大连海域近海面湍流结构及谱特征

利用黄海北部大连海域2009年10月—11月的近海面大气湍流观测资料,对湍流强度、方差相似关系、风速与温度分量谱及湍流通量协谱等进行了分析。结果表明:该海域在海风环境下湍流强度随着风速的增大逐渐减小,且强度均小于0.5;湍流方差相似关系基本上满足1/3定律,近中性环境下无量纲化三维风速方差主要受海滨地形的影响;各速度分量谱在惯性副区符合理论上的-2/3次幂规律,不稳定条件下由于湿度因素的影响,温度谱谱线在高频部分收缩较差,略有上翘;动量谱在惯性副区更接近-2/3幂率,感热谱在惯性区基本符合-4/3的分布,但是谱线分布与稳定度没有明显的规律性。     

西太平洋暖池区海—气通量计算分析

用J.Launiaimen和T.Vihma提出的近地面层湍流通量计算方法,对我国在1992年11月至1993年2月TOGA—COARE—IOP实验中所获资料计算处理。得出所在站位的海一气间显效、潜热及动量通量。指出西大平洋暖池海区游热通量与显效通量之比为10.14:1;风速大于8m/s后各通量随风速的变化率明显增加;动量与热量的块体通量系数Cd和Ce,h随风速变化有相似的规律;Monin—Obukhov大气稳定度参数Z/L与△T/U_(10)之间有较好的统计关系。     

一次寒潮强风过程渤海海上二维风速、风向谱分析

本文使用渤海石油平台观测的超声波风速脉动资料,计算了强风条件下二维风速和风向的最大熵谱和傅立叶功率谱。结果表明,在不稳定条件下,海上大气湍流能量主要集中在风扰动的低频段,随着风速的加大,高频扰动的贡献逐渐增加;纵向风速具99s的主振荡周期,侧向风速和风向具同一谱型,它们的主振荡周期为132s。结果还指出了不同特性的气团具不同的大气湍流特征。     

1997年冬季南海南部海区不同天气过程下的湍汉通量输送

利用“九五”南沙群岛及其邻近海区综合科学考察１９９７年１１月３－２６日期间的走航和定点连续观测获得的大气和海洋资料,探讨了调查海区的气象特征;使用考虑风速和大气稳定笥影响并经高度订正的整体通量输送动力学公式,计算了动量、感热和潜热的湍流通量。结果表明,与其它天气过程相比,降水过程期间无论是大气向海洋输送的动量通量,还是海洋向大气输送的感热通量,其值都是最大的。     

1997年冬季南海南部海区不同天气过程下的湍流通量输送

利用“九五”南沙群岛及其邻近海区综合科学考察 1 997年 1 1月 3— 2 6日期间的走航和定点连续观测获得的大气和海洋资料 ,探讨了调查海区的气象特征 ;使用考虑风速和大气稳定性影响并经高度订正的整体通量输送动力学公式 ,计算了动量、感热和潜热的湍流通量。结果表明 ,与其它天气过程相比 ,降水过程期间无论是大气向海洋输送的动量通量 ,还是海洋向大气输送的感热和潜热通量 ,其值都是最大的。     

海上大气表面层风温湿廓线的测量及参量化研究

以渤中８号采油平台为基地，对海上大气表面层的风速、温度和湿度廓线进行了同步测量。据测量数据的统计分析，确定了较好适用于渤海中部大气表面层的大气稳定度函数模式（不稳定状态），从而确定了一种海上大气表面层风湿廓线的参量化模式。依此模式，可由实测风温湿廓线数据计算海－气动量、感热和水汽通量。     

应用湍流通量理论分析蒸发波导机理

蒸发波导是近海面经常出现的大气结构.从湍流运动方程出发,基于近海面海-气耦合湍流通量理论和算法分析了蒸发波导机理.对气象要素变化时,蒸发波导高度和感热、蒸发潜热和动量通量间的关系进行了分析,表明蒸发波导的形成和湍流通量具有明显相关性,为蒸发波导机理研究提供了新途径.     

探测海面空气温度、湿度和风速梯度的仪器——海面温湿风梯度仪

探测距海面几米高以下的温、湿和风等气象要素的梯度变化,以获取梯度廓线及贴水层大气的动量、热量和乱流等通量传递系数,是研究小尺度海气相互作用的必要手段。由于海上工作条件不同于陆地,进行海上大气梯度探测是比较困难的。为了适应我国海气相互作用研究的需要,我们研制成功了一种采用小型浮标系统,通过电缆遥测海面温度、湿度和风速的仪器—《海面温湿风梯度仪》(以下简称《梯度仪》)。由该仪器可得到距海面以上5米内不同高度的温、湿和风速的梯度资料。     

利用不同方法校正船体运动对海气通量观测结果的影响

采用姿态校正法、滤波法、改进滤波法以及耗散法等方法,分析了北黄海冬季船载涡动相关资料,并结合协谱分析研究了不同方法对海气通量观测结果的校正效果。结果显示,船体运动对动量通量观测结果有明显影响,对感热、潜热等通量观测结果的影响很小。关于动量通量,对定点观测资料采用姿态校正法与耗散法可以得到比较合理的结果,而对走航观测资料各种校正方法的处理结果均存在一定的不确定性。滤波法在校正船体运动影响的同时,也去除了海洋大气中存在的与船体运动同频率的真实湍流脉动,改进滤波法可以在一定程度上修正滤波法对协谱的低估,但对湍流通量的估计仍有一定误差。耗散法可以得到比较合理的动量通量,但对感热和潜热通量的估计明显偏大。     

船上海气之间湍流通量的观测研究

用６个加速度计组阵系统来监测船体姿态和运动，校正船上观测到的风湍流资料，然后用涡动相关技术计算海气之间动量，热量和水汽通量，结果表明，本观测系统可精确地消除船体运动对风湍流的影响，并获得精确的海气湍流通量。     

海气通量涡相关法计算中的时间尺度分析

基于黄海上连续14 d 的浮标观测资料, 采用多尺度分解法确定了海气通量涡相关法计算中的截断时间尺度, 并分析了该截断时间尺度的特征及其对感热通量计算的影响。研究结果是： 由多尺度分解法获得的湍通量截断时间尺度可将总通量中湍通量和中尺度通量分离开来, 截断时间尺度随着湍流强度或水平风速的增加而增加, 且感热通量的截断时...     

THE STRUCTURE AND HEAT BUDGETS OF LARGE-SCALE DISTURBANCES OVER THE EQUATORIAL TROUGH REGION OF THE WESTERN PACIFIC

The average vertical distribution of equivalent potential temperature, horizontal divergerce, relative vorticity and vertical velocity overthe observation area were computed using 6-days NAVAID wind data from the R/V Shijian and R/V Xiangyanghong 09 during FGGE (the First GARP Global Experiment) and upper air sounding data of two island stations within the same period. Yanai's method was used to compute the vertical distributions of the apparent heat source, apparent moisture sink and total eddy heat flux. Satellite cloud photographs and surface meteorological measurements were used to subdivide the six days of observation into three disturbed days and three undisturbed or trade days. This paper describes the large-scale structure and heat budgets in the disturbed and trade wind periods and compared them with those of the trade wind regions of the Atlantic. Some interesting results of the structure and heat budgets of large-scale disturbances over the equatorial trough region in the western Pacific are     

A method of simultaneous analysis of wind and temperature profile data over the water surface by use of the method of least squares

Priestley’s 1959 discussion concerning the estimations of momentum flux and of heat flux from profile observations of wind and temperature, stating that the closeness of the curve fitting is deceptive, is first critically re-examined. Then a method is proposed to estimate vertical flux of momentum and heat over the water surface, from the combined data of of wind speed and temperature are assumed to have similar log-linear profiles, and the most probable profiles are determined by applying the method of least squares simultaneously to wind and temperature data. Consequently, the most probable values of vertical flux of momentum and heat may be estimated to satisfy as much as possible observed data of both wind and temperature simultaneously. The coefficient of the linear term of the log-linear profile, which is treated as an indeterminate coefficient in this method, may be determined from each observed data as a function of stability length. By tentatively applying the method to Rider’s 1954 data it is found that the coefficient shows a characteristic behavior with the stability length.     

沿岸海域三维斜压场的数值模拟 Ⅱ、渤海湍流能量数值计算

研究建立渤海海域三维斜压场的湍流能量模型。对计算网格无法分辩的湍流运动，引入湍流能量求得垂向动量、质量及能量交换系统，从而形成封闭的湍流运动方程组。定量地计算了湍流能量、湍流速度及有风、无风状况下湍流能量的垂直分布等，探讨了湍流运动对潮波运动的影响。     

A pair of Langmuir cells in a laboratory tank (I) wind-only experiment

Three velocity components of subsurface flow, observed in a rectangular tank under the action of a constant wind speed, are measured systematically at mesh points distributed uniformly over a vertical cross-section of the tank. Measurements are carried out for two cases: 1) reference wind speedU _r =7.5 m/s and fetchF=10 m; and 2)U _r =10 m/s andF=25 m. A pair of Langmuir cells is observed for both cases; downwelling zones are found along both of the sidewalls and an upwelling zone in the centre of the tank. Near the water surface, the vertical momentum flux is dominated by the Reynolds stress resulting from small-scale turbulence, while over the entire cross-section except near the surface, the Reynolds stress due to the Langmuir cells dominates the vertical momentum flux. As the result of the occurrence of this Langmuir cells, the vertical momentum flux, which consists of both mean advection and small-scale turbulence, is markedly inhomogeneous in the spanwise direction; for example, the largest vertical flux of the order of the wind stress is observed in the downwelling zone near one sidewall, while at the centre of the tank, the vertical momentum flux occupies only 30% of the wind stress. This indicates that a pair of Langmuir cells plays more important role than small-scale turbulence in the mixing process in a greater part of the wind-wave tank.Address after April 1, 1992: Department of Civil Engineering, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Miyake 2-1-1, Saeki-ku, Hiroshima 731-51, Japan.     

Turbulent structure in water under laboratory wind waves

The structure of the turbulent boundary layer underneath laboratory wind waves was studied by using a combination of a high-sensitivity thermometer array with a two-component sonic flowmeter. The temperature fluctuations are used to detect movements of water parcels, with temperature as a passive quantity. The turbulence energy was dominant in the frequency range (0.01 0.1 Hz), which was much smaller than the wind-wave frequency (2 5 Hz), and in which the turbulence was anisotropic. There was a frequency range (0.2 2 Hz for velocity, 0.2 5 Hz for temperature fluctuation) where the turbulence was isotropic and had a –5/3 slope in the energy spectrum. These points are the same as those in previous works. However, by analyses of the time series by using a variable-interval time-averaging technique (VITA), it has been found that conspicuous events in this main turbulence energy band are the downward bursting from the vicinity of the water surface. Thus the structure of the water layer underneath the wind waves has characters which are similar to the familiar turbulent boundary layer over a rough solid wall, as already conceived. It has been found that, at the same time, the turbulence energy can be related to quantities of the wind waves (the root mean squared water level fluctuation and the wave peak frequency), for different wind and wave conditions. That is, the turbulence underneath the wind waves develops under a close coupling with the wind waves.     

Coupling winds to ocean surface currents over the global ocean

A Wind stress–Current Coupled System (WCCS) consisting of the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) and an improved wind stress algorithm based on Donelan et al. [Donelan, W.M., Drennan, Katsaros, K.B., 1997. The air–sea momentum flux in mixed wind sea and swell conditions. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 27, 2087–2099] is developed by using the Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF). The WCCS is applied to the global ocean to study the interactions between the wind stress and the ocean surface currents. In this study, the ocean surface current velocity is taken into consideration in the wind stress calculation and air–sea heat flux calculation. The wind stress that contains the effect of ocean surface current velocity will be used to force the HYCOM. The results indicate that the ocean surface velocity exerts an important influence on the wind stress, which, in turn, significantly affects the global ocean surface currents, air–sea heat fluxes, and the thickness of ocean surface boundary layer. Comparison with the TOGA TAO buoy data, the sea surface temperature from the wind–current coupled simulation showed noticeable improvement over the stand-alone HYCOM simulation.