基于实测资料的南海北部台风“海鸥”致近惯性振荡研究

文章利用2014年9月南海东北部附近海域的A、B两个相距约20km的潜标数据, 分析了台风“海鸥”在南海东北部激发的近惯性振荡的垂向分布特征。结果表明, 台风过境在两站点激发了强烈的近惯性振荡, 其能量由海表向海洋内部传播; 近惯性能量在表层随着深度增加而增大, 最大值出现在次表层, 此后随着深度增加迅速衰减。但是两个观测站点的近惯性振荡垂向分布特征有较大的差别: A站点的近惯性振荡在不同深度上存在三个不同的垂向相速度, 而B站点的垂向相速度没有变化; 两站点的最大近惯性动能的大小及其所在深度不同, B站点比A站点的最大近惯性动能大15%左右。台风过后两个站点均出现由近惯性波f和半日内潮波D₂非线性相互作用产生的次级波动fD₂, 但其强度存在差异。台风后A站点fD₂在不同深度上有不同的变化, f和D₂相互作用较弱; 而B站点的fD₂在整个近惯性振荡影响深度内都是增强, 其fD₂和f频带的动能和流速在时空分布以及变化趋势上有较好的相关性。两站点的近惯性振荡垂向相速度以及次级波动fD₂的不同可能是水体层结的差异和涡旋的影响所导致的。     

基于实测资料的南海北部台风“海鸥”致近惯性振荡研究

文章利用2014年9月南海东北部附近海域的A、B两个相距约20km的潜标数据,分析了台风"海鸥"在南海东北部激发的近惯性振荡的垂向分布特征。结果表明,台风过境在两站点激发了强烈的近惯性振荡,其能量由海表向海洋内部传播;近惯性能量在表层随着深度增加而增大,最大值出现在次表层,此后随着深度增加迅速衰减。但是两个观测站点的近惯性振荡垂向分布特征有较大的差别:A站点的近惯性振荡在不同深度上存在三个不同的垂向相速度,而B站点的垂向相速度没有变化;两站点的最大近惯性动能的大小及其所在深度不同,B站点比A站点的最大近惯性动能大15%左右。台风过后两个站点均出现由近惯性波f和半日内潮波D_2非线性相互作用产生的次级波动fD_2,但其强度存在差异。台风后A站点fD_2在不同深度上有不同的变化,f和D_2相互作用较弱;而B站点的fD_2在整个近惯性振荡影响深度内都是增强,其fD_2和f频带的动能和流速在时空分布以及变化趋势上有较好的相关性。两站点的近惯性振荡垂向相速度以及次级波动fD_2的不同可能是水体层结的差异和涡旋的影响所导致的。     

南海西北部上层海洋对台风“杜苏芮”的响应分析

基于锚碇观测资料，本文分析了南海西北部陆坡区上层海洋对台风“杜苏芮”的动力学和热力学响应特征。在动力学响应方面，台风“杜苏芮”期间上层流速显著增强，混合层纬向流速可达1.20 m/s；“杜苏芮”经过后上层海水运动以近惯性振荡为主(流向顺时针旋转周期在36～40 h之间)。近惯性能量在垂向分布上存在两个高值中心，分别位于混合层和温跃层深度上。近惯性能量耗散过程的e折时间尺度约为3.7 d，我们认为能量的向下传播在局地近惯性能量衰减过程中起主要作用。对能量谱的分析表明，“杜苏芮”作用期间近惯性频率能量相对于其作用前增大了约29.4倍，而全日和半日频率(K₁和M₂)能量有所减弱。此外，能量谱显示近惯性频率存在明显的“蓝移”现象，即对于纬向和经向流速分量在400 m以浅平均的近惯性振荡频率分别为1.167 f₀和1.170 f₀(f₀为局地惯性频率)。蓝移与近惯性内波的向下传播及正的相对涡度的输入有关。在热力学响应方面，上层海洋在台风的搅拌作用下，40～250 m深度均出现较小增温，最大增温幅度接近1°C；此外70 m以浅盐度的降低可能与台风过境时的降水相关，而Ekman抽吸引起的上升流则可能对70～100 m深度盐度的升高具有重要作用。     

2003年冬季帕里西维拉海盆区上层水体中尺度涡的温盐特征

利用2003年冬季"科学一号"考察船在帕里西维拉海盆获得的CTD调查资料,结合同一时间西北太平洋海区的卫星高度计观测结果,分析讨论了该海区上层水体的温盐特征及其受中尺度涡活动的影响等。结果表明:在调查期间,研究区海域曾同时出现冷、暖涡活动过程,其影响深度均大于200m;冷涡活动区位于研究区内136°—138°E之间的海域,沿北东方向延伸;冷涡水体的盐度在100m以浅高于周围水体,在150m以深则低于周围水体;暖涡活动区出现在138.5°—139°E之间,暖涡活动特征在50m以浅水体中表现并不明显,其水体盐度在100m以深起初表现为低盐中心,在150m以深逐渐转化为高盐中心;研究区200m以浅水体可以大致分为三层,80m以浅为高温低盐的表层水,80—140m之间为受中尺度涡影响的温盐性质复杂的混合层水,140—200m之间为低温高盐的次表层水。     

南海北部上层细尺度流速剪切的时间变化规律研究

基于2011年4月至2012年3月南海北部陆坡区潜标观测的高分辨率流速数据,本文研究了海洋上层细尺度流速剪切的时间变化特征及其演变规律。流速剪切的功率谱分析结果显示,南海北部上层的细尺度流速剪切主要受亚惯性运动、近惯性内波、全日内潮和半日内潮四种过程控制。其中,风生近惯性内波和中尺度涡旋所对应的亚惯性运动是造成上层流速剪切时间变化的主要原因,以往研究强调的全日和半日內潮的贡献则相对较弱。进一步分析发现,冬季中尺度暖涡能够极大地增强海洋上层的亚惯性剪切;夏、秋季南海活跃的台风所激发的近惯性内波能够造成近惯性剪切增强。另外,研究还发现,背景涡度对近惯性剪切具有重要的调制作用,即负涡度相较于正涡度更有利于近惯性剪切增强。该研究所揭示的流速剪切的时间变化规律及调控机制对改进海洋混合的参数化方案具有重要的参考价值。     

基于潜标观测的黑潮-亲潮混合区近惯性能量季节变化特征研究

近惯性内波广泛存在于全球海洋,是维持深层海洋跨等密度面湍流混合及海洋层结的重要能量来源。基于黑潮-亲潮混合区的多年深海潜标数据,分析了:(1)该海域近惯性内波及其能量的季节变化特征与影响因素,(2)上层和深层近惯性运动的频率、波数谱及垂向分布等特征。结果表明,该海域存在丰富的近惯性动能,无论海洋上层还是深层均呈现显著的冬季强、夏季弱的季节变化特征,冬季(12～2月)上层的近惯性能量可占全年能量的41%,深层近惯性信号同样显著,同潮汐信号相当。平板模型分析表明,该区域近惯性动能的季节循环特征主要受风场的季节变化所主导,同时受到黑潮延伸体流轴的摆动调制。     

南极普里兹湾海域湍流扩散系数估计

基于Thorpe尺度方法,利用CTD数据,计算了南极普里兹湾海域的Thorpe尺度和湍流扩散系数,分析了观测区域(64°～69°S,66°～80°E)湍流翻转现象的强弱及分布。结果表明,在海底和地形粗糙区存在较大的Thorpe尺度(较强湍流翻转)和湍流扩散系数,湍流扩散系数最大值能达到10^-2m²/s量级,比平坦开阔海洋高2～3个数量级,部分观测站位的湍流扩散系数和湍动能耗散率表现出大-小-大的垂向分布结构,总水深较深的区域尤为明显;深水区域的浮力频率在海表面到500 m层比较大,浅水区域该现象不明显;湍动能耗散率在(67.25°S,73°E)周围和经度为78°E的各站位都表现相对较大,能达到10^-6 w/kg量级,个别站位甚至能达到10^-5 w/kg量级。     

冬季台湾西南海域一对冷、暖中尺度涡的同化模拟研究

基于改进的1/30°分辨率的南海业务化预报系统,利用集合最优插值(En OI)同化方法对南海北部中尺度涡进行了同化模拟研究。模拟结果准确再现了2013年冬季发生在台湾岛西南海域的一对冷、暖中尺度涡的生成及传播过程。分析暖涡和冷涡成熟时期的垂向结构发现:暖涡中心温跃层深度超过200 m,而冷涡中心温跃层深度小于150 m;暖涡和冷涡经向和纬向流速均存在不对称性,相邻一侧流场强度明显偏强,对应较强的水平流速切变。上述特征与同时期南海中尺度涡观测实验结果基本一致。对暖涡和冷涡生成机制的分析印证了暖涡是由黑潮流套脱离生成的观点,同时指出冷涡是暖涡北侧较强的气旋式流速切变及西南向海流产生的离岸输运共同作用产生的。     

基于潜标资料的中南半岛外海水文特征分析

基于2012年9月—2013年12月中南半岛外海累计16个月的长时间序列潜标观测数据,结合AVISO海表面高度异常(sea level anomaly,SLA)数据,首次详细分析了中南半岛外海典型中尺度涡的运动规律和垂向特征及其对环境水文特征的影响,揭示了该海域深层海流的时间变化特征。在观测期间共捕捉到3次中尺度涡过程,中尺度涡对站位所在海域主温跃层深度变化的最大影响振幅可达50 m。研究发现:1)观测站位所在海域各深度的温度异常时间变化与站位SLA时间变化的相关性随深度增加逐渐减弱。2)上层和中层的海水流动受中尺度涡影响显著。1 500 m和2 000 m的深层环流主要表现为季节变化;在强中尺度涡暖涡经过期间,中尺度涡能影响到1 500 m的环流场,同时出现30 d周期震荡。2 000 m流场则不受中尺度涡影响。3)中南半岛以东南海1 500 m处深层海流月平均流速夏季大于冬季,月平均可达3.5 cm·s~(-1);2 000 m处深层海流最大流速出现在冬季,月平均可达2.6 cm·s~(-1)。深层海流受潮汐影响显著,潮汐作用主要影响深层海流东西向流速的变化。     

基于遥感与现场观测数据的南海北部内波传播速度

南海北部是全球海洋中内波最为活跃、生成和演变机制较为复杂的海域,本文利用多源卫星遥感数据(MODIS、GF-1、ENVISAT ASAR、RADARSAT-2)和现场观测数据开展了南海北部内波传播速度的研究。通过匹配捕获同一条内波的相邻两幅遥感图像,由内波的空间位移和时间间隔反演传播速度,并以0.5°×0.5°网格给出了南海北部内波传播速度的分布图。研究结果表明,内波传播速度受背景流场、水体层结和底地形变化等多因素影响,特别是水深。在南海北部由东至西、由南至北方向,内波传播速度逐渐递减。深海区内波传播速度最大,可达3m/s以上;内波在向西大陆架传播过程中,随着水深变浅速度逐渐减慢,传播速度为1—2m/s;大陆架浅海的内波传播速度较小,仅为零点几米每秒。同时,利用Kd V方程反演了内波传播速度理论值,对遥感数据提取的内波传播速度进行了精度验证,结果较为一致。     

台风“康森”产生的海洋近惯性能量的数值模拟研究

文章利用经验台风风场模型(TCWPM)和美国环境预测中心的气候预测系统再分析风场资料(NCEP/CFSR)对台风“康森(Conson)”进行数值模拟, 并将模拟的台风带入平板模式(slab model)模拟台风产生的海洋近惯性流。对比实测数据表明, 模拟结果与真实风场、近惯性流场均比较一致, 台风“康森”在近海面的风场不对称结构非常明显, 台风中心两侧的速度大小相差可达10m·s^-1。台风“康森”在台风中心后方产生强烈的海洋近惯性振荡, 且持续时间超过4d。海洋近惯性动能沿着台风路径呈显著的不对称分布, 表明台风“康森”在共振作用下主要在路径右侧激发强烈的近惯性振荡。研究不同强度的热带气旋产生的海洋近惯性能量, 发现热带风暴产生的海洋近惯性能量较小, 平均近惯性动能不超过35J·m^-3。随着气旋强度的增大, 热带气旋激发的近惯性能量呈指数增长, 而台风的影响面积与最大风速半径的变化相对比较一致, 当最大风速半径(R₀)增大一半(1.5R₀)时, 其产生的最大平均近惯性动能从81J·m^-3增大到631J·m^-3, 影响面积从大约600km²增加到大于900km²。     

Strong near-inertial oscillations in geostrophic shear in the northern South China Sea

With observational data from three Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) moorings, we detected strong near-inertial oscillations (NIO) in the continental shelf region of the northern South China Sea in July 2008. The amplitude of the near-inertial current velocity is much greater than that of diurnal and semi-diurnal tides. The power of the NIOs is strongest in the intermediate layer, relatively weak in the surface layer, and insignificant in the near-bottom layer. The spectral analysis indicates that the NIOs have a peak frequency of 0.0307 cph, which is 2% lower than the local inertial frequency, i.e., a red-shift. The near-inertial wave has an upward vertical phase velocity, which involves a downward group velocity and energy flux. The estimated vertical phase velocity is about 43 m day⁻¹, corresponding to a vertical wave length of about 58 m. The horizontal scale of the NIOs is at least hundreds of kilometers. This NIO event lasted for about 15 days after a typhoon’s passage. Given the northeastward background flow with significant horizontal shear, both Doppler shift and shear flow modulation mechanisms may be responsible for the red-shift of the observed NIOs. For the shear flow mechanism, the observed negative background vorticity and the corresponding effective Coriolis frequency reduce the lower limit of admissible frequency band for the NIOs, causing the red-shift. Meanwhile, the mooring area with the broadened frequency band acts as a wave-guide. The trapping and amplification effects lead to the relatively long sustaining period of the observed NIOs.     

Decadal change of Antarctic Intermediate Water in the region of Brazil and Malvinas confluence

The Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) exhibits a decadal variability during recent years, i.e., salinification before 1997 and freshening thereafter, with the maximum anomalies locating at the region of Brazil and Malvinas currents confluence. Our study proposed that the local mesoscale eddies may play an important role in triggering this decadal oscillation. The eddy activity intensification (weakening) leads to the increase (decrease) of poleward cross-frontal eddy salinity flux and upward eddy buoyancy flux, which results in the weakening (strengthening) of the subsurface stratification and potential vorticity (PV). The PV anomalies facilitate (block) the poleward transport of warm saline subtropical water, while the stratification weakening favors the further downward transmission of salinity anomalies by processes of eddy flux as well as mean-flow advection (the stratification strengthening inhibits the vertical transport), then initiates the decadal change of the AAIW property. The whole process of the eddy-related propagation of salinity anomalies takes about 4 to 6 years.     

The characteristics of spontaneous near-inertial wave generation from an anticyclonic mesoscale eddy

The generation and propagation characteristics of near-inertial waves(NIWs)generated spontaneously from a quasi-geostrophic anticyclonic mesoscale eddy in a rot...     

Eddy diffusivity and coherent mesoscale eddy analysis in the Southern Ocean

The spatial distribution of eddy diffusivity, basic characteristics of coherent mesoscale eddies and their relationship are analyzed from numerical model outputs in the Southern Ocean. Mesoscale fluctuation information is obtained by a temporal-spatial filtering method, and the eddy diffusivity is calculated using a linear regression analysis between isoneutral thickness flux and large-scale isoneutral thickness gradient. The eddy diffusivity is on the order of O (103 m2/s) with a significant spatial variation, and it is larger in the area with strong coherent mesoscale eddy activity. The mesoscale eddies are mainly located in the upper ocean layer, with the average intensity no larger than 0.2. The mean radius of the coherent mesoscale cyclonic (anticyclonic) eddy gradually decays from (121.2±10.4) km ((117.8±9.6) km) at 30°S to (43.9±5.3) km ((44.7±4.9) km) at 65°S. Their vertical penetration depths (lifespans) are deeper (longer) between the northern side of the Subpolar Antarctic Front and 48°S. The normalized eddy diffusivity and coherent mesoscale eddy activity show a significant positive correlation, indicating that coherent mesoscale eddy plays an important role in eddy diffusivity.     

Three-dimensional characteristics of mesoscale eddies simulated by a regional model in the northwestern Pacific Ocean during 2000–2008

Mesoscale eddies play vital roles in ocean processes. Although previous studies focused on eddy surface features and individual three-dimensional (3D) eddy cases in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, the analysis of unique eddy 3D regional characteristics is still lacking. A 3D eddy detection scheme is applied to 9 years (2000–2008) of eddy-resolving Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) output to obtain a 3D eddy dataset from the surface to a depth of 1 000 m in the northwestern Pacific Ocean (15°–35°N, 120°–145°E). The 3D characteristics of mesoscale eddies are analyzed in two regions, namely, Box1 (Subtropical Countercurrent, 15°–25°N, 120°–145°E) and Box2 (Southern Kuroshio Extension, 25°–35°N, 120°–145°E). In Box1, the current is characterized by strong vertical shear and weak horizontal shear. In Box2, the current is characterized by the strong Kuroshio, topographic effect, and the westward propagation of Rossby waves. The results indicate the importance of baroclinic instability in Box1, whereas in Box2, both the barotropic and baroclinic instability are important. Moreover, the mesoscale eddies’ properties in Box1 and Box2 are distinct. The eddies in Box1 have larger number and radius but a shorter lifetime. By contrast, Box2 has fewer eddies, which have smaller radius but longer lifetime. Vertically, more eddies are detected at the subsurface than at the surface in both regions; the depth of 650 m is the turning point in Box1. Above this depth, the number of cyclonic eddies (CEs) is larger than that of anticyclonic eddies (AEs). In Box2, the number of CEs is dominant vertically. Eddy kinetic energy (EKE) and mean normalized relative vorticity in Box2 are significantly higher than those in Box1. With increasing depth, the attenuation trend of EKE and relative vorticity of Box1 become greater than those of Box2. Furthermore, the upper ocean (about 300 m in depth) contains 68.6% of the eddies (instantaneous eddy). Only 16.6% of the eddies extend to 1 000 m. In addition, about 87% of the eddies are bowl-shaped eddies in the two regions. Only about 3% are cone-shaped eddies. With increasing depth of the eddies, the proportion of bowl-shaped eddies gradually decreases. Conversely, the cone- and lens-shaped eddies are equal in number at 700–1 000 m, accounting for about 30% each. Studying the 3D characteristics of eddies in two different regions of the northwestern Pacific Ocean is an important stepping stone for discussing the different eddy generation mechanisms.     

Effects of mesoscale eddies on the internal solitary wave propagation

The mesoscale eddy and internal wave both are phenomena commonly observed in oceans. It is aimed to investigate how the presence of a mesoscale eddy in the ocean affects wave form deformation of the internal solitary wave propagation. An ocean eddy is produced by a quasi-geostrophic model in f-plane, and the one-dimensional nonlinear variable-coefficient extended Korteweg-de Vries (eKdV) equation is used to simulate an internal solitary wave passing through the mesoscale eddy field. The results suggest that the mode structures of the linear internal wave are modified due to the presence of the mesoscale eddy field. A cyclonic eddy and an anticyclonic eddy have different influences on the background environment of the internal solitary wave propagation. The existence of a mesoscale eddy field has almost no prominent impact on the propagation of a smallamplitude internal solitary wave only based on the first mode vertical structure, but the mesoscale eddy background field exerts a considerable influence on the solitary wave propagation if considering high-mode vertical structures. Furthermore, whether an internal solitary wave first passes through anticyclonic eddy or cyclonic eddy, the deformation of wave profiles is different. Many observations of solitary internal waves in the real oceans suggest the formation of the waves. Apart from topography effect, it is shown that the mesoscale eddy background field is also a considerable factor which influences the internal solitary wave propagation and deformation.     

Three-dimensional structure of an observed cyclonic mesoscale eddy in the Northwest Pacific and its assimilation experiment

Mesoscale eddies play an important role in modulating the ocean circulation. Many previous studies on the threedimensional structure of mesoscale eddies were mainly based on composite analysis, and there are few targeted observations for individual eddies. A cyclonic eddy surveyed during an oceanographic cruise in the Northwest Pacific Ocean is investigated in this study. The three-dimensional structure of this cyclonic eddy is revealed by observations and simulated by the four-dimensional variational data assimilation(4 DVAR) system combined with the Regional Ocean Modeling System. The observation and assimilation results together present the characteristics of the cyclonic eddy. The cold eddy has an obvious dual-core structure of temperature anomaly.One core is at 50–150 m and another is at 300–550 m, which both have the average temperature anomaly of approximately-3.5°C. The salinity anomaly core is between 250 m and 500 m, which is approximately-0.3. The horizontal velocity structure is axis-asymmetric and it is enhanced on the eastern side of the cold eddy. In the assimilation experiment, sea level anomaly, sea surface temperature, and in situ measurements are assimilated into the system, and the results of assimilation are close to the observations. Based on the high-resolution assimilation output results, the study also diagnoses the vertical velocity in the mesoscale eddy, which reaches the maximum of approximately 10 m/d. The larger vertical velocity is found to be distributed in the range of 0.5 to 1 time of the normalized radius of the eddy. The validation of the simulation result shows that the 4 DVAR method is effective to reconstruct the three-dimensional structure of mesoscale eddy and the research is an application to study the mesoscale eddy in the Northwest Pacific by combining observation and assimilation methods.