第四节 变性水团分析

所谓水团分析，主要是指划分水团的边界，确定水团的基本特征以及分析研究水团的消长变化规律。本海区大多属于浅海区域。浅海水团易受海洋外部因素的影响，变性显著，因此，浅海水团的分析实际就是水团的变性分析。所谓水团的变性，主要是指水团特征的示性水平从高向低的过渡，并逐渐丧失其示性特征的这一过程。     

长江口及济州岛附近海域变性水团的初步分析

所谓水团分析，主要是指划分水团的边界，确定水团的基本特征以及分析研究水团的消长变化规律。本文研究的海区大多属于浅海区域。浅海水团易受海洋外部因素的影响，变性显著，因此，浅海水团的分析实际就是水团的变性分析。所谓水团的变性，主要是指水团特征的示性水平从高向低的过渡，并逐渐丧失其示性特征的这一过程。     

聚类分析法在浅海水团分析中的应用及黄、东海变性水团的分析

本文引入变性水团概念,用聚类分析确定黄、东海浅海海域变性水团的边界及其变化。根据给定的标准进行聚类,确定了水团的个数、边界及混合区。 由聚类方法所得结果看出,在该海区中有八个变性水团。根据温、盐相对指标,将这些水团分为九种不同的特征。也可以把这些水团划分为三种盐度类型。在温—盐点聚图上,不同变性水团的温盐点,分布于一条曲线附近,它体现出逐级变性的特点。各变性水团的变化范围都很大,这说明该海区中水团变性强烈。在暖季中的增温降盐和冷季中的降温增盐,可认为是整个黄海和东海水体变性的特征。所有季节性水团都经历一个形成与消亡的过程。 文中讨论了变性水团和海洋环境的相互关系。水团变性是热力因素和动力因素共同作用而产生的。通过变性水团的分析,作者认为,在该海区水团的变性中,热力因素起着主要作用。变性水团界线的舌状分布与流向之间的关系是很明显的,可作为分析环流的旁证。最后描述了变性水团和底层中心渔场之间的关系。     

长江口及济州岛附近海域变性水团的初步分析

一、前言 所谓水团分析,主要是指划分水团的边界,确定水团的基本特征以及分析研究水团的消长变化规律。本文研究的海区大多属于浅海区域。浅海水团易受海洋外部因素的影响,变性显著,因此,浅海水团的分析实际就是水团的变性分析。所谓水团的变性,主     

长江口及济州岛附近海域变性水团的初步分析

基于变性水团的概念,本文把聚类分析用于确定长江口及济州岛附近海域变性水团的边界。由聚类分析得到的结果表明,在该海区有十个水团。对它们的特征、分布与变化进行了初步分析。作者得出的结论是:1、在十个水团中,有四个大洋性水团,六个变性水团。2、该海域水团变性的特点为暧季增温、降盐、降氧,而冷季则相反。3、水团变性是由海区内、外因素综合作用而发生的,而后者在浅水区域起主要作用。4、水团边界的舌状分布与流向之间有明显关系。因之,海流的方向及强度,大致可依水团舌状分布而判断。5、底层中心渔场基本上位于各变性水团之间的混合区或其附近。     

划分变性水团边界的温盐点聚对照法与东海西部海区变性水团的分析

温盐点聚对照法是根据温盐点聚图而确定变性水团边界的一种分析方法。用这种方法分析东海西部海区中的变性水团,可以得到如下结果:在该海区中除四个原型水团之外,还有两个变性水团。具有区域性特征的变性回归线,仅在寒冷季节存在。可以看出,变性交换区与顺时针环流的存在密切相关。提出了检验该海区各变性水团消长变化的模式。最后,描述了混合带与中心渔场位置之间的关系。     

变性水团分析

一、概述 所谓水团分析,主要是指划分水团的边界,确定水团的基本特征以及分析研究水团的消长变化规律。本海区大多属于浅海区域。浅海水团易受海洋外部因素的影响,变性显著,因此,浅海水团的分析实际就是水团的变性分析。所谓水团的变性,主要是指水团特征的示性水平从高向低的过渡,并逐渐丧失其示性特征的这一过程。例如一个具有高盐特征的水团,受到大陆径流和降水的影响,导致盐度降低,并逐渐丧失高盐特征的     

从混合变性过程看水团隶属函数的建立

将研究海区中的水团,视为论域中的模糊子集。用关于海水中保守浓度的混合理论,来讨论水团在混合变性过程中隶属函数的可能形式,可为变性水团隶属函数的建立提供依据。本文的结果可推广应用于浅海,文中给出了实例和讨论。     

关于水团分析研究现况

水团的分析研究,是海洋学上的重要课题之一。所谓水团的分析研究,主要是指分析研究水团边界的划分及其消长变化规律,特别是水团之间混合带的消长变化规律。对于浅海来说,由于地理环境的影响,均一性和保守性差,几乎所有水团均处在不断变性之中,所以分析浅海水团的关键,是研究水团的变性问题。由于每一个海区的水文状况,差不多都有自己独特的性质,这就决定了水团分析方法的多样性。下面主要对国内外水团分析方法和研究的情况作一概述:     

变性水团隶属函数的椭圆拟合法

应用模糊子集的概念描述浅海区变性水团。讨论了变性水团的隶属函数在θ—s图解上“落影”的形式。文中给出用椭圆拟合法建立隶属函数的实例。     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Interactions between Zostera capensis,Callianassa kraussi and Upogebia africana: deductions from field surveys in Langebaan Lagoon,South Africa

Callianassid sandprawns and eelgrasses have been postulated to have mutually negative effects on each other. The relationship between Callianassa kraussi and Zostera capensis was investigated in Langebaan Lagoon on the west coast of South Africa by correlative field surveys. Seven facts point to mutually antagonistic interactions between the species: (1) cover of Z. capensis was negatively correlated with density of C. kraussi; (2) Z. capensis was largely confined to the high shore, whereas C. kraussi occurred in unvegetated sandbanks below the eelgrass beds; (3) at sites where Z. capensis was absent, C. kraussi extended farther up the shore than in its presence; (4) C. kraussi reached a larger maximum size in sandbanks than in beds of Z. capensis; (5) immediately below eelgrass beds there was a 'frontier zone' where above-ground Z. capensis was absent but below-ground root-rhizomes appeared to exclude C. kraussi; (6) sediment penetrability was greater in sandbanks than in eelgrass beds; (7) rate of burrowing by C. kraussi was faster in unvegetated sandbanks than in eelgrass beds. Conversely, the density and sizes of the mudprawn Upogebia africana were greater in beds of Z. capensis than in sandflats dominated by C. kraussi. Although this evidence is correlative, it suggests that Z. capensis excludes C. kraussi because it stabilises the sediment and inhibits burrowing, and that C. kraussi prevents establishment of eelgrass beds by destabilising the sediment and suspending material that smothers the eelgrass. In the process, two distinct habitats are created. U. africana may benefit directly from eelgrass because it requires stable sediment for its semi-permanent U-tubes; but also indirectly because Z. capensis excludes C. kraussi, which may disrupt these feeding burrows. At the head of the lagoon where sediments are very fine and compact, U. africana occurs both in and below the eelgrass bed, and coexists with at least low densities of C. kraussi, although Z. capensis and C. kraussi are still negatively correlated.     

Do abyssal scavengers use phytodetritus as a food resource? Video and biochemical evidence from the Atlantic and Mediterranean

Deep-sea benthic communities derive their energetic requirements from overlying surface water production, which is deposited at the seafloor as phytodetritus. Benthic invertebrates are the primary consumers of this food source, with deep-sea fish at the top of the trophic hierarchy. Recently, we demonstrated with the use of baited cameras that macrourid fish rapidly respond to and feed vigorously on large plant food falls mimicked by spinach (Jeffreys et al., 2010). Since higher plant remains are scarce in the deep-sea, with the exception of canyons, where terrestrial material has been observed, these results led us to ask if a more commonly documented plant material i.e. phytodetritus might form a food source for deep-sea fish and mobile scavenging megafauna. We simulated a phytodetritus dump at the seafloor in two contrasting environments (1) the NE Atlantic where carpets of phytodetritus have been previously observed and (2) the oligotrophic western Mediterranean, where the deposition of phytodetritus at the seafloor is a rare occurrence. We recorded the response of the scavenging fauna using an in situ benthic lander equipped with baited time-lapse cameras. In the NE Atlantic at 3000 m, abyssal macrourids and cusk-eels were observed ingesting the phytodetritus. The phytodetrital patch was significantly diminished within 2 h. Abundance estimates calculated from first arrival times of macrourids at the phytodetrital patch in the Atlantic corresponded with abundance estimates from video-transect indicating that fish were attracted to the scent of phytodetrital bait. In contrast to this, in the western Mediterranean at 2800 m a single macrourid was observed investigating the phytodetrital patch but did not feed from it. The phytodetrital patch was significantly diminished within 6.5 h as a result of mainly invertebrate activity. At 1900 m, Lepidion lepidion was observed near the lander and the bait, but did not feed. The phytodetrital patch remained intact until the end of the experiment. In the deployments in the Mediterranean abundance estimates from first arrival times at the bait, corrected for their body size, were lower than estimates obtained from video-transects and trawl catches. This suggests that the Mediterranean fish were not readily attracted to this food source. In contrast, invertebrates in the Balearic Sea were observed ingesting the phytodetritus bait despite the rare occurrence of phytodetritus dumps in the Mediterranean. Stable isotope values of the fish at both study sites, set within the context of the benthic food web, did not demonstrate a strong trophic link to phytodetritus. Fatty acid profiles of these fish indicated a strong link between their lipid pool and primary producers i.e. phytoplankton, which may be attributed to trophic transfer. The usefulness of fatty acid biomarkers in ascertaining deep-sea fish diets is discussed. Our study suggests that the abyssal grenadier C. armatus on the Atlantic Iberian margin is attracted to phytodetritus. However the exact contribution of this food source to the diet of macrourids in this area remains unresolved.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Regional Commercial Sponge Extinctions in the West Indies: Are Recent Climatic Changes Responsible?

Abstract. Long-term changes in the distributional patterns of commercial sponges ( Spongia spp. and Hippospongia spp.) within the West Indian Region indicates that: 1) commercial sponges had a widespread distribution throughout the whole West Indian Region and were ubiquitous in very shallow water until about the first half of the present century; 2) they were fished commercially not only in the traditional northern Caribbean sites (Florida, Gulf of Mexico, Bahamas) but also in the Greater ( e. g. , Hispaniola, Jamaica) and Lesser Antilles; and 3) they became extinct throughout most of the Lesser Antilles ( e. g. , Puerto Rico, Vieques, St. Thomas) sometime during the first half of this century. Mortalities of spongiids within the Antilles were found to differ from other marine mortalities in that: 1) species disappeared from a large region; 2) species vanished from different habitats and depths; and 3) natural populations never recovered. Species richness patterns suggest that commercial sponge genera ( Spongia and Hippospongia ) evolved under slightly cooler elimatic conditions than those found at present, and that these extinctions occurred as a direct or indirect effect of positive thermal anomalies in sea surface and atmospheric temperatures between 1900–1950. The concept that species diversity is stable on a regional scale is questioned.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Net Sand Transport Direction in a Tidal Inlet, using Foraminiferal Tests as Natural Tracers

The relationship between the flux of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests (i.e. tests which are supplied from open-sea sources alone) in a tidal inlet and that of bulk sediment was analysed, which can be expressed as two first-order linear equations. According to this relationship, in order to determine net sediment transport directions in the entrance, the test concentration in surficial sediments of the tidal basin can be compared against a ‘ critical level ’. The critical level is determined for the conditions that no net transport of bulk sediment is present within the entrance. If the observed concentration (averaged over the tidal basin) is higher than the simulated critical level, then the net sediment transport is directed to landward. This method is applied to the analysis of net sand transport at Christchurch Harbour, a tidal inlet system located in southern England. In this investigation, concentrations of exotic foraminiferal tests in the surficial sediments of the tidal basin and ebb tidal delta area were obtained from the analysis of sea-bed sediment samples. A series of probable critical levels were calculated based upon the data sets with regard to: (1) sediment discharge from the rivers; (2) magnitude of sediment discharge within the entrance during the ebb; (3) the test concentration outside the harbour; (4) the thickness of the moving layer; and (5) two parameters associated with dispersive processes. The results show that the concentration in the tidal basin sediment is higher than a number of simulated critical concentrations for representative cases. Consequently, the high level of the concentration of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests within the harbour should be explained as a result of landward net transport of sands within the entrance.     

Dynamic behaviour of axially pre-loaded tubular steel members of offshore structures subjected to impact damage

The behaviour of an axially pre-loaded cylindrical member of an offshore structure, hit by a supply ship, has been investigated. The effects of axial pre-loading on the dynamic properties of members, the extent of damage and propagation of dynamic instability in the tubular members have also been investigated. Numerical models have been validated using available experimental data from the literature although these are mostly static with no pre-loading. Axial pre-loading was found to change the dynamic characteristics of some cylindrical members quite dramatically while it had no significant effect on others. The study examined whether there was any change in the behaviour between local and global modes when the loading was dynamic rather than static. The effect of damping on the dynamic instability of axially pre-loaded tubes under lateral dynamic loads was also studied. It was observed that for some geometries the quasi-static response can be used to define the boundary between bounded and unbounded dynamic responses. The main contribution of this study, compared with previous investigations reported in the literature, is that both pre-loading and dynamic effects have been included.