长江口海区三疣梭子蟹和细点圆趾蟹食性生态学的研究

本文系1985～1986年长江口渔业资源调查中两种占优势的蟹的食性生态研究结果。长江口海区三疣梭子蟹和细点圆趾蟹,存在着昼夜和季节摄食强度的差异。文章还讨论了两种蟹的摄食竞争,但又共存于同一海区的生态学问题。     

对虾杆状病毒感染寄主细胞的超微结构观察

对１９９３年辽宁沿海养殖对虾发生的爆发性、流行性病害，作了病情调查及病毒感染寄主细胞的超微结构观察。结果表明，造成养殖对虾爆发性病害的主要原因是对虾杆状病毒与细菌交叉感染所致。     

越冬亲虾及其环境的细菌学研究

通过对亲虾越冬系统的外蓄水池、预热池水、虾池水、亲虾用饵料、虾体及其病患作细菌分析,发现从外蓄水至虾体这五个环节存有细菌等微生物富集过程。稳定的环境、过多的营养、残饵、污物、病虾等是亲虾池细菌富集的要因;不健康亲虾富集并扩散病原微生物。对虾病病因、种类、亲虾成活率等的分析,发现至少31％的疾病与细菌等微生物有关。亲虾成活率与环境微生物一些参数,如几丁质降解菌含量、C/H％和V/H％间有很好的负相关。结果表明,监测亲虾越冬期各类细菌消涨势态,防治病害等是提高亲虾质量数量乃至育苗成功不可少的工作。     

对虾白斑综合症病毒膜蛋白VP41A的功能研究

对虾白斑综合症病毒（WSSV）是对虾养殖的主要病害之一,在虾养殖业中造成了严重的损失．本研究从WSSV基因组中克隆到vp41a基因,大小约为900bp,发现该基因编码蛋白VP41A．通过构建重组质粒pET．His一卅J0表达了重组蛋白VP41A,大小约为43kDa．并通过Ni一琼脂糖珠交联下拉实验,在虾血细胞中找到一个能与VP41A相互作用蛋白,质谱分析发现该蛋白为细胞粘连蛋白,说明在WSSV感染宿主细胞的过程中蛋白VP41A可能发挥重要作用．本研究结果推动了WSSV与宿主对虾相互作用的研究,有利于探索病毒复制或转录的关键蛋白,为最终的病毒防治及快诛诊断提供科学依据．     

山西解池卤虫品系的特征及其投喂对虾幼体的饵料效果分析

本文观测了一种新近发现的卤虫品系——山西解池硫酸盐湖卤虫品系。这是一种两性生殖卤虫,其雌/雄约为1/0.8,其卵和无节幼体明显比孤雌生殖卤虫的小,孵化率约75%。可直接将盐度为270‰的湖水中的卤虫移入盐度为32‰的自然海水中,存活良好。其无节幼体投喂对虾幼体的饵料效果良好,存活率达60—70％。     

2020年冬季大亚湾西南海域主要渔业生物碳氮稳定同位素研究

为了解大亚湾西南海域食物网的营养结构特征, 本研究于2020年1月份使用底拖网采集了该海域的渔业生物, 并分析了35种主要渔业生物的碳氮稳定同位素值。根据δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值, 计算出该海域食物网6种营养结构的生态指标和主要渔业生物的营养级, 并绘制了连续营养谱。本次调查渔业生物主要为鱼类和虾蟹类, 鱼类的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值范围分别为-17.63‰ ~ -14.85‰和12.92‰~15.46‰, 平均值分别为-16.47‰和13.80‰; 虾蟹类的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值范围分别为-17.67‰ ~ -15.51‰和11.05‰~12.62‰, 平均值分别为-16.30‰和11.85‰。根据δ¹⁵N值, 用相加模型(trophic position by the additive model, TPA)和缩比模型(trophic position by the scaled model, TPS)分别计算了主要渔业生物的营养级, 结果显示两个模型计算的结果无显著性差异(P>0.1), 呈现鱼类平均营养级>虾蟹类的趋势。本研究发现大亚湾西南海域食物网初始食物来源较为单一, 存在食物链营养层级较少和长度不足, 食物网营养级多样性较低和营养结构冗余程度高的现象。与30多年前相比, 大亚湾近年高营养级生物量减少, 食物网结构由复杂趋向简单化, 生态系统稳定性较差。本研究结果不仅为了解大亚湾食物网结构组成提供了基础资料, 也为保护大亚湾渔业资源, 维持生态系统结构的稳定性提供参考依据。     

In situ enzyme immunoassays with tissue smears to study horizontal transmission of BMNV in penaeid shrimp and in beach animals

INTRODUCTIONThedevelopmentofshrimpcultureshasbeenaffectedseverelybyviraldiseases(CatandSu,1993).Atpresent,however,thepathwayofvirustransmissiontopenaeidshrimpisnotunderstoodanditisthereforedifficulttopreventtheoccurrenceandspreadofshrimpviraldiseases.Toreducethelossescausedbyviralinfection,thedevelopmentofearlyandaccuratediagnostictechniquesisessential(Bruceetal.,1994;Changetal.,1993;Huangetal.,1995;Vickersetal.,1993).Anenzymeimmunoassaytechniquefordetectingbaculoviralmidgutglandnecrosi…     

中国对虾养成期细菌性黑鳃,褐斑综合症的病原生物学研究

本文是对中国对虾黑鳃、褐斑综合症进行病原菌分离和人工感染试验的报告。经细菌学鉴定表明,分离菌分别为海弧菌Vibrio pelagius Baumann和溶藻弧菌Vibrio alginolyticus sakazaki。人工感染试验显示,海弧菌是引起对虾黑鳃、褐斑综合症的主要病原菌,溶藻弧菌的合并感染导致对虾败血死亡。此外还应用电子显微镜对分离纯化的病原细菌进行了超微结构观察。     

Effect of reproductive toxicants on lipovitellin in female blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus

Changes in the concentration of lipovitellin, a lipoprotein that is the major protein in mature oocytes of crustaceans, were determined during ovarian development in female blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus. To test the effects of reproductive toxins on vitellogenesis, crabs were fed food containing cadmium or injected with the juvenile hormone antagonist, precocene II. Monoclonal antibodies prepared against one of the lipovitellin peptides (peptide A—107 kDa) were used in an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay to determine lipovitellin concentrations. Recently molted female crabs fed food containing cadmium (0.02 mg/g) for 18 days had oocytes with the same lipovitellin concentration as controls, but after 24 days the oocytes in cadmium treated crabs had significantly lower lipoprotein contents than controls (30 ± 4 ng/oocyte—cadmium treated; 45 ± 4 ng/oocyte—control). Precocene II-treated crabs had significantiy lower lipovitellin concentrations after 18 and 24 days. Diameters of oocytes were the same in both treated and control crabs. The results suggest that some pollutants may affect reproduction by acting during secondary vitellogenesis i.e., period when there is a large increase in lipovitellin synthesis. Since lipovitellins serve many of the nutritional needs of recently emerged crab embryos, poor larval survival may occur as a result of lower lipovitellin content.     

The Effect of Temporal Changes and Environmental Trophic Condition on the Isotopic Composition (ω13C and ω15N) of Atherina boyeri (Risso, 1810) and Gobius niger (L., 1758) in a Mediterranean Coastal Lagoon (Lake of Sabaudia): Implications for Food Web Structure

Abstract. ω¹³C and ω¹⁵N of organic matter sources and consumers were employed to analyse trophic differentiation between a benthic consumer, Gobius niger (L., 1758) (Pisces, Osteichthyes), and a pelagic consumer, Atherina boyeri (Risso, 1810) (Pisces, Osteichthyes) in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon (Lake of Sabaudia) in winter and summer 1999. Trophic differences between the two species throughout the two sampling periods were related to the environmental trophic condition (i. e. nutrient and phytopigment concentrations). Although these two fish have different habitats, they both exploited benthic organisms, above all in summer. When the nutrient and phytopigment concentrations were higher (summer), the most abundant benthic organisms were the main food sources for both species. In winter A. boyeri apparently shifted its feeding preferences to include zooplankton, confirming its opportunistic feeding strategy. Par-ticulate organic matter and algae seemed to play the main trophic role in the food web structure. Benthic invertebrates used both sources, while zooplankton seemed to rely exclusively on the particulate fraction. The overlapping and very depleted signatures of sedimentary and particulate organic matter highlights a strong link between sediments and water column, rarely observed in other aquatic ecosystems using stable isotopes. Such a finding further substantiates the importance of particulate organic matter as a food source in the study area.     

Heavy metal stress induced hyperglycemia in blue swimmer crab, Portunus pelagicus

The study was to find out the effect of cadmium and mercury on levels of hemolymph glucose, crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) and hepatopancreas glycogen in the blue swimmer crab Portunus pelagicus. The experiments were performed in both intact and eyestalk ablated crabs. Quantification of CHH was done by the indirect ELISA with the aid of primary anti-Carcinus maenas-CHH antibody. Higher glucose concentration was observed on exposure to 8×10^-6 of cadmium ((825.6±5.42) μg/mL) and 6×10^-6 of mercury ((90.5±6.25) μg/mL) after 48 h and 24 h respectively. Higher level of hemolymph glucose was observed in eyestalk intact crabs on exposure to cadmium and mercury than eyestalk ablated crabs. Decrease in the levels of CHH was observed in both eyestalk intact and ablated crabs on heavy metal exposure. Decline of the hepatopancreas glycogen level was also witnessed with the exposure to heavy metal, which validated its utilization in the production of glucose. Thus this study brings to light, the variations in hemolymph glucose, CHH and hepatopancreas glycogen on heavy metal stress. These carbohydrate metabolites can be used as biomarkers in assessing heavy metal contamination in water bodies.     

墨西哥湾海洋环境对蓝蟹(Callinectes sapidus)幼体分布和扩散的影响

本文以蓝蟹为例,研究海洋环境对甲壳动物幼体迁移规律和机制的影响。利用不规则三角形网格和有限体积模型(finite-volume coastal ocean model, FVCOM)耦合kinesis模型的方法,分析研究了墨西哥湾物理环境对蓝蟹(Callinectessapidus)幼体的分布和扩散途径的影响。蓝蟹在每年的四、五月份海水落潮期间产卵,通过跟踪算法从产卵区域沿着墨西哥湾海域进行模拟,获得了80天内蓝蟹幼体的粒子移动轨迹,记录并分析了幼体经过海域的盐度值。研究结果证明了该方法可有效模拟蓝蟹幼体在特定海域的迁移规律和扩散机制,进一步研究可为了解海洋物理环境对蓝蟹和其他渔业资源的影响提供借鉴。     

Effects of heavy metal ions on larval Penaeus chinensis and comparative study on their elimination methods

In order to establish a new method to eliminate toxicities of heavy metal ions to larval penaeid shrimp, the effects of copper, zinc, lead and cadmium ions on larval metamorphosis of Penaeus chinensis at each stage were determined in detail, and two methods eliminating toxicities were compared. The results indicate that sensitivity of larvae to heavy metal ions decreases in the order of nauplii, protozoea, mysis and postlarvae. The phytoplankton food can reduce, by chetating, the toxicities of heavy metal ions. Both EDTA chelation and PHMA absorption can be used to eliminate the toxicities effectively and there is no significant difference between the two methods. EDTA is harmful to larval P. chinensis at high concentration but affects neither survival nor metamorphosis at below 10 mg/dm3. It is preliminarily observed that copper and zinc ions at low concentration are beneficial to the development of larvae after protozoea stage. It is suggested that it is unnecessary to e-liminate the effects of heavy     

麦胚凝集素促进对虾免疫功能的初步研究

利用药浴法、注射法及药饵法研究了麦胚凝集素(WGA)促进对虾抗病力的效果。经肌肉注射法感染实验证明三种给药方法均可提高对虾的存活率,其中以药饵法(20mg/kg含量、喂养28d)效果较好,对虾存活率提高17％。表明利用药物促进对虾免疫系统功能,提高对虾抗病能力是一条可行的途径。     

温度对南京丰年虫呼吸代谢的影响

在室内实验条件下,采用SKW-3型微量检压装置(瓦氏呼吸仪)测定了温度、体长以及性别对南京丰年虫(Chirocephalus nankinensis)耗氧率与呼吸商的影响.实验结果表明:南京丰年虫随着个体体长的增加,条件温度下降,耗氧率均呈下降趋势.丰年虫耗氧率与体表面积(体长的平方)呈正相关.性成熟的雄性个体耗氧率相对于雌性个体要小.南京丰年虫的呼吸系数(RQ)一般在0.71～1.00之间,无节幼体因为体内富含脂肪而RQ值较小.南京丰年虫作为淡水养殖鲜活饵料生物,具有营养价值高、易消化吸收的特点.研究其耗氧率和呼吸商,可以在一定程度上反映出呼吸代谢的强度,为计算丰年虫的合理养殖密度、有效利用水体空间、达到最佳的养殖效果提供理论依据.     

不同池塘养殖模式的环境氮磷负荷及其水质特征

2008年3月至2009年1月研究了广东海丰县东关联安围湿地两种投饵养殖模式——对虾主养(半集约化养殖)和虾蟹混养(半集约化养殖)海水池塘的环境氮磷负荷和养殖水体氮磷含量的周年变化情况,并以不投饵的塭围虾贝混养(粗放式养殖)模式为对照。3种模式中,池塘单位面积环境氮、磷负荷以对虾主养模式最高,分别为36.52 kg/hm2和7.39 kg/hm2;虾蟹混养模式次之,分别为1.49 kg/hm2和0.52kg/hm2;而塭围虾贝混养模式最低,分别为–2.47 kg/hm2和–0.34 kg/hm2。每月1次对3种模式养殖过程中水体的总氮、硝酸氮、亚硝酸氮、氨氮和总磷及磷酸盐含量进行监测,结果表明,与养殖环境氮磷负荷大小相对应,塭围虾贝混养池塘水质最好,虾蟹混养池塘次之,而对虾主养池塘水质最差,这种现象尤其在养殖后期更为明显。     

Dietary transfer of fluoranthene from an estuarine oligochaete (Monopylephorus rubroniveus) to grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio): Influence of piperonyl butoxide

The objective of this study was to determine the potential for dietary transfer of sediment-associated fluoranthene from tubificid oligochaetes (Monopylephorus rubroniveus) to grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio). Grass shrimp, either in the presence or absence of sublethal waterborne concentrations of the metabolic inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide (PBO), were fed fluoranthene-dosed oligochaetes for 5-days. All grass shrimp bioaccumulated fluoranthene; however, bioaccumulation was 3X higher in the presence of PBO. Trophic transfer coefficients (TTCs) were 0.02 and 0.01 in the presence and absence of PBO, respectively. Following the 5-day accumulation period, shrimp in both treatments were allowed to depurate for 3 days. Depuration rates were significantly higher in PBO-exposed shrimp. These results demonstrated that sediment-associated fluoranthene can be transferred through the diet from oligochaetes to grass shrimp, and the presence of PBO enhanced fluoranthene bioaccumulation. However, the comparatively low TTCs suggest that biomagnification of fluoranthene in estuarine food webs is low.     

中国对虾成虾肠道微生物区系

对野生健康中国对虾成虾肠道微生物区系进行了研究.从其肠道中分离出47株菌,它们分别属于弧菌属、发光杆菌属、不动杆菌属、假单胞菌属、黄杆菌属、气单胞菌属、屈挠杆菌属和色杆菌属8个属.其中弧菌属和发光杆菌属在整个肠道中为优势菌属,不动杆菌属和假单胞菌属为次优势菌属,黄杆菌属、气单胞菌属、屈挠杆菌属和色杆菌属为非优势菌属.在对虾的整个肠道中,前肠和中肠的优势菌属为弧菌属,而后肠的优势菌属为发光杆菌属.在弧菌属中溶藻胶弧菌、漂浮弧菌和坎贝氏弧菌为优势菌,哈唯氏弧菌为非优势菌.前肠、中肠和后肠的菌量分别为1.3×105、2.8×105和1.1×104cfu/虾体.     

Cadmium-binding proteins in the blue crab, callinectes sapidus: laboratory-field comparison

The blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, is distributed along the east coast of the United States from Cape Cod, Mass., through the Gulf of Mexico, including both relatively unpolluted coastal areas and estuaries contaminated with trace metals. Cadmium is of particular concern because it is concentrated in the digestive glands of blue crabs and can be passed on to consumer organisms. Tissue concentrations and partitioning of trace metals from crabs exposed in the laboratory to 10 ppb dissolved cadmium for 40 days were compared with blue crabs collected from two locations on the Hudson River, NY, Foundry Cove and Haverstraw Bay, Foundry Cove and Haverstraw Bay, both of which have elevated trace metal levels relative to estuarine areas near Beaufort, NC. Crab digestive glands, gills and muscle were removed and analyzed for total cadmium, copper, zinc and nickel concentrations using acid digestion and atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and metal-binding (metallothionein-like) proteins were determined by gel-filtration chromatography. In crabs exposed to cadmium in the laboratory, the cytosolic partitioning was similar to previous investigations at our laboratory where higher levels of cadmium (100 ppb) and shorter exposure times (14 days) were used. The similarity in cadmium partitioning from these two separate experiments indicates dose independence. In crabs from polluted environments the digestive glands contained the highest concentrations of trace metals. Chromatograms of the cytosol from the digestive glands and gills from both field and laboratory exposed crabs showed similar distributions of cadmium, copper and zinc. The gills of both field and laboratory-exposed crabs had metal-binding proteins that contained mostly cadmium, and the digestive glands had metallothionein-like proteins that contained cadmium, copper and zinc. Estimated molecular weights for these proteins were similar to the metallothioneins found in other crustaceans and mammals.     

去壳卤虫卵的孵化率及其饲育对虾幼体的试验

为了确定去壳卤虫卵的孵化率和判断它们作为对虾幼体饵料的合适性,我们于1986年4—5月份进行了试验。其结果归纳如下:1.采用去壳方法可以提高卤虫卵的孵化率,即去壳卵的孵化率要较未去壳卵高约5—10%;2.用去壳卵或者卤虫无节幼体饲养的对虾幼体都能正常地变态进入仔虾期,两者的发育速度也无区别。