滩北部顶端(Ⅱ区)金属矿物类分布集中,褐铁矿含量近1/3;浅滩两侧(Ⅲ区和Ⅳ区)为云母类高值区。浅滩西侧海域(Ⅳ区)含大量自生黄铁矿,为还原性沉积环境;浅滩西北(Ⅴ区)重矿物含量最高,优势矿物组合为普通角闪石-绿帘石-石榴子石。依据重矿物种类和矿物组合特征,结合陆源近岸河道及黄河沉积物矿物特征,研究显示:浅滩滩体沉积物主要为近岸河流输送,而浅滩两侧沉积物是双重来源,既来自陆地近岸又来自黄河物质向东的输送。矿物区的变化反映了该区水动力的复杂性。重矿物分布特征对研究本区海洋动力环境和探讨浅滩物源都有重要意义。     

青岛近岸海域表层沉积物重矿物分布及物源

对青岛近岸海域127个表层沉积物样品和周边入海河流22个表层沉积物样品重矿物分析,系统地研究了重矿物分布特征和物质来源。结果表明,研究区矿物组合为普通角闪石—绿帘石—黑云母—褐铁矿—自生黄铁矿,可划分为3个矿物分区。田横岛—千里岩岛矿物区(Ⅰ区)矿物组合为普通角闪石—绿帘石—褐铁矿—黑云母—阳起石,物源主要来自五龙河等沿岸河流,黄河物质也有贡献;崂山头东部矿物区(Ⅱ区)矿物组合为普通角闪石—绿帘石—褐铁矿—石榴子石,物源以残留沉积和沿岸侵蚀物为主;海阳—乳山近岸矿物区(Ⅲ区)矿物组合为普通角闪石—自生黄铁矿—黑云母—水黑云母—绿帘石—褐铁矿,沉积物受黄河影响显著,沿岸河流和岛屿侵蚀物也有影响。     

龙口屺(山母)岛海区重矿物分布——泥砂运移趋势

通过本海区156个表层沉积样品和主要河流自然重砂的鉴定分析,掌握了本区重矿物的分布规律。主要矿物有角闪石、绿帘石、金属矿物;标志性矿物有屑石、石榴石、辉石和自生黄铁矿。根据主要矿物和标志诖矿物含量变化及分布特征,划分五个矿物组合区,各组合区矿物组合特征指明了海区物质来源及泥沙运移趋势。海区物质主要来源于河流,除此,少量的物质来源于岛岸海蚀物质和特殊海区的化学或生物化学沉积。     

青岛近岸海域表层沉积物重矿物分布及物源北大核心CSCD

对青岛近岸海域127个表层沉积物样品和周边入海河流22个表层沉积物样品重矿物分析,系统地研究了重矿物分布特征和物质来源。结果表明,研究区矿物组合为普通角闪石—绿帘石—黑云母—褐铁矿—自生黄铁矿,可划分为3个矿物分区。田横岛—千里岩岛矿物区(Ⅰ区)矿物组合为普通角闪石—绿帘石—褐铁矿—黑云母—阳起石,物源主要来自五龙河等沿岸河流,黄河物质也有贡献;崂山头东部矿物区(Ⅱ区)矿物组合为普通角闪石—绿帘石—褐铁矿—石榴子石,物源以残留沉积和沿岸侵蚀物为主;海阳—乳山近岸矿物区(Ⅲ区)矿物组合为普通角闪石—自生黄铁矿—黑云母—水黑云母—绿帘石—褐铁矿,沉积物受黄河影响显著,沿岸河流和岛屿侵蚀物也有影响。     

辽东湾中部晚第四纪沉积物物源与沉积环境:来自碎屑矿物和自生黄铁矿的证据

对渤海辽东湾LDD7岩心的沉积物样品进行了碎屑矿物鉴定,分析了岩心轻重矿物组合、粗颗粒沉积物物质来源、碎屑矿物特征指数及氧同位素3期渤海相对海平面位置。结果表明,轻矿物是以石英和长石为主的组合,片状矿物和碳酸盐矿物次之;重矿物是以角闪石类、绿帘石类、云母类和自生黄铁矿为主的组合,其次为金属矿物、石榴子石和榍石等。岩心为多源沉积,物质主要来源于辽河、滦河和黄河等中大型河流的入海沉积物。碳酸盐矿物作为黄河的特征矿物,指示黄河对岩心低海平面时期的沉积层影响较大。石英/长石比值、极稳定矿物ZTR指数和磷灰石ATi指数之间具有一定的对应性,能够大致反映流域的风化程度,但在利用这些指数指示风化作用时不能忽视物源对它们的影响。与还原环境密切相关的自生黄铁矿在水动力较弱且富含有机质的河漫滩、湖泊相和潮滩相中含量高。渤海岩心中氧同位素3期沉积物的年代和距现代海平面深度投点整体位于全球海平面上方,考虑到沉积环境水深、构造沉降和沉积物压实等因素,渤海相对海平面位置高于全球平均海平面。     

威海南部近岸泥质区晚更新世以来的重矿物组合特征及对物源的指示

对威海南部近岸泥质区WHZK01孔（孔深25.1 m）岩心开展重矿物分析，结果表明，WHZK01孔主要以普通角闪石（22.1%）、磁铁矿（20.0%）和绿帘石（17.7%）为主，晚更新世以来自下而上可分为3个矿物组合带。氧同位素3期晚期河流相沉积（DU3）主要矿物组合为普通角闪石-绿帘石。末次冰后期河漫滩-河口湾相沉积（DU2）主要矿物组合为普通角闪石-绿帘石-钛铁矿-褐铁矿。全新世滨-浅海相沉积（DU1）主要矿物组合为磁铁矿-绿帘石-片状矿物-自生黄铁矿。重矿物物源判别表明，DU3和DU2层沉积物主要来自山东半岛南部沿岸河流输入。DU1层沉积物主要来自沿岸流输运的大量黄河细粒物质，沿岸河流物质和岛屿侵蚀物也有少量贡献。     

北部湾VI钻孔岩芯的重矿物组合研究

本文对北部湾XI钻孔岩芯中各种沉积相中的重矿物组合分别作了研究,结果表明,在湖相沉积物中自生黄铁矿物含量高,滨海相沉积物中稳定矿物(钛铁矿、电气石、锆石)特别富集,浅海相沉积物中则出现大量的自生海绿石,由此说明,重矿物组合的研究对阐明沉积相是有其重要意义的。     

北部湾VI钻孔岩芯的重矿物组合研究

本文对北部湾XI钻孔岩芯中各种沉积相中的重矿物组合分别作了研究,结果表明,在湖相沉积物中自生黄铁矿物含量高,滨海相沉积物中稳定矿物(钛铁矿、电气石、锆石)特别富集,浅海相沉积物中则出现大量的自生海绿石,由此说明,重矿物组合的研究对阐明沉积相是有其重要意义的。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,