珠江伶仃河口湾及邻近内陆架的纵向环流与物质输运分析

根据实测资料分析了珠江伶仃河口湾与邻近内陆架在不同径流影响下的水体混合空间状态和季节变化特征。主要由河口湾表、中层冲淡水和内陆架底层上溯的高盐补偿流构成了河口湾和内陆架之间的净环流，在高径流量和西南大风的情况下，环流下移向内陆架扩展增强。计算表明，７月纵断面上的净环流输运是盐分纵向净通量的控制因素，输运方向指向上游，而其余季节则以向海的净平流输运为主。悬沙净通量主要受净平流及潮抽吸输运控制，潮抽吸     

椒江河口春季悬沙输运特征及通量机制研究

通过分析2016年3月椒江河口两个定点站位的潮周期水文泥沙观测数据,研究了椒江河口春季悬沙输运特征及通量机制。结果表明,河口内侧站位潮流速大于外侧站位值,两站位垂线平均悬沙浓度分别为0.3~5.8kg/m~3和0.3~1.0kg/m~3。悬沙通量机制分解表明,内侧站以向海的潮泵输沙效应最显著,对单宽输沙量绝对值贡献率为43.9%,其次是向陆的平流和垂向净环流输沙,综合作用下悬沙向陆净输移0.39kg/(m·s);外侧站位以向海的平流输沙为主导作用,贡献率为72.6%,悬沙向海净输移0.10kg/(m·s)。小波分析和频谱分析表明,含沙量、输沙率及流速三者之间存在不同的响应关系,内侧站输沙率主要受流速的影响,而外侧站位则主要受控于悬沙浓度变化。     

珠江伶仃河口湾及邻近内陆架的纵向环流与物质输运分析

根据实测资料分析了珠江伶仃河口湾与邻近内陆架在不同径流影响下的水体混合空间状态和季节变化特征。主要由河口湾表、中层冲淡水和内陆架底层上溯的高盐补偿流构成了河口湾和内陆架之间的净环流,在高径流量和西南大风的情况下,环流下移向内陆架扩展增强。计算表明,7月纵断面上的净环流输运是盐分纵向净通量的控制因素,输运方向指向上游,而其余季节则以向海的净平流输运为主。悬沙净通量主要受净平流及潮抽吸输运控制,潮抽吸输运强度与大小潮有较密切关系。     

伶仃洋低频水流与水沙纵向输运

在分析实测燃料（1978－1979）的基础上，运用物质纵向输移模式讨论了伶仃洋河口湾余流的垂向结构，同时，对同步资料进行低通滤波处理，得到垂向低频水流分布。结果表明，两种分析方法对伶仃洋河口环流与水沙输移的解释基本一致，东、西、两槽均存在明显的垂向环流，平均流、斯托克斯漂移效应，以及垂向净环流是净输沙的主要贡献项。     

长江口深水航道三期工程后北槽洪枯季水沙运动特征研究

利用长江口深水航道三期整治工程前后,北槽洪枯季各测点水沙资料初步探讨了北槽洪枯季水沙运动特征。研究结果表明,北槽洪枯季潮周期平均含沙量分布自上而下总体呈"低-高-低"的分布态势,中段含沙量较高。洪季北槽各测点潮周期平均含沙量与潮周期平均流速相关性较差,北槽泥沙输运以平流输移为主。枯季两者相关较好,北槽泥沙运动则以起悬输运为主。北槽悬沙输运主要以欧拉输运为主,洪季北槽悬沙净输运率要明显大于枯季。洪季北槽中段潮泵及垂向环流作用最为明显,枯季,除北槽上段外,潮泵及垂向环流作用较小,水沙输运方向较为相近。造成洪季北槽中段潮泵作用及垂向环流输沙较大的原因是由于北槽中段滩槽泥沙交换频繁,涨潮流经南槽拦门沙及九段沙滩面后,挟带一定高含沙水体进入北槽,进而造成北槽中段潮泵及垂向环流输沙明显。     

伶仃洋洪季悬沙平面分布特征及成因探讨

基于伶仃洋河口2007年洪季（8月）潮流和泥沙现场观测资料,通过实测资料分析结合二维泥沙数值模型的方法,分析其悬沙浓度平面分布特征。结果表明,悬沙浓度从伶仃洋湾顶虎门至湾口沿西槽向海在纵向上呈现出先减小再增大后减小的变化趋势;横向上,西槽最大,东槽和中滩次之;内伶仃岛西北侧海域为含沙量高值中心。悬沙纵向输移机制分析表明,伶仃洋洪季输沙主要贡献项为平流向海输沙、潮汐捕集和垂向环流的向陆输沙,其中后两项在内伶仃岛附近的贡献较大。潮流、径流来沙、径潮强度对比以及地形边界作用为悬沙场平面分布差异的主要成因。     

长江河口环流及其对悬沙输移的影响

本文根据大量实测资料着重分析长江河口的混合类型、环流模式及其对悬沙输移的影响。研究表明,长江口的混合类型随洪枯季、大小潮而变,又因地点而异,北支以C型为主,北港、北槽、南槽以B型为主。北港、北槽和南槽在径流、潮流、盐淡水异重流共同作用下,存在上层水流净向海,下层水流在滞流点下游净向陆的河口环流。悬沙输移模式和河口环流模式相似。最大浑浊带、浮泥、航道拦门沙的位置及变化规律与滞流点相一致,其形成和变化与河口环流密切关联。     

杭州湾口门中部水沙输运机制初探——以岱衢洋为例

根据2012年9月在杭州湾口门中部外侧海域岱衢洋主槽内获得的包括大、中、小潮的垂向流速和悬浮泥沙观测资料,利用机制分解方法计算了岱衢洋的水沙输移通量等特征,分析并讨论了各个输沙项对总输沙量的贡献,解释了杭州湾水沙进出外海的输运机制。研究结果表明:研究区域单宽涨潮量大潮为小潮的2.3倍,单宽落潮量大潮为小潮的1.6倍。从小潮到大潮的余流和单宽净输水量由向海变为向陆;单宽涨潮输沙量大潮为小潮的4.5倍,单宽落潮输沙量大潮为小潮的2.7倍。单宽输沙量表现为小潮和中潮向海,大潮向陆的特点,大潮单宽净输沙量约为小潮和中潮的2倍;在各输沙项中,平流输沙主要来自水体净输移(拉格朗日余流决定)对悬沙输移的贡献,平流输沙方向小潮向海,中潮和大潮向陆,其中大潮和小潮时平流输沙在各项中贡献率最大;潮泵输沙小潮和中潮向海,大潮输沙向陆,中潮时潮泵输沙贡献率在各项中贡献率最大;垂向净环流输沙方向均向陆,大中小潮悬沙含量的垂向的差异是导致小潮垂向净环流输沙量大,大潮输沙量小的主要原因;杭州湾中部通过岱衢洋通道与外海泥沙交换的主要形式是大进大出、反复搬运,而在一个完整的半月周期内外海泥沙净进杭州湾的量相对较小。     

径流量和海平面变化对河口最大浑浊带的影响

应用改进的ECOM模式,耦合泥沙输运方程,研究径流量和海平面变化对河口最大浑浊带的影响.河口最大浑浊带位于滞流点处,底层上下游余流均向该处输运泥沙,造成该处泥沙汇合,而由流场辐合产生的上升流又使该处的泥沙不易落淤.由于盐水入侵带来的高盐水位于北岸的底层,其斜压效应使底层的横向环流由北向南流动,把底层高浓度的泥沙向南岸平流,使得最大浑浊带位于南岸.研究河口最大浑浊带现象必须使用三维泥沙输运模式.在径流量增大的情况下,与控制试验相比底层向陆的密度流减弱,滞流点下移,导致最大浑浊带也下移;因上游来沙量增加,在最大浑浊带中心和河口拦门沙处悬浮泥沙浓度趋于增加.在径流量减少的情况下,最大浑浊带的变化趋势与径流量增大情况的结果相反.在海平面上升的情况下,拦门沙区域底层向陆的密度流趋于增强,滞流点上移,最大浑浊带也相应向上游移动;最大浑浊带中心处泥沙浓度趋于增大,但口门拦门沙处泥沙浓度趋于减小.径流量和海平面变化对最大浑浊带影响明显.     

夏季浙江沿岸陆架区泥沙输运机制

基于2014年夏季浙江沿岸陆架区的水文、泥沙、底质沉积物等实测资料,运用物质通量分析方法和Gao-Collins粒径趋势分析法,探讨了泥沙的输运通量、输运方向、动力机制及净输运趋势。夏季,近岸含沙量规律性较强,由西至东逐渐降低,由南至北逐渐升高,且与潮流有非常好的对应关系,呈现出明显的潮周期变化特征。研究区净悬沙通量自岸向外海迅速变小,悬沙输运中平流输运占主导地位,其次是垂向净环流对悬沙输运的影响,近岸海域表现为向海输沙,30 m以深海域表现为东北向输沙,同时台湾暖流的屏障作用也影响了悬沙向海扩散。粒径趋势分析显示浙江沿岸陆架表层沉积物的长期输运机制为由东北向西南输运,在流系以及海底地形的影响下,中部海域出现粒径趋势较弱的沉积中心。而在夏季,悬浮泥沙主要为平行岸线向东北输运,估算每天进入研究海域的净悬浮泥沙约为1.9×106 t。     

珠江口洪季最大浑浊带的大小潮变化与机制分析*

基于ROMS三维模型, 模拟了珠江口洪季最大浑浊带的轴、侧向分布和大、小潮变化。模拟结果表明, 珠江口伶仃洋最大浑浊带的轴向位置在22.3°—22.45°N之间, 并随着潮流变化而周期性上下游迁移。控制最大浑浊带形成的主要因素是余流作用下的底层泥沙辐聚, 决定最大浑浊带位置的主要因素是水平对流输沙, 泥沙来源主要是上游浅滩沉积物的再悬浮。小潮期间堆积在浅滩的细颗粒沉积物在大潮期间被悬浮, 搬运到下游的滞流点位置, 在中滩南部和西滩外缘落淤。“潮泵”作用在大潮期间将泥沙向下游输运, 在小潮期间向上游输运; 垂向剪切作用则有利于悬浮泥沙的陆向输运; 二者共同作用产生泥沙辐聚, 形成最大浑浊带。大、小潮期间余流结构差异不大, 主要由密度差和潮汐混合不对称共同导致, 其中前者贡献更大。     

The rule of sediment transport on the Nanhui tidal flat in the Changjiang Estuary

The Nanhui tidal flat is located in the area of slow current where the ebb currents from the Changjiang Estuaryand the Hangzhou Bay converge and the flood current from the sea diverges into the estuary and the bay. The flat extends seaward in tongue shape and has a wide and gentle surface with a marked difference of tidal levels on its two sides, which results in the sediment longitudinal transport on the flat. The water-sediment conditions are diverse at different locations. The velocity and sediment concentration in intertidal zone are higher during the flood tide than those during the ebb tide. The net sediment transport is landward, resulting in a large amount of deposition of sediments on the shoal. However, the ebb current is the dominant one in deep-water area where the net sediment transport is seaward. There exist two circulation systems in plane view on the shoal and in its adjacent deep-water area, which results in the sediment exchanges between the flat and channel and between the estuary an     

长江河口北槽水沙过程对航道整治工程的响应

北槽大型航道整治工程确定了南北槽分汊口分流界线, 阻碍了北槽和邻近滩槽的水沙自由交换过程, 使北槽水沙动力过程发生调整。基于工程前后北槽主槽纵向同步水沙观测数据的统计分析表明:入口段落潮优势显著减弱;上段枯季时落潮优势显著减弱, 而洪季时落潮优势有所增强;中段(弯曲段拐点附近)落潮优势略有减弱;下段落潮优势明显加强。北槽主槽水沙纵向输移机制分析表明:欧拉余流、潮泵作用、斯托克斯效应和垂向环流为悬沙输移的主要驱动力, 其中欧拉余流输沙指向海, 斯托克斯输沙和垂向环流输沙指向陆, 而潮泵输沙随着季节而变化。洪季, 欧拉余流输沙和潮泵输沙在工程前后的变化使大潮期河床冲淤由中段和下段普遍落淤转化为中上段集中落淤。枯季, 工程前后稳定的潮流辐散输沙作用使大潮期河床以冲刷为主, 但工程后在入口段和上段潮泵的向上游输沙占优势, 使悬沙在入口段落淤。     

基于解析解的长江口南港悬沙侧向捕集特征分析

为探讨长江口南港的水动力结构及悬沙侧向输运特征,本文从解析解的角度构建了潮汐河口水沙输运数学模型,并将其应用到长江口南港某横断面上。南港水动力主控于半日潮流,余流主要由陆相径流及本地非线性对流项驱动,悬沙分布上北侧副槽远大于南侧主槽,水沙分布的计算结果与实测结果在结构上基本一致。通过输沙函数进一步分析表明,潮流输沙和余流输沙是南港侧向输沙函数的两个主要部分。南港中强劲径流削弱了涨潮流,增强了落潮流,使得向河槽南侧的涨潮流输沙小于向河槽北侧的落潮流输沙,潮流输沙指向河槽北侧。径流驱动的南港侧向余流在涨潮流方向上为一逆时针环流结构,余流输沙指向河槽北侧。扩散输沙指向南侧主槽,因其总是指向悬沙浓度梯度的负方向。在各输沙因子的综合作用下,南港中大量悬沙捕集于河槽北侧,使得河槽北部底层潮平均含沙量值达到最大值。     

长江河口北槽弯道环流的涡度研究

基于ADCP走航观测得到长江河口北槽弯道附近3个横向断面(AD3、AD5和AD6)的流速资料,采用涡度方法,本文计算、分析了弯道环流与混合在垂直横向上的时空分布、影响因素及其重要性。3个横向断面上均存在由不规则界面分开的二层结构的横向环流。半拉格朗日余流的计算结果显示:(1)小潮期间,AD3、AD5和AD6断面呈现表层向海、底层向陆的纵向环状半拉格朗日余流;大潮期间,呈现表、底层均向海的纵向半拉格朗日余流;(2)小潮期间,AD3断面呈现表层向北导堤、底层向南导堤的横向环状半拉格朗日余流;大潮期间,AD3断面中间区域呈现表层向北导堤、底层向南导堤的、而断面两端区域则呈现表层向南导堤、底层向北导堤的横向环状半拉格朗日余流;(3)小、大潮期间,横向断面AD5和AD6均呈现表层向北导堤、底层向南导堤的横向环状半拉格朗日余流;(4)"纵向半拉格朗日余流"在–0.2—0.7m/s;横向半拉格朗日余流"在–0.15—0.2m/s;(5)纵向半拉格朗日余流在横向上有明显变化。对弯道环流的进一步分析表明:(1)斜压梯度、内部摩擦致混合和底部摩擦致混合这三项各自的纵向分量是驱动纵向环流形成的主要因素,"纵向动量的横向重新分布项"次之,离心力和地转的影响可忽略;(2)横向斜压梯度和内部摩擦致混合项是驱动横向环流形成的主要因素,离心力、地转和底部摩擦致混合次之;(3)横向环流可能通过"纵向动量的横向重新分布项"减弱纵向动量,从而可能减弱纵向环流。     

Transport of salt and suspended sediments in a curving channel of a coastal plain estuary: Satilla River, GA

This study describes the transport of salt and suspended sediment in a curving reach of a shallow mesotidal coastal plain estuary. Circulation data revealed a subtidal upstream bottom flow during neap tide, indicating the presence of a gravitational circulation mode throughout the channel. During spring tide, landward bottom flow weakened considerably at the upstream end of the channel and changed to seaward in the middle and downstream areas of the reach, suggesting the importance of tidal pumping. Salt flux near-bottom was landward at both ends of the channel during neap tide. At spring, however, the salt flux diverged along the bottom of the thalweg suggesting that tidal pumping caused a transfer of salt vertically and laterally into the intertidal zone. Thus, landward flux of salt is maintained even in the presence of subtidal seaward flow along the bottom at the downstream end of the channel.Landward bottom stress is greater than seaward stress, preferentially transporting suspended sediments upstream. Compared with salt, however, the weight of the suspended sediments causes less upward transfer of sediments into the intertidal zone. Flood flow carried more suspended sediments landward at the upstream end compared with the downstream end. We speculate that secondary flow in the curving channel picks up increasing amounts of suspended sediments along the sides during flood and adds them to the axial flow in the thalweg. Since the landward flow along the bottom of the thalweg weakens and even reverses during spring tide, there appears to be a complex re-circulation system for sediments re-suspended in curving channels that complicates the picture of a net transport of sediments landward.     

Sources of sediment to the Neuse River estuary, North Carolina

The Neuse River estuary is part of the large Albemarle/Pamlico estuarine/lagoonal system (APES) of North Carolina. Exchange between the APES and the open ocean is restricted to inlets in the Outer Banks barrier islands. Freshwater discharge of the Neuse River is low in relation to the size of its estuary, so that the estuary is normally brackish over most of the area which accumulates fine-grained sediments. Mud (silt + clay) accumulation rates are low ( 6 mm year⁻¹).From the mud distribution and the dynamics of suspended sediment in the estuary it has been inferred that the Neuse retains fines efficiently, with probable episodic (high discharge) losses seaward, to Pamlico Sound.As part of a study of particle transport, deposition, and accumulation in the Neuse estuary, we have collected radiochemical data (10 cores) and chemical data (seven cores) on sediment cores from the main channel of the estuary between New Bern, North Carolina and the estuary mouth. K/Al increases in the lower estuary, consistent with earlier reports of increasing illite in the clay fraction. Landward transport of sediment from Pamlico Sound is the most plausible explanation for the increasing K/Al (illite). A marine sediment source may, therefore, be important for the lower estuary.The distribution of sediment inventories (quantities per cm² of sediment column) of particle-reactive radionuclides is consistent with the hypothesis of landward sediment transport. Inventories of excess ²¹⁰Pb, ¹³⁷Cs, and ^239,240Pu are coherent through the estuary and show the effects of particle redistribution processes on regionally uniform inputs. To obtain excess (anthropogenic) Zn and Cu, we use metal/Al normalization to estimate natural backgrounds. Anthropogenic metal inputs are concentrated at the head of the estuary, and sediment inventories of excess Zn and Cu generally decrease seaward. Normalization of the excess Zn and excess Cu inventories to excess ²¹⁰Pb inventories corrects the raw metal inventories for effects of lithology and sediment redistribution. The normalized excess Zn inventory decreases smoothly seaward, while the normalized excess Cu inventory shows an unexplained mid-estuary maximum. Low normalized inventories of anthropogenic metals at the estuary mouth indicate that little modern riverine sediment is stored there.Increasing K/Al (illite) and decreasing anthropogenic Zn and Cu in the lower estuary are thus both consistent with a predominantly marine sediment source. We conclude that landward transport of muds from Pamlico Sound has contributed significantly to the sediment balance of the lower Neuse estuary.     

磨刀门河口枯季波生流场数值模拟研究

本文建立曲线坐标系下的双曲型缓坡方程波浪模型和考虑波浪辐射应力影响的深度平均2D潮流数学模型,首次研究了磨刀门河口2011年地形条件下的枯季波生流场。受波浪作用影响,落潮阶段,波浪作用方向与流向相反,在波浪顶托效应下拦门沙沙脊及外坡处流速普遍减小,形成两个主要回流区,口门外东西两侧浅滩处流速也减小,东西两汊及横洲深槽流速增大;涨潮阶段,波浪作用方向与流向相同,拦门沙沙脊及外坡处流速增大,沙脊处出现冲越流,口门两侧浅滩处流速增大,横洲深槽流速减小。     

Suspended sediment transport from the Gironde estuary (France) onto the adjacent continental shelf

Current velocity and suspended sediment concentration measurements at anchor stations in the downstream extremity of the Gironde estuary indicate that during periods of high river discharge, a significant amount of suspended sediment is transported out of the estuary onto the adjacent continental shelf. The vertical profile of the residual (non-tidal) suspended sediment flux is similar to that of the residual current velocity, with a net upstream flux near the bottom and an overlying seaward-directed transport. The overall, depth-integrated result is a net seaward transport of suspended sediment out of the estuary. It appears that this net seaward transport varies directly with tidal amplitude.Aerial photography and water sampling indicate that during high river inflow, the downstream extremity of the turbidity maximum extends onto the continental shelf at ebb tide. The tidal and coastal current patterns of the inlet and inner shelf induce a northward transport of the turbid estuarine water, and at each tidal cycle, a certain amount of suspended sediment leaves the estuary; part of this sediment is deposited in a silt and clay zone on the continental shelf.     

长江口北支强潮河道悬沙运动及输移机制

随着崇明北侧岸滩的自然淤涨和人工圈围,北支河道显著束窄,"喇叭口"顶点位置下移。在新的地形及流域来水来沙变异背景下,作为长江河口的分支强潮汊道,其悬沙运动与输移特点值得探讨。根据2010年4月小潮至大潮连续8 d的半个半月潮水沙观测,结合多年不同河段水沙观测数据得到的含沙量过程曲线显示:整个河道潮流强、含沙量高,含沙量过程曲线呈 "单峰-双峰-单峰"的变化特点;河道悬沙的输移以平流输移和"潮泵输移"为主,以"喇叭口"顶点为界,上游段河道平流输移占主导地位,"潮泵输移"次之;下游段"潮泵输移"占主导,平流输移次之。净输沙总量呈:上段河道向海,下段河道向陆,在"喇叭口"顶点附近存在一个泥沙汇聚的最大浑浊带区域。